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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924080184314 


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WINING 


CHARLES DO 


STATE oF New YoRK—DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Twenty-second Annual Report— Vol. 2— Part II 


THE 


CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


BY 
U. P. HEDRICK 


ASSISTED BY 


G. H. HOWE 

O. M. TAYLOR 
C. B. TUBERGEN 
R. WELLINGTON 


Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1914 
Il 


ALBANY 
J. B,. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 
1915 


aa 


NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 
GENEVA, N. Y., January 12, 1915 


To the Honorable Board of Control of the New York Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station: 

GENTLEMEN:—TI have the honor to transmit herewith the manu- 
script copy for Part II of the 33d Annual Report of this Station. This 
contribution is the fourth monograph on the fruits of New York State, 
prepared under your direction by the Horticulturist of this institution 
and his associates. 

The cherry, which this manuscript discusses, is undoubtedly most 
widely grown of the tree-fruits of the State; for within easy reach of every 
rural housewife —in orchard or garden, along roadside or lane — the 
‘‘pie cherry’ will be found; and many a lawn, even in village or city, 
is graced by the stately trees which bear the delicious Yellow Spanish 
or Black Tartarian. In many parts of the State, also, cherry growing 
is an industry of much commercial importance, with orchards exceeded 
in value by those of the apple and peach alone. 

Because of its widespread’ popularity and commercial importance 
the cherry well merits treatment in this place in the series of monographs. 
It is hoped and believed that the growers and lovers of the fruit will appre- 
ciate and utilize to good advantage the result here presented of years of 
painstaking work by the authors. The discussions are based not alone 
on Station experience with hundreds’of the thousand or more varieties 
described, but as well upon the collected observations of many cherry 
growers and the expressed judgments of the leading pomologists who 


have been interested in this fruit. 
W. H. JORDAN, 


Director 
iii 


PREFACE 


This is the fourth of the monographs on the fruits of temperate North 
America published by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. 
The nature and purposes of these treatises have been set forth in the pref- 
aces of preceding volumes, but a summary of the purposes, with needed 
emphasis on several, is given for the convenience of all readers and the 
enlightenment of those who may not have the first three books. 

The Cherries of New York contains an historical account of cultivated 
cherries, the botany of this fruit, a statement of its present economicstatus in 
America, descriptions of all known varieties of cherries, the synonymy and 
bibliography of the species and varieties, and biographical sketches of the per- 
sons who have contributed materially tocherry culture in America. The most 
important varieties are illustrated in colors. Everything that was thought 
would be helpful in breeding cherries has been included, and special search 
has been made for such material. So, too, whatever was thought to be 
of interest to students of ecology and of plant distribution has been added. 

In the monographs on grapes and plums it was necessary to devote 
much space to the botanical relationship of these fruits since each contains 
more than a score of species under cultivation, some of which are scarcely 
known and most of which are extremely variable. The botany of culti- 
vated cherries is comparatively simple and has been made plain by botanical 
writers. Yet the contemplation of the several species from a horticultural 
standpoint adds something, we believe, to the botany of cherries, especially 
as concerns the forms of the Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry which 
have been variously treated by botanists. 

As compared with their congeners, especially the plums, the economic 
species of cherries are remarkably well delimited, showing far less respon- 
siveness to environment and having seemingly less inherent variation, so 
that there need be little confusion in botanical classification. On the other 
hand varieties are so similar that it is only with the greatest difficulty that 
closely related sorts are distinguished and there is great confusion in the 
synonymy, the chief task of the present work being to distinguish the true 
names from the synonyms of the varieties described. 

In The Cherries of New York, as in the preceding fruit books from this 


Vv 


vi PREFACE 


Station, effort has been made to give as accurately as possible the region 
in which the species and varieties grow best.and to set forth fully the local 
prejudices of the fruits. Such knowledge cannot but be of value in deter- 
mining the factors which govern the distribution of plants. The establish- 
ment of community relationships and description of plant communities now 
constitute an important part of botany on the one side and of geography on 
the other. No phenomena give better expression of the climate and the soil 
of a region than plant communities. When monographs of several of the 
fruits of temperate North America shall have been completed, with state- 
ments of likes and dislikes of the fruits and their varieties as to climate 
and soil, material should be available to establish plant communities from 
which can be drawn valuable generalizations. 

All, howsoever interested in pomology, are dependent upon descrip- 
tions of fruits. A well-made description of a fruit, to one mentally equipped 
to interpret it, is second only, in the study of pomology, to having the fruit 
itself. With but few exceptions the descriptions of the major varieties 
are made first hand from cherries growing on the Station grounds, though 
in many cases fruits from different localities have been compared with 
those home-grown. 

Since there are fewer varieties of cherries than of plums, it has been 
possible to describe and illustrate a greater proportion of the sorts under 
cultivation than in the book on plums, yet a selection has had to be made 
of the worthiest of the many kinds. The choice of sorts for full descriptions 
and color-plates has been determined: (1) By the present value of the 
variety; (2) the probable value if the variety be a novelty; (3) by the 
value of the data to the cherry breeder; (4) because of historical value 
— to show what the trend of cherry evolution has been; (5) to show the 
relationships of species and varieties. The varieties not illustrated nor fully 
described are divided into two further groups in accordance with the same 
considerations. 

In botanical nomenclature the code adopted by the International 
Botanical Congress, held at Vienna in 1905, has been used. In the use 
of horticultural names we have followed somewhat closely the rules of the 
American Pomological Society, though in many cases strict observance of 
these rules, poor at best, would have added to rather than lessened the 
confusion in horticultural nomenclature and, therefore, they have been 
honored in the breach rather than in the observance. 


PREFACE vii 


The references given are those that have been of use in ascertaining 
the history, the economic status, or the description of the variety that 
follows — no more, no fewer. These constitute a very small proportion of 
the references that have been read — a tremendous task involving two or 
three years’ work for several persons. 

So, too, it has been a herculean task to search out the synonyms of 
cherries. French, German, English and American books on pomology 
overflow with such synonyms and all in a state of “ confusion worse con- 
founded.”” An enormous amount of work has been done in trying to 
bring order out of this confusion. Many of the synonyms of varieties 
have been given in times past because of adaptations to local environ- 
ment. Such naming of ecologic forms is not an unmixed evil, since it 
draws attention to variable varieties and characters which otherwise might 
be overlooked. 

Under the ferment of Mendelian and De Vriesian ideas we seem to be 
at the beginning of an era of great improvement of plants. There have 
never been well-directed efforts to improve fruits, yet something has been 
done with all. Now, when there is an onrush of new discoveries in plant- 
breeding, seems to be a particularly opportune time to tell all that can be 
learned about how cherries have been brought from their wild state to their 
present perfection. This we try to do in giving the origin and history of 
varieties, especially as to parentage and manner of origin, though such 
information is scant and very fragmentary. 

As in the previous fruit books some prominence is given in foot-notes 
to biography. A knowledge of the career of those who have been giants 
in their day in the development of any industry is most helpful to the best 
understanding, indeed, is almost indispensable to the fullest comprehension, 
of the industry. The short foot-notes, it is hoped, will serve to give some 
conception of what the master builders in pomology were like in training, 
character, and methods of work. From the reception which these sketches 
in former fruit books have received, the writers feel that the considerable 
expenditure of time and thought that these biographical notices have 
required is amply justified and that the effort to give credit due and 
some small honor to the promoters of pomology has been well worth while. 

For aid in the preparation of The Cherries of New York I am especially 
indebted to those whose names appear on the title page, to my associate, 
Mr. R. D. Anthony, for reading proof; to the Station editor, Mr. F. H. 


Vili PREFACE 


Hall, who has had charge of the proof reading; to Zeese-Wilkinson Com- 
pany, New York City, who have had an especially difficult task in making 
the color-plates and who have done the work well; and to the J. B. Lyon 
Company, Albany, New York, for their painstaking work in printing the 
book. 

U.P. HEDRICK, 


Horticulturist, New York Agricultural Experiment Station. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


IPRERACE o255 52 ee Oe a Th Ee oleae Neca aie eh acct 
INDEX TO ILEUSTRATIONS: .s05 oda se eee eee ew bee wows 
CHAPTER I.— CULTIVATED CHERRIES.............--05: 


CHAPTER IV.— LEADING VARIETIES OF CHERRIES..... 


CHAPTER V.— MINOR VARIETIES OF CHERRIES... 


INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS 


PORTRAIT OF CHARLES DOWNING.........00000 cesses neces Frontispiece 

FACING PAGE 
ABBESSE D’OIGNIES....... eee re Tee TT eT Cer eer ere eee ee 98 
ARen DOKE.42s5ae0ens ee er errr ee err ee TT oe eee 100 
PEG: sata e22c shen ORE ewes wes LUCAS TAA AREAS E RE RER EU eS A 104 
BLACK TARTARIAN.; sc294a0eneeue4 ikkeaa peed eebneeasawee a aaees 108 
POURG UHI... i 293-20. pntsgaadere erewesunne ewew ana nu ayeewtes eae 110 
BRUSEELER RAUNE 2 2 s224208K) ad adie Se O6aO cade Rw orev rene 112 
(CARNATION i oGhuseuee ener een d8eese tera sdeGeseee nau me eeeess 114 
COheii us por Goae soc eU sae Reese E SeE SEER ch eheeuseneneaear aes 120 
DovsLE NAME. <soriccee eer ee eeenweunee Te eT Te ee ere Te 124 
DOWNER chs Gesnbnieeeowkessukeneatass iaceste At lilh lao Bihan fare te soatas OA 126 
DVEHOUCH ns orn shsea hbo Se eheUeeEU NS eEbeoesees bssiscde-sposahan nemesan ase 0s 126 
BAGUE tare ke cawouen ss eeeeee Se sae peeve ewe Se eeee ee eeee sug eaees 128 
BAGEY PURGE cook eas See ee ee ewe eNOeReb eee eee eetudsesees 130 
EARLY RICHMOND..........-.020 eee eeeees ee ee et ee 132 
Ds), eee eee ee eee, eT Se er eT ee ree rT ee er eee rere ere ee 136 
EMPRESS EUGENIE...¢6.cvacevassevadss cRSwewKeeatneee cede eeeee 138 
ENGLISH MORELLO..... ccd.cccsceiasiicanws peewee Getenecmeces aa 140 
PEOURNCE 1.0.10 0olaeuwaeruennenai ose ee Sosa oeuaoer ees ees 140 
(BORGER Gils iny 125 .nndcao ne aoe Rone oo se Roa Seo bosneHs see eeEae 142 
Tian eeoeebussdeeeces soe Soe SOB eine SUG hia ee is dee Gabe 144 
KIRTLAND Seca eed etees CUR Rees Ee See Sere ERS ePARPeeeteceusenes 148 
FNIGAY so beet oie eu ccd eeaxesdies ses cenetsesaseusseeeseebaaes 150 
LAMBERT ui t2626deeeesdei cesszess leases hg Peletseusgeetowerexe 152 
LARGE MONTMORENCY vieci ih iie eel bie cess besa sou su beseuters 154 
LATE DUBE cece inne a2 aise saeeees 2 (atntareoeeeweeuses = “ERB 
LOUIS: PHIDIPRE ce oeeasd as pee eRe eat e eG UOEEER emwmnne es 158 
Day Os eee aero ence ce teee yee eS Seas Osseo ad 164 
Wert 2 os eee ae aaa See SEOs WG rede eR eee aes 168 
WGNIMORENGY ogg i8556i Sige Sareed tees eiaasegyesenxaarebexaaws 170 
NAPOUEON cu do eeeke nb Senebe oboe reensaee as eou swe seanskenies 172 
NGUVELER ROVALE (65424555440 s250 tia tad Sieeue ee eeeenlen Guess 174 


Xil INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING PAGE 


Ss rn ee ee ee ee a ene ne reer re rer at 176 
OSes eer ce ddeeoeark 2eodatee yaa e Peete shee eee eIeS 178 
PRUNUS AviumM (DOUBLE FLOWERING), BLOSSOMS OF............-- 30 
PRUNES AVIOW (MAZIARD 2250 ciatagnsclaes ek eew ew ewel pera 72 
Prunus AviuM (MAZZARD), BLOSSOMS OF.............00 000000 es 68 
PRUNUS AvIUM (YELLOW SPANISH), BLOSSOMS OF............----- 28 
PRUNUS AVIUM X PRUNUS CERASUS (REINE HORTENSE), BLOSSOMS OF. 32 
PRUNUS CERASUS (AMARELLE GROUP), BLOSSOMS OF............-- 24 
PRUNUS CERASUS (MORELLO Group), BLOSSOMS OF............ ; 26 
PRUNUS MAHALEB...... i itiem tat treaCloememseseananands | Gxt Sane “aie ee eeceariieiay 74 
PRUNGS MABALED, BIDSSOMS OP i642 4¢6 40 44494 RS 40 Oe HHS R RROD S2 70 
PRUNUS TOMENTOSA...... 13 1 feel ah ek eee ia edadnicdns Elo are ahs a ee 34 
REINE HORTENSE... ... ee eee ee ee eee Te er ee 180 
REPUBLICAN: si0) s26c444 So ea a ae Raa a are leap 182 
ROCEPORT (25 ceondeceeueas Ree en ae eae er errr ror en ere tre ene 182 
TOW ME MORE oss as nes Ooh hileloeses cen hae erates eaerdaoaule 184 
POEMING 6.62650 cred etsdseeescnksooneoouediemsacaieed guueeed 186 
SHORE-STEM IMONTMORENCY. 4) c5i5.0s40 ¢on@penearaecind KExeeeed 188 
SRM Wie, 6 ona aa Se eee ew RG aoa Ar BOE ae ee eae ce-ae whe 188 
DUDAwcsgele gakake pase kseeed GOs nats 4 5 Gee ere eek ee eee 192 
ES chase EOE a Bae OU a Ue Mae Oe Re Daas eee eae 192 
WERDINIR G. winaine te eReeer seth eR ies aa Ueneewi wala ea dS eeees 194 
My WS Os oo 2h oh do WRAL SORES EIOEEE SIG  pegderurngeagys 198 
WOO Dist beh dh dess Uses Cohiba be GRU tO Wit ee Oe Ae eee tre Se 200 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


CHAPTER I 
CULTIVATED CHERRIES 


CHERRIES AND THEIR KINDRED 


The genus Prunus plays a very important part in horticulture. It 
furnishes, in temperate climates, the stone-fruits, plants of ancient and mod- 
ern agriculture of which there are a score or more commonly cultivated and 
at least as many more sparingly grown for their edible fruits. Of these 
stone-fruits the species of cherries rank with those of the plum and the 
peach in commercial importance while the several botanical groups of the 
apricot and almond are less important, but hardly less well-known, members 
of this notable genus. Prunus is of interest, too, because the history of 
its edible species follows step by step the history of agriculture. The 
domestication of its fruits from wild progenitors, most of which are still 
subjects of common observation, illustrates well the influences and conditions 
under which plants have generally been brought into domestication. 
The genus is also of more than ordinary note because the number of its 
economic species is being increased almost yearly by new-found treasures 
from North America and Asia, not varieties but species, which promise 
under future domestication still further to enrich horticulture. 

The plum and the peach surpass the cherry in diversity of flavor, 
aroma, texture, color, form and size, characters which make fruits pleasant 
to the palate and beautiful to the eye; but the cherry, perhaps, plays a 
more important part than the plum or the peach in domestic economy. It 
has fewer prejudices as to soil and climate, hence is much more widely 
distributed and is more easily grown, being better represented in the or- 
chards and gardens in the regions where the three fruits grow. The cherry, 
too, fruits more quickly after planting, ripens earlier in the season and its 
varieties are more regular in bearing and usually more fruitful — charac- 
ters that greatly commend it to fruit-growing people. Probably it is the 
most popular of all fruits for the garden, dooryard, roadside and small 
orchard. All in all, while adorning a somewhat humbler place in pomology, 
it is more generally useful than the showier and more delicate plum and 
peach. 


2 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Though placed by most botanists in the same genus, each of the stone- 
fruits constitutes a natural group so distinct that neither botanist nor fruit- 
grower could possibly take one for another as the trees and fruits of the dif- 
ferent groups are called to mind. But there are outstanding forms which 
seem to establish connections between the many species and the several 
groups of fruits and through these outliers the characters are so confounded 
in attempting to separate species that it becomes quickly apparent that there 
are few distinct lines of cleavage within the genus. For several centuries 
systematists have disputed as to whether the stone-fruits fall most naturally 
into one, two, or three genera — indeed have not been able to agree as to 
whether some species are plums or cherries, or others apricots or plums. 
Hybridization between the cultivated divisions of the genus — unques- 
tionably it has taken place in nature as well — has added to the perplexities 
of classification. Accepting, then, for the present at least, the very artificial 
classification which, rather paradoxically, places in one genus a number of 
fruits commonly thought of as quite distinct, let us briefly note the charac- 
ters which best distinguish cherries from their congeners. 

The cherry is nearest of kin to the plum. These two are roughly 
separated from the other cultivated members of the genus to which they 
belong by bearing their fruits on stems in fascicles while the others are 
practically stemless and are solitary or borne in pairs. The fruits of plums 
and cherries are globular or oblong, succulent and smooth or nearly so. 
Peaches, apricots, nectarines and almonds are more sulcate than plums and 
cherries and the almond has a drier flesh, splitting at maturity to liberate 
the stone; and, with the exception of nectarines and a few varieties of 
apricots, all are very pubescent. The stones of cherries and plums are 
smooth, or nearly so, while those of the other fruits are sculptured and 
pitted, though those of the apricot are often somewhat plum-like. 

Cherries are separated from plums by their smaller size and distinctive 
color of skin, juice and flesh; by the texture and distinct flavor of the flesh; 
by growth in corymbose rather than umbelliferous fascicles; by the more 
globular stone; and by the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Leaves 
of the plum are usually convolute, or rolled up, in the bud, while those of 
the cherry are conduplicate, or folded lengthwise along the midrib. 

We have been discussing the cherries of common cultivation — the 
Sweet Cherry and Sour Cherry of the orchards, the fascicled cherries to 
which the botanists give the group name, Cerasus. But there is another 
group, the Padus cherries, well worthy of brief mention. The most note- 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 3 


worthy representatives of Padus are the bird cherry (Prunus padus) of 
the Old World and the choke cherry (Prunus virginiana) of the New World. 
These Padus cherries are distinguished botanically in having their flowers 
borne in racemes, that is, in long clusters of which those nearest the base 
of the shoot open first — rather than in the short-clustered fascicles of the 
Cerasus group. The cherries are small and almost or quite black. The 
Padus cherries are but sparingly cultivated but undoubtedly they are 
capable of some improvement under more thorough cultivation. 


DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES 


The cherry is one of the most commonly cultivated of all fruits and 
the many varieties of its several forms encircle the globe in the North 
Temperate Zone and are being rapidly disseminated throughout the tem- 
perate parts of the Southern Hemisphere. For centuries it has been, as 
we shall see in the history of the species, one of the most valuable fruit- 
producing trees of Europe and Asia—an inhabitant of nearly every 
orchard and garden as well as a common roadside tree in temperate climates 
in both continents. From Europe, as a center of distribution, the cherry 
has played an important part in the orcharding in temperate regions of 
other continents. In North America varieties of the cherry are grown 
from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island on the north, to the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia, Texas and Florida on the south, yielding fruit in a greater diversity 
of soils and climates in Canada and the States of the Union than any other 
tree-fruit. 

The Sour Cherry is very cosmopolitan, thriving in many soils; is able 
to withstand heat, cold and great atmospheric dryness, if the soil contain 
moisture; and, though it responds to good care, it grows under neglect 
better than any other tree-fruit. The Sour Cherry, too, is rather less 
inviting to insects and fungi than most other stone-fruits, being practically 
immune to the dreaded San José scale. On the other hand the Sweet 
Cherry is very fastidious as to soils, is lacking in hardiness to both heat 
and cold and is prey to many insects and subject to all the ills to which 
stoné-fruits are heir; it is grown at its best in but few and comparatively 
limited areas, though these are very widely distributed. 


USES OF THE CHERRY 


The cherry is a delectable early-summer fruit, especially grateful as a 
refreshing dessert and much valued in cookery, when fresh, canned, pre- 


4 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


served or dried, for the making of pies, tarts, sauces and confections. Dur- 
ing the last few years, in America at least, the consumption of cherries 
has been enormously increased by the fashion of adding preserved cherries, 
as much for ornament as to give flavor, to many drinks and ices. The 
great bulk of the cherry crop now grown in America for commercial purposes 
is canned, the industry being more or less specialized in a few fruit regions. 
The demand for cherries for canning seems to be increasing greatly but 
unfortunately it calls for but few varieties, the Montmorency being the 
sort sought for among the Sour Cherries, while the hard-fleshed varieties 
of the Bigarreau type are in greatest demand among the Sweet Cherries. 

The cherry, while a very common fruit in nearly all agricultural regions 
of America, does not hold the place in American markets as a fresh fruit 
that it does in the towns and cities of Europe. The great abundance of 
strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, dewberries, blackberries, 
as well as early varieties of tree fruits, makes keener here than abroad the 
competition in the fruit markets during cherry time. The fact, too, that 
market fruits in America are shipped long distances, for which the cherry 
is not well adapted, helps to explain the relatively small regard in which 
this fruit has been held for commercial purposes in the fresh state. In 
recent years, however, both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries, the former 
in particular, have been sent to the markets in far greater abundance, the 
impetus to their market value being due to a better product — better 
varieties, hence greater demand — and to greatly improved facilities for 
shipping and holding for sale. 

In Europe several liqueurs are very commonly made from cherries 
both for home and commercial uses. Such is not the case in America, 
where, except in very limited quantities in which unfermented cherry 
juices are used in the home, this fruit is not used in liqueur-making. In 
some of the countries of Europe, wine is made from the juice; a spirit, 
kirschwasser,! is distilled from the fermented pulp as an article for both 
home and commerce; and ratafias and cordials are very generally flavored 
with cherries. In the Austrian province of Dalmatia a liqueur or cordial 
called maraschino? is made by a secret process of fermentation and distil- 


1 Kirschwasser as a commercial article is made chiefly on the upper Rhine from the wild black Sweet 
Cherry (Prunus avium). In its manufacture, fruit — flesh and kernels — is mashed into a pulp which 
is allowed to ferment. By distillation from this fermented pulp a colorless liqueur is obtained. 

2 Maraschino is a liqueur, or cordial, made from the fruit and leaves of the small, sour, black Marasca 
cherry. The product comes chiefly from Zara, the capital of the Austrian province of Dalmatia, where 
it has been made and exported for over 200 years. Such accounts of the process of making maraschino 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 5 


lation. This liqueur is imported in America in considerable quantities to 
flavor preservatives in which the home-grown cherries are prepared for use 
in various drinks and confections. No attempts have been made to grow 
the Marasca cherry on a commercial scale in America but undoubtedly it 
could be grown and, with the process of making maraschino discovered, an 
important use would be developed for cherries — all the more to be desired 
since the foreign maraschino is now grossly adulterated and imitated in 
this country. Both the fruits and seeds of cherries, especially of the 
Mahaleb, are steeped in spirits for food, drink and medicinal purposes. An 
oil used in making perfumes for scenting soaps and confectionery is also 
extracted from the seeds of the Mahaleb because of which use this species 
is often called the ‘‘ Perfumed Cherry.” 

In the old herbals and pomologies much is made of the value of cherries 
for medicinal purposes. The fruit was supposed to be a sovereign remedy 
for various ailments of the digestive tract as well as for nervous disorders 


as have become public seem to agree that the liqueur is a distillation of a compote made from the fruit 
and young leaves. When ripe the cherries are picked early in the morning and sent at once to the distillery 
where the stones are extracted by machinery. The leaves are cut, pressed and added to the fruit with 
sugar and alcohol. This mixture is allowed to ferment for six months or thereabouts and from it is then 
distilled maraschino. It is then stored in cellars for three years before being placed on the markets. 
In both Europe and America there are many imitations of the maraschino liqueur in which neither fruit 
nor foliage of the Marasca nor any other cherry has any part. 

According to the Dalmatians all attempts to improve the Marasca cherry by culture have failed. 
They say, too, that it will not thrive elsewhere than in Dalmatia. Under culture, the fruits and leaves 
lose their distinctive aroma and taste as they do on any but the native soil of the variety. The poorer, 
sparser and more rocky the ferruginous soil, the wilder the tree, the smaller and sourer the cherries, the 
better the maraschino liqueur — so the present makers say. 

Since considerable quantities of cherries are put up in America in maraschino, or its imitation, and the 
manufacture of such products is a growing industry, the following ruling by the Board of Food and Drug 
Inspection of the United States Department of Agriculture, taken from Food Inspection Decision 141, is 
of interest to growers, canners and users of cherries: 

“In considering the products prepared from the large light-colored cherry of the Napoleon Bigarreau, 
or Royal Anne type, which are artifically colored and flavored and put up in a sugar sirup, flavored with 
various materials, the Board has reached the conclusion that this product is not properly entitled to be 
called ‘ Maraschino Cherries,’ or ‘Cherries in Maraschino.’ If, however, these cherries are packed in 
a sirup, flavored with maraschino alone, it is the opinion of the Board that they would not be misbranded, 
if labeled ‘Cherries, Maraschino Flavor,’ or ‘ Maraschino Flavored Cherries.’ If these cherries are 
packed in maraschino liqueur there would be no objection to the phrase ‘ Cherries in Maraschino.’ When 
these artificially colored cherries are put up in a sirup flavored in imitation of maraschino, even though 
the flavoring may consist in part of maraschino, it would not be proper to use the word ‘ Maraschino ’ 
in connection with the product unless preceded by the word ‘ Imitation.’ They may, however, be labeled 
to show that they are a preserved cherry, artificially colored and flavored. 

“The presence of artificial coloring or flavoring matter, of any substitute for cane sugar, and the 
presence and amount of benzoate of soda, when used in these products must be plainly stated upon the 
label in the manner provided in Food Inspection Decisions Nos. 52 and 104.” 


6 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


and epilepsy. The astringent leaves and bark, or extracts from them, 
were much used by the ancients in medicine and are still more or less 
employed both as home remedies and in the practice of medicine as mild 
tonics and sedatives. One of the active chemicals of the leaf, seed 
and bark is hydrocyanic acid to which is largely due the peculiar odor of 
these structures. A gum is secreted from the trunks of cherry trees, 
known in commerce as cerasin, which has some use in medicine and in 
various trades as well, especially as a substitute and as an adulterant of 
gum arabic. 

At least three cultivated cherry trees produce wood of considerable 
value. The wood of the cherry is hard, close-grained, solid, durable, a 
handsome pale red, or brown tinged with red. Prunus avium, the Sweet 
Cherry, furnishes a wood which, if sufficient care be taken to season it, is 
of much value in cabinet-making and for the manufacture of musical 
instruments. Prunus mahaleb is a much smaller tree than the former but 
its wood, as much as there is of it, is even more valuable, being very hard 
and fragrant and dark enough in color to take on a beautiful mahogany- 
like polish. In France the wood of the Mahaleb cherry is held in high 
esteem, under the name Bovis de St. Lucie, in cabinet-making and for toys, 
canes, handles and especially for the making of tobacco pipes. In Japan 
the wood of Prunus pseudocerasus is said to be in great demand for 
engraving and in making the blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper. 
In America the wood of the orchard species of cherries is seldom used for 
domestic purposes, that of the wild species being so much more cheaply 
obtainable and serving all purposes quite as well. 

To people who know it only for its fruit, the cherry does not appear 
particularly desirable as an ornamental. But wild and cultivated cherries 
furnish many beautiful trees in a genus peculiar for the beauty of its species. 
The color and abundance of the flowers, fruits and leaves of the cultivated 
cherries and the fact that they are prolific of forms with double flowers, 
weeping, fastigiate or other ornamental habits, make the several species 
of this plant valuable as ornamentals. Besides, they are vigorous and rapid 
in growth, hardy, easy of culture, comparatively free from pests and 
adapted to a great diversity of soils and climates. Both the ornamental 
and the edible cherries are very beautiful in spring when abundantly 
covered with flowers, which usually open with the unfolding leaves, as 
well as throughout the summer when overspread with lustrous green foliage 
and most of them are quite as conspicuously beautiful in the autumn 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 7 


when the leaves turn from green to light and dark tints of red. All will 
agree that a cherry tree in full fruit is a most beautiful object. In the 
winter when the leaves have fallen, some of the trees, especially of the 
ornamental varieties, are very graceful and beautiful, others are often 
picturesque, and even the somewhat stiff and formal Sweet Cherries are 
attractive plants in the garden or along the roadside. 

Very acceptable jellies, sauces and preserves are made from several of 
the wild cherries in the Padus group. The peasantry of the Eastern Hemi- 
sphere have in times of need found them important foods as have also the 
American Indians at all times. The fruits of some of the species of Padus 
are quite commonly used in flavoring liqueurs and on both continents are 
sometimes fermented and distilled into a liqueur similar to kirschwasser. 
The bark of different parts of the trees of this group is valuable in medicine 
—at least is largely used. The trees of several species form handsome 
ornamentals and some of them are in commerce for the purpose. Prunus 
serotina, one of the group, because of the strength of its wood and the 
beautiful satiny polish which its surface is capable of receiving, is a valuable 
timber tree of American forests. For the products of the members of this 
group, as just set forth, the domestication of some of the species of Padus 
might well be pushed. 

LITERATURE OF THE CHERRY 

Despite the important part they have played in orcharding since the 
domestication of fruits in temperate zones, as shown by their history and 
their present popularity, pomological writers have singularly neglected 
cherries. There are relatively few European books devoted to them and 
in America, while there are treatises on all others of the common tree-fruits, 
the cherry alone seems not to have inspired some pomologist to print a 
book. Neither are the discussions in general pomologies as full and accu- 
rate as for other fruits. The reason for this neglect is that the cherry, 
until the last decade or two, has scarcely been a fruit of commerce, having 
been grown almost entirely for home use or at most for the local market. 
As a result of this neglect of the cherry by students of pomology, we have 
no authoritative nor serviceable system of classification of the varieties of 
cherries and the nomenclature of this fruit is in an appalling state of con- 


fusion, as a glance at the synonymy of some of the older varieties discussed 
in The Cherries of New York will show. 


8 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


AMELIORATION OF THE CHERRY 


The amelioration of the cherry has been in progress almost since 
the dawn of civilization, yet few men have directed their efforts toward 
the improvement of this fruit. The histories of the varieties described 
in The Cherries of New York show that nearly all of them have come 
from chance seedlings. Possibly there has been little interest in 
improving cherries because this fruit is comparatively immutable in its 
characters. 

In spite of the fact that there are a great number of varieties, 1,145 
being described in The Cherries of New York, this of all stone-fruits is most 
fixed in its characters. The differences between tree and fruit in the many 
varieties are less marked than in the other fruits of Prunus and the varieties 
come more nearly true to seed. Though probably domesticated as long 
ago as any other of the tree-fruits, the cherry is now most of all like its 
wild progenitors. The plum is very closely related to the cherry but it 
has varied in nature and under cultivation much more than the cherry 
and in accordance with different environments has developed more marked 
differences in its species to endure the conditions brought about by the 
topographical and climatic changes through which the earth has passed. 
Under domestication more than twice as many orchard varieties of the 
plum have come into being as of the cherry. In spite of this stability, 
there are ample rewards in breeding cherries to those who will put in prac- 
tice rightly directed efforts to improve this fruit —a statement substan- 
tiated by the histories of some of the best varieties, described later in this 
text, which were originated through what was passing as current coin in 
plant-breeding before the far better methods of the present time, brought 
about by Mendel’s discovery, came into being. 

The cherry, as the histories of its many diverse kinds show, has been 
improved only through new varieties. There is no evidence, whatever, to 
show that any one of the several hundred cherries described in this text 
has been improved by selection as.a cumulative process, or, on the other 
hand, that any one of them has cumulatively degenerated. Of varieties 
cultivated for their fruits there are no records of mutations either from the 
seed or from bud, though of the ornamental cherries not a few have arisen 
as bud-mutations, as, for example, the several double-flowered cherries and 
those of weeping or fastigiate habit of growth and the many sorts with 
abnormally colored foliage. Since improvement depends upon the bring- 
ing into being of new cherries it becomes highly important to know 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 9 


how the varieties we are dealing with in The Cherries of New York 
have come into existence. The following is a summary of their manner 
of origin :— 

No case is recorded in The Cherries of New York of a variety known 
to have come from self-fertilized seed. 

The seed parent is given for 61 varieties. The statements as to seed 
parents are probably accurate, for a man planting cherry seeds would 
record the name of the seed parent correctly if he knew it. 

The seed and pollen parents of twenty of the cherries described in this 
work are given. Sixteen of these are hybrids originating with Professor 
N. E. Hansen of South Dakota, leaving but four sorts the parents of which 
were known before the recent work of Professor Hansen. 

No cherry cultivated for its fruit is reported to have come from a sport 
or a bud-mutation. 

Cherries arising from seed sown without knowledge of either parent or 
from natural seedlings are put down as chance seedlings; of these there 
are 147. 

The origin of 917 of the varieties here described is unknown. 

The total number of cherries under discussion is 1,145. 

To improve the cherry the breeder must know the material with which 
he is working. The following is a brief discussion of the characters of this 
fruit to be found in the technical descriptions of species and varieties. 


TREE AND FRUIT CHARACTERS OF THE CHERRY 


Species of cherries have very characteristic trees. The merest glance 
at the tree enables one to tell the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from the 
Sour Cherry, Prunus cerasus. The first named is the larger of the two, 
especially reaching a greater height, is pyramidal in shape, with branches 
erect and bearing much less foliage than the Sour Cherry. The Sweet 
Cherry often lives for a century or more —the Sour Cherry attains but 
the three score years and ten of man. Prunus cerasus is easily distin- 
guished from Prunus avium by its comparatively low, roundish and never 
pyramidal head. So, too, many of the varieties of either of these two 
species are readily told in the orchard by the size or habit of the plant. 
Other species are either shrubby or tree-like and their varieties may often 
be identified from the spaciousness or dwarfness of its trees. Size is rather 
more variable than other gross characters because of the influence of 
environment — food, moisture, light, isolation, pests and the like — yet 


Io THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


size in a plant, or in the parts of a plant, is a very reliable character when 
proper allowances have been made for environment. 

Habit of growth, unlike size, varies but little with changing conditions 
and thus becomes a most important means of distinguishing species and 
varieties and not infrequently sets the seal and sign of desirability for an 
orchard cherry. More than any other character, habit of growth gives 
what is called ‘‘ aspect’ to a cherry tree. Thus, a species or a variety 
may be upright, spreading, round-topped, drooping or weeping in habit of 
growth; the head may be open or dense and may be formed by a central 
shaft with several whorls of branches or by three or four trunk-like stems 
each with its scaffolding branches. The trees may grow rapidly or slowly 
and may be long-lived or short-lived. The trunks may be short and stocky, 
or long and slender, straight or crooked, gnarled or smooth, these characters 
often determining whether a cherry is manageable or unmanageable in the 
orchard. 

The degree of hardiness is a very important diagnostic character for 
groups of cherries and often wholly indicates their value for agriculture. 
Thus, the varieties of Prunus avium are but little hardier than the peach 
while those of Prunus cerasus are as hardy or hardier than the apple. The 
range of varieties as to hardiness falls within that of the species and it is 
interesting to note that in Europe, where the wild Prunus avium is very 
common, inthe many centuries since the fruit has been under domestication, 
a cultivated variety hardier than the wild Sweet Cherry has not been 
developed. Cherries are designated in the technical descriptions as hardy, 
half-hardy and tender. 

Productiveness, age of bearing, and regularity of bearing are distinctive 
and valuable characters of orchard cherries but not of wild cherries. The 
care given the tree greatly influences fruitfulness, yet the quantity of fruit 
produced is often a helpful means of identifying a variety and is a charac- 
ter that must always be considered by the plant-breeder. Age of bearing 
and regularity of bearing are most important characters with the pome 
fruits, the apple, in particular, but while worth considering with the 
drupes are of relatively little value, all drupaceous fruits coming in bearing 
at about the same time for the species and all bearing regularly, as a 
rule, unless interfered with by some outside agency preventing the setting 
or causing the dropping of fruit. 

Immunity and susceptibility to diseases and insects are valuable 
taxonomic characters of both species and varieties of cultivated cherries. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK II 


Thus, the varieties of Prunus cerasus are very susceptible to black knot 
(Plowrightia morbosa), while those of Prunus avium are almost immune. 
On the other hand, Prunus avium is an inviting prey to San José scale 
(Aspidiotus perniciosus), while Prunus cerasus is but little injured, indeed, 
seldom attacked; Prunus mahaleb appears to be almost wholly immune to 
the powdery mildew (Podosphaera oxyacanthae), while Prunus avium and 
Prunus cerasus are much attacked, though Wood, a variety of Prunus 
avium, is almost immune. The English Morello, a variety of Prunus 
cerasus, is very subject to leaf spot (Cylindrosporium padi), while Mont- 
morency, of the same species, is nearly immune. These examples can 
be multiplied many times by references to the discussions of varieties, 
and represent only observations on the grounds and in the neighborhood 
of this Station. They serve to show the great importance, to the fruit- 
grower, the plant-breeder and the systematist, of natural resistance to 
disease and insects. 

Both the outer and the inner bark have considerable value in deter- 
mining species but are of little importance in identifying varieties and 
have no economic value to the fruit-grower and hence but little to the 
breeder. Smoothness, color, thickness and manner of exfoliation are the 
attributes of the outer bark to be noted, while the color of the inner bark 
is the only determinant and that relatively unimportant. In young trees 
the bark of the cherry of all species is smooth, glossy or even brilliant; 
but later it becomes uneven, scaly and dull, usually ash-gray but varying 
in all of these characters to an extent well worth noting for taxonomic 
purposes. Cherries, in common with most trees, have a lighter colored 
bark in cold than in warm regions, and in dry than in wet areas. 

Branches and branchlets are very characteristic in both species and 
varieties. The length, thickness, direction, rigidity and the branching 
angle are valuable determining characters and very stable ones, changing 
but little even with marked variations of soil and climate. Thus, a Sweet 
Cherry tree can be told from a tree of the Sour Cherry, or the English 
Morello can be distinguished from Montmorency by branch characters as 
far as the outlines of the trees are discernible. Few cherries bear spines 
but all are more or less spurred and these spurs are quite characteristic 
even in varieties. With the branchlets the length of the internodes should 
be considered and their direction, whether straight or zigzag; also color, 
smoothness, amount of pubescence, size and appearance of the lenticels, 
the presence of excrescences, are all to be noted in careful study though 


I2 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


all are more or less variable, pubescence especially so, this character 
being too often relied upon in descriptions by European botanists and 
pomologists. 

Leaf-buds vary greatly in different species in size, shape, color of 
the buds and of their outer and inner scales and in the outline of the 
scales. The angle at which the bud stands out from the branchlet is of 
some taxonomic value. Vernation, or the disposition of the leaf-blade in 
the bud, is a fine mark of distinction in separating the cherry from other 
stone-fruits and while all cherry leaves are supposed to be conduplicate, 
that is, folded by the midrib so that the two halves are face to face, yet 
there are slight but important differences in the conduplication of the 
leaves in both species and varieties. The manner of bearing buds — 
whether single, in pairs, or in rosettes — must be taken into account, with 
species at least, and differences in shape and position of leaf and fruit- 
buds must be noted. 

Leaves in their season are very evident and either collectively or 
individually are valuable determinants of species and varieties. Fruit- 
growers take little note of leaves, however, though they should be taken 
into practical account, since their size and number often indicate the 
degree of vigor. The variability of leaves is usually within limits easily 
set and occurs most often in young plants, in extremes of soil and 
climate, and on very succulent growths or water-sprouts. Leaf-size is the 
most variable character of this organ but is yet dependable in separating 
several species, as, for example, Prunus avium from Prunus cerasus, the 
leaves being very much larger in the former than in the latter species. 
Leaf-forms are very constant in species and varieties, hence especially 
valuable in classification. 

Much care has been taken to illustrate accurately the size and form 
of cherry leaves in the color-plates in this text but it is impossible to 
reproduce by color-printing the tints of the leaves, though these are quite 
constant in both species and varieties. 

Other characters of leaves taken into account in describing cherries 
are thickness, roughness, and pubescence, all of which are somewhat 
variable, being greatly influenced by climate and soil. Quite too much 
stress is laid upon the value of pubescence on leaves in determining groups, 
unless comparisons can be made between plants growing in the same 
habitat. Possibly more important than any other part of the leaf-blade, 
in the study of species at least, is the margin. This in the cherry is 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 13 


always serrated and often sub-serrated. These serrations are best studied 
at the middle of the sides of the leaves, those at the base and apex often 
being crowded or wanting. 

The petiole may be used to good advantage in distinguishing both 
species and varieties. Thus, in consequence of the great length and slender- 
ness of the petiole of leaves of Sweet Cherries, the leaves are always more 
or less drooping, while those of the Sour Cherry are usually erect by reason 
of the petiole being short and strong. The color of the petiole is said 
by some to be correlated with that of the fruit —a statement that needs 
verification. The pubescence of the petiole must be noted. 

The position, size, shape and color of the glands on cherry leaves 
must be noted as they are fairly constant guides. They are usually on 
the petiole at the base of the leaf but are sometimes on the leaf itself. 
The glands are commonly given as globular or reniform in shape but there 
are often intermediate forms the shape of which is hard to classify. 

Stipules in this plant have considerable taxonomic value, having some 
distinguishing marks not possessed by the leaves. Cherry leaves spring- 
ing from dormant leaf-buds have very small stipules, sometimes so minute 
as hardly to be seen, but on the current year’s growth the stipules are 
larger, being largest at the tip of the branchlet. There is considerable 
difference in the size of these organs in varieties of the same species. 
Stipules of the cherry are nearly always borne in pairs. The small stipules, 
appearing with the first leaves, drop, at this Station, about the middle of 
June while those accompanying the later leaves on the wood growth of 
the current year remain until in July, there being a difference in varieties 
as to how long they remain. All stipules are deeply toothed and bear 
glands of varying color and shape on the serrations, the characters of 
both serrations and glands offering some distinguishing marks for species 
and varieties. 

The flowers of cherries are very characteristic, as a study of the color- 
plates of blossoms will show, furnishing a wholly distinctive mark of 
species and helping to distinguish varieties. The flowers are hermaphro- 
dites and are borne in more or less dense, corymbose clusters. Individual 
flowers in species and varieties vary in size, shape, color and odor. The 
peduncles are long or short, as the case may be; the corolla furnishes 
distinctions in size, shape and color of petals; the calyces are chiefly dis- 
tinguished by their glands and the amount and character of the pubescence; 
while stamens and pistils offer differences in size, color of their different 


14 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


parts and in the number of stamens. In plums the reproductive organs 
differ greatly in ability to perform their functions, some varieties being 
self-sterile. In New York there seem to be no marked differences in 
fecundity in cherries nor are there so frequently the malformations of 
reproductive organs which are found in plums. The season of flowering 
is a fine mark of distinction between species and varieties, a fact well 
brought out by the chart on pages 80-81. 

Of all organs, the fruit of the cherry is most responsive to changed 
conditions and hence most variable, yet the fruits furnish very valuable 
taxonomic characters in both botany and pomology. In pomology, in 
particular, the fruits must be closely studied. Size, shape, color, bloom, 
stem, cavity, apex, suture and skin are the outward characters of which 
note must be made; while the color, aroma, flavor and texture of the flesh 
are usually very characteristic. Both species and varieties are well dis- 
tinguished by the time of ripening though there is much variation in 
ripening dates. The keeping quality is scarcely taken into account with 
cherries but varies a great deal, chiefly in accordance with firmness of the 
flesh. The flesh of cherries, as in all drupaceous fruits, clings to the stone 
or is wholly or partly free — a character of interest both to the systematist 
and to the fruit-grower. The color of the juice, whether colorless or red, 
is a plain and certain dividing line in both species and varieties. 

The pits of cherries are rather more lacking in distinction than in 
other stone-fruits, plums for example, yet they must be accounted of 
considerable value in determination and for this reason have been included 
in all of the color-plates of varieties. Cherry-pits from individual trees 
are almost lacking in differences except in size but between species and 
varieties show many distinctions not only in size but in shape, surfaces, 
grooves and ridges, in the ends and more or less in the seeds within. 
Cherries of any variety grown on poor soils or in incongenial climates 
tend to have large stones and little flesh, while the pits are smaller and 
there is more flesh with the opposite extremes in environment. As will be 
pointed out in the discussion of the group of cherries known as the Dukes, 
many varieties have pits with shrunken and abortive seeds coming, as we 
think, from the hybrid origin of these cherries. 

The several pages given to the discussion of the characters of cherries 
are in preparation for a proper understanding of the classifications and 
descriptions of species and varieties. We are now ready for the classifi- 
cation of the species of cherries which contribute or may contribute forms 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 15 


for cultivation either for their fruits or as stocks upon which to grow 
edible cherries. The following is a brief conspectus of the edible species 
of Prunus followed by a fuller conspectus of the sub-genus Cerasus to 
which cherries belong. 


A CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES 


The genus Prunus is variously delimited and divided by systematic 
botanists. A simple, and from a horticultural point of view, a very satis- 
factory classification, is to put almonds and peaches in one sub-genus 
(Amygdalus), cherries in a second (Cerasus), plums and apricots in a third 
(Euprunus), and to place the racemose cherries and cherry-laurels, usually 
considered in Prunus, in another genus, Padus. In this division of Prunus 
into three sub-genera we may assign to each the following characters. 


A. Leaves convolute, 7. ¢., rolled in the bud (showing best in the opening buds).! 


Euprunus. Plums and apricots. 
A.A. Leaves conduplicate, 7. ¢., folded lengthwise along the midrib in the bud. 
B. Fruit more or less dry and hirsute; if juicy or glabrous the blossoms appear 
long before the opening of the leaves; fruits without stems. 
Amygdalus. Almonds and peaches. 
B.B. Fruit always juicy and usually glabrous; blooms appearing with the leaves. 
Cerasus. Cherries. 


Of these several divisions we are here concerned only with Cerasus, 
to which belong all fascicled cherries, the racemose, or Padus, cherries as 
yet having little or no value as esculents. The genus Prunus is from year 
to year being enlarged by the discovery of new species, the additions to 
Cerasus in particular being numerous. Thus, a decade ago, botanists 
placed in this sub-genus, at the outside, not more than a score of species 
but Koehne, the most recent monographer of Cerasus, describes 119 species. 
Of Koehne’s species at least a dozen are more or less cultivated for their 
fruits and a score or more are grown as ornamentals. 

The following species are listed by Koehne:’ 


1The leaves are conduplicate in vernation in a few species of American plums; these species are 
intermediate between plums and cherries. 

* The species are given as classified by Koehne, Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:237-271. 1912. The 
liberty has been taken of changing the form of Koehne’s citations to conform to that used at this Station. 
For the sake of brevity some of the citations of the original author have been omitted. Space does not 
permit the publication of Koehne’s system of classification. This may be found in Plantae Wilsonianae 
Pt. 2:226-237. 1912. 

Conservative botanists will hardly accept all of Koehne’s species, in describing which the author tells 
us he labored under the difficulty of paucity of material and that as more material comes to hand there 


16 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


SPECIES OF CHERRIES 


Div.I. TYPOCERASUS Keoehne. 


Io. 


II. 
12. 
13. 
4. 
15. 


16. 


17. 
18. 


19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 


23. 


Sectt.1. CREMASTOSEPALUM Koehne. 
Subsect. 1. MAHALEB Koehne. 
Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Roemer. Fam. Nat. Syn. 3:79. 1847. 
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Mahaleb Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 305. 1893. 
Ser. 1. EUuMAHALEB Koehne. 
Prunus mahaleb Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 472. 1753. Europe, Western Asia. 
Ser. 2. PARAMAHALEB Koehne. 


. Prunus mollis Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America. 
. Prunus emarginata Walpers. Rep. 2:9. Western North America. 


Cerasus californica Greene. Fl. Francis 1:50. 

Prunus pennsylvanica Linnaeus. Syst. ed 13 Suppl. 252. Eastern North America. 
Subsect. 2. EUCERASUS Koehne. 

Prunus sect. Eucerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 306. 1893. 


. Prunus fruticosa Pallas. Fl. Ross. 1:19. 1784. Europe to Siberia. 
. Prunus acida C. Koch. Dendr. 1:112. 1869. Southern Europe. 
. Prunus cerasus Linnaeus. Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. Europe, Western Asia. 


Prunus avium Linnaeus. Fl. Svec. ed 2:165. 1755. Europe, Western Asia. 

Subsect. 3. PHYLLOMAHALEB Koehne. 

Ser. 1. APHANADENIUM Koehne. 

Prunus maximowiczii Ruprecht. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 15:131. 1857. 
Prunus bracteata Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879. 
Prunus apetala Zabel. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 13:60 (not Franchet & Savatier) 1904. Amur, 

eastern Manchuria, Korea, Saghalin, Japan from Hokkaido to Kiushiu. 
Prunus maximowiczii aperta Komarow. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:5, 48. 1904. Manchuria from the 

Ussuri through Kirin to Mukden and northern Korea 
Prunus pulchella Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:197. 1912. Western Hupeh. 

Ser. 2. MacrapEenrum Koehne. 
Prunus conadenia Koehne. /. c. 197. Western Szechuan. 
Prunus pleiocerasus Koehne. 1. c. 198. Western Szechuan. 
Prunus macradenia Koehne. I. c. 199. Western Szechuan. 
Prunus discadenia Koehne. I. c. 200. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus szechuanica Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:167. 1895. Szechuan. 
Subsect. 4. PHYLLOCERASUS Koehne. 

Prunus tatsienensis Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 14:322. 1897. Szechuan. 
Prunus tatsienensis adenophora (Franchet) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:238. Ig12. 
Prunus maximowiczii adenophora Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan. 
Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:201. 1912. Western Szechuan. 
Prunus variabilis Koehne. 1. c. 201. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus pilosiuscula (Schneider) Koehne. 1. c. 202. 
Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66. 1905. Western Hupeh and 

Szechuan. 
Prunus polytricha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:204. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus rehderiana Koehne. 1. c. 205. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus venusta Koehne. 1. c. 239. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus litigiosa Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Hupeh. 
Prunus litigiosa abbreviata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:205. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus clarofolia Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:67. 1905. Szechuan. 


must, therefore, be revisions. These species are provisionally accepted in The Cherries of New York 
under the belief that botany and horticulture are best served by giving names freely so that all forms 
to which reference may need to be made may thus be better identified. 


his 


The botanical student of Cerasus is referred to Schneider's comprehensive discussion of Prunus in 
Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1:589-637. 1906 and 2:973-993; also Koehne’s monographs of Cerasus, 


Sargent, C. S., Plantae Wilsonianae Pt. 2:197-271. 1912. Profitable though it might be, space does not 
permit in The Cherries of New York a botanical discussion of other than the species cultivated for their 
fruits. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 17 


Subsect. 5. PSEUDOMAHALEB Koehne. 
24. Prunus yunnanensis Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 195. 1889. Yunnan. 
25. Prunus macgregoriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:240. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
26. Prunus henryi (Schneider) Koehne. I. c. 240. 
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan. 
27. Prunus neglecta Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912. 
Prunus yunnanensis henryi C. K. Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan. 
Subsect. 6. LOBOPETALUM Koehne. 
Ser. 1. HETEROCALYXx Koehne. 
28. Prunus scopulorum Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:241. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
a9. Prunus glabra (Pampanini) Koehne. 
Prunus hirtipes glabra Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 17:293. 1910; 18:122. 1911. Hupeh. 
30. Prunus involucrata Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:206. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
31. Prunus hirtipes Hemsley. Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:218. 1887. 
32. Prunus schneideriana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:242. 1912. Chekiang. 
33. Prunus duclouxii Koehne. 1. c. 242. Yunnan. 
34. Prunus ampla Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:243. 1912. Szechuan. 
35. Prunus malifolia Koehne. 1. c. 207. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus malifolia rosthornii Koehne. 1. c. 243. Szechuan. 
Ser. 2, CycLaminium Koehne. 
36. Prunus cyclamina Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:207. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus cyclamina biflora Koehne. I. c. 243. Western China. 
37. Prunus dielsiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:68. 1905. 
“P. szechuanica, var.?" or ‘‘P. szechuanica dielsiana Schneider,” I. c., not P. szechuanica Batalin. 
Hupeh. 
Prunus dielsiana laxa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:208. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus dielsiana conferta Koehne. J. c. 244: Western Hupeh. 
38. Prunus plurinervis Koehne. /. c. 208. Western Szechuan. 
39- Prunus rufoides Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:55. 1905. Szechuan. 
40. Prunus hirtifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western Szechuan. 
Sect.2. PSEUDOCERASUS Koehne. 
Prunus subgen. Cerasus sect. Yamasakura Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:183. I9I1I. 
Subsect 7. HYPADENIUM Koehne. 
41. Prunus glandulifolia Ruprecht & Maximowicz. Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 9:87 (Prim. 
Fl. Amur.) 1859. Amur. 
Subsect. 8. SARGENTIELLA Koehne. 
42. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 6:90. 1826. Cultivated in China. 
Cerasus pseudocerasus G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 200. 1830. 
Prunus sieboldit Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:184. 1911. 
Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102. 
Prunus paniculata Ker. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 800. 1824, not Prunus paniculata Thunberg. 
Cerasus paniculata De Candolle. Prodr. 2:539. 1825. 
Cerasus sieboldtit Carriére. Rev. Hort. 371. 1866. 
Prunus sieboldit Wittmack. Gartenfl. §1:272. 1902. 
Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908? 
Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtit Makino. 1. c. 23:74. 1909. 
Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii Koidzumi. 1. c. 182. 
Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural) 
Prunus pseudocerasus naden Koehne. (Horticultural) 
Prunus pseudocerasus watereri Koehne. 1. ¢. 172. 1909. 
Cerasus waittererit, cited by Lavallée Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119. 1885, as a synonym under Cerasus 
pseudocerasus ? 
Cerasus waterert Goldring. Garden 33:416, fig. p. 420. 1888? 
Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererit Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:75. 1909? (Horticultural) 
Prunus pseudocerasus virescens Koehne. 
Prunus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden. 
43. Prunus paracerasus Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 72133. 1909. Japan. (Horticultural) 
44. Prunus serrulata Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 7:138. 1830. 
Prunus cerasus flore simplict Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784. 
Prunus donarium Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot.12: No.1. 68 (Syn. Pl. Oecon.) 1827. 
Prunus jamasakura Siebold. 1c. 1827. 
2 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Hort. Brit. 480. 1830. 

Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:90, (in part, not Wallich) 1865. 

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:93. 1809. 

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura precox Makino. 1. ¢. 98. 1908. 

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra precox Makino. 1. c. 113. 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra Makino. 1. c. 101. 

Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis Koidzumi. 1. c. 23:183. 1909. 

Prunus cerasus flore pleno Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784. 

Prunus serrulata Lindley. cf. supra. 

Cerasus serrulata G. Don. Loudon Arb. Brit. 2:701, fig. 407. 1833. 

Cerasus pseudocerasus Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez. 119, t. 36. 1885, (ubi citatur: Cerasus maeda h.). 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:73. 1908. 

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea Makino. 1. ¢c. 23:74. 1909. 

Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra Koidzumi. 1. c. 25:185. 1911. 

Prunus jamasakura speciosa Koidzumi. 1. c. 186. Japan, Korea. 

Prunus serrulata albida (Makino) Koehne. 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplict albo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29:102. 

Prunus pseudocerasus Stapf. Bot. Mag. 131: t. 8012. 1905. 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908. 

Prunus serrulata serrulata albida Makino. I. ¢c. 23:74. 1909. 

Prunus serrulata yashino Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909. 

Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus serrulata lannesiana (Carriére) Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:167. 1909. 

Cerasus lannesiana Carriére. Rev. Hort. 198. 1872. 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29: 102. 

Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:74. 1909. 

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis Koidzumi. 1. c. 25:187. I9II. 

Prunus serrulata kriegeri Koehne. Gartenfl. 52:2 (nomen nudum) 1902. 

Cerasus pendula kriegeri F. Spath ex Koehne. 

Prunus serrulata grandiflora A. Wagner. Gartenfl. 52:169, t. 1513a. 1903. 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29:102. 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:102. 1908. 

Prunus serrulata serrulata viridiflora Makino. 1. c. 23:74. 1909. 

Cerasus donarium Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden. 

Prunus pseudocerasus ukon Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus serrulata ochichima Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:169. 1909. 

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo, 2. alborosea Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:74. 1909. 

Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus serrulata hisakura Koehne. Gartenfl. 51: 2, t. 1494 b. 1902. 

Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno Van Houtte. Fl. des. Serres 21:141, t. 2238. 1875. 

Cerasus serratifolia rosea Carriére. Rev. Hort. 889, t. fig. B. 1877. 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11: 
699. 1883. 

Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus pseudocerasus ‘‘ New Red." Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus serrulata ‘‘W. Kou." Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 25:187. 1911. 

Prunus serrulata veitchiana Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 9:122. 1911. 

Cerasus pseudocerasus ‘‘James Veitch.” Gartenfl.51:497. 1902. (Horticultural) 

Prunus serrulata mucronata Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:170. 1909. 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. 
Pétersburg 29: 102. 

Prunus cerasus flore roseo pleno Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus serrulata flore pleno Koehne. (Horticultural) 

Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura Koehne. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 18:170. 1909. 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:102. 

Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura Koehne. (Horticultural) 

44 x 88 ? Prunus affinis Makino. Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura x incisa? Makino. Tokyo Bot. 
Mag. 22:99. 1908. Japan. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 19 


45. Prunus sargentii Rehder. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 17:159. 1908. 
Prunus puddum Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 2:90 (in part, not Wallich) 1865. 
Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis F. Schmidt. Mém. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg sér.7, 12: No. 2. 124. 
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29: 102. 
Prunus mume crasseglandulosa Miquel. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden. 
Prunus pseudocerasus Sargent. Garden and Forest 10: 462, fig. 58 (not Lindley) 1897. 
Prunus Sp. Zabel. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 241. 1903. 
Prunus pseudocerasus borealis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:99. 1908. 
Prunus serrulata borealis Makino. I. c. 23:75. 1909. 
Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea Koidzumi. 1. c. 182. 
Prunus jamasakura elegans compta Koidzumi. 1. c. 25:186. 1911. 
Prunus jamasakura borealis Koidzumi. 1. c. 187. Korea, Saghalin, Japan. 
46. Prunus tenuiflora Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:209. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
47. Prunus wildeniana Koehne. /.c. 249. Hupeh. 
48. Prunus leveilleana Koehne. 1.c. 250. Korea. 
49. Prunus sontagie Koehne. /.c. 250. Korea. 
50. Prunus mesadenia Koehne. 1. ¢. 250. Nippon. 
51. Prunus parvifolia (Matsumura) Koehne. /. c. 251. 
Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:101. 190%. 
Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia Koidzumi. 1. c. 23:182. 1909. 
Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia Koidzumi. 1. c. 25:186. 1911. Japan. 
Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:251. 1912. Northern Nippon. 
52. Prunus concinna Koehne. /.¢. 210. Western Hupeh. 
53. Prunus twymaniana Koehne. /.c. 211. Western Szechuan. 
Subsect. 9. CONRADINIA Koehne. 
54. Prunus conradine Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.2:211. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
55. Prunus helene Koehne. /.c. 212. Western Hupeh. 
56. Prunus saltuum Koehne. /.c. 213. Western Hupeh. 
57- Prunus pauciflora Bunge. Mém. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:97 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1835. 
Chili. 
58. Prunus sprengeri Pampanini. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18:230. 1911. Hupeh. 
59. Prunus yedeensis Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag.15:100. Igor. Cultivated in the gardens of Tokyo. 
Subsect. 10. SERRULA Koehne. 
60. Prunus majestica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:252. 1912. 
Prunus puddum Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 197 (not Roxburgh following Brandis) 1889. 
Prunus cerasoides tibetica Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:54 (in part) 1905. Yunnan. 
61. Prunus serrula Franchet. Pil. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan. 
Prunus serrula tibetica (Batalin) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:213. 1912. Western Szechuan. 
Subsect. 11. PUDDUM Koehne. 
62. Prunus campanulata Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29. 103. 
Prunus cerasoides Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:181 (in part, mot D. Don) 1909. Fokien. 
Cultivated in Japan. 
63. Prunus hosseusii Diels. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 4:289. 1907. Siam. 
64. Prunus cerasoides D. Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 239. 1825. 
Prunus silvatica Roxburgh. Hort. Beng. 92. 1814. 
Cerasus phoshia Hamilton. De Candolle Prodr. 2:535. 1825. 
Cerasus puddum Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:537. 1825. 
Prunus puddum Roxburgh. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 194. 1874. Nepal. 
65. Prunus rufa Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. 2:404. 1841. 
Cerasus rufa Wallich. Cat. No. 721. 1829. Eastern Himalaya. 
66. Prunus trichantha Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:254. 1912. 
Prunus rufa Hooker. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314 (in part) 1878. Eastern Himalaya. 
Subsect. 12, MICROCALYMMA Koehne. 
67. Prunus herincquiana Lavallée. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:214. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus herincquiana biloba (Franchet) Koehne. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus biloba Franchet in Herb. Paris. China. 
68. Prunus subhirtella Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:91. 1865. 
Prunus subhiriella oblongifolia Miquel. 1. c. 
Prunus incisa Maximowicz. Bul. Sci. Acad. St. Pétersburg 29:99. 
Prunus pendula ascendens Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 7:103. 1893? 
Prunus herincquiana ascendens Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906. 


20 


70. 
71. 


92. 
93- 
94. 


95- 
96. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Prunus itosakra subhirtella Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1908. Japan. 
Prunus subhirtella fukubana Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:118. 1908. 
Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis Koidzumi. 1. c. 23:181. 1909? 


. Prunus pendula Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29:98. 


Prunus itosakura Siebold. Verh. Batav. Genoot.12: No.1. 68. 1830. 
Cerasus pendula flore roseo Siebold. Cat. 5:31. 1863, Maximowicz. . 
Cerasus pendula rosea Dombrain. Floral Mag.10. t. 536. 1871. . 
Prunus subhirtella pendula Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 620. 1895. 
Cerasus itosakura Siebold. Herb., Maximowicz. 1. c. 
Cerasus herincquiana Lavallée. Icon. Arb. Segrez. 117. 1885. 
Prunus miqueliana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:609 (not Maximowicz) 1906. 
Prunus herincquiana Schneider. 1. c. 608. 
Cerasus pendula Siebold in herb., Koehne. 1. ¢. 
Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo Koehne. 1. c. (Horticultural) 
Prunus itosakra pendula Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:180. 1909. Japan. 
Prunus taiwaniana Hayata. Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30:87. 1911. Formosa. 
Prunus microlepis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:256. 1912. Hondo. 
Prunus microlepis ternata Koehne. 1. c. 256. Hondo. 

Subsect. 13. CERASEIDOS (Siebold & Zuccarini) Koehne. 
Ceraseidos Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Minch. 3:743 t.5. 1843. 

Ser. 1. PHYLLOPODIUM. 


. Prunus setulosa Batalin. Act. Hort. Petrop. 12:165. 1892. Eastern Kansu. 
. Prunus phyllopoda Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:257. 1912. Northern Shensi. 
. Prunus canescens Bois. /. c. 215. Western Hupeh. 

. Prunus veitchii Koehne. 1. c. 257. Western Hupeh. 


Ser. 2. DROSERINA. 


. Prunus giraldiana Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:65. 1905. Northern Shensi. 
. Prunus droseracea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:215. 1912. Western Szechuan. 


Ser. 3. OXYODON. 


. Prunus trichostoma Koehne. 7. ¢. 216. Western Szechuan. 


Prunus latidentata Koehne. /.c. 217. Western Szechuan. 


. Prunus micromeloides Koehne. /.c. 218. Western Szechuan. 
. Prunus oxyodonta Koehne. 1. c. 218. Western Szechuan. 
. Prunus glyptocarya Koehne. /.c. 219. Western Szechuan. 


Prunus podadenia Koehne. /. c. 258. Western China. 


. Prunus lobulata Koehne. /. c. 220. Western Szechuan. 
. Prunus stipulacea Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:689. 1883. Kansu. 
. Prunus pleuroptera Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:221. 1912. Western Szechuan. 
. Prunus zappeyana Koehne. /.c. 221. Western Hupeh. 


Prunus zappeyana? subsimplex Koehne. /.c. 222. Western Hupeh. 


. Prunus incisa Thunberg. Fi. Jap. 202. 1784. 


Cerasus incisa Loiseleur. Nouveau Duhamel 5:33. 1812. 
Ceraseidos apetala Miquel. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 2:93 1865 (in part). Japan. 
Ser. 4. EUCERASEIDOs. 


. Prunus caudata Franchet. Pl. Delavay. 196. 1889. Yunnan. 
. Prunus iwagiensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt.2:259. 1912. Hondo. 
. Prunus nipponica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:99. Igot. 


Prunus miqueliana Koidzumi. 1. c. 23:184 (not Maximowicz) 1909. 

Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29: 103. 

Prunus apetala typica Schneider. Jil. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906. Japan. 
Prunus autumnalis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:259. 1912. 

Prunus subhirtella autumnalis Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:117. 1908. Hondo. 
Prunus kurilensis Miyabe. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 24:11. 1910. 


Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis Miyabe. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 4:226 (Fl. Kurile Isl.) 1890. 


Prunus incisa kurilensis Koidzumi. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 23:184. 1909. 
Prunus nikkoensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:260. 1912. Japan. 


Prunus miqueliana Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 11:692 (not Schneider) 1883. Japan. 


Prunus tschonoskii Koechne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:261. 1912. 
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sct. St. Pétersburg 29:103. 
Prunus apetala twozana Schneider. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:608. 1906. Japan. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


21 


97. Prunus apetala (Siebold & Zuccarini) Franchet & Savatier. Enum. Pl. Jap. 2:329. 1879 (not Zabel, 


ef. P. maximowiczii, No. 9). 
Ceraseidos apetala Siebold & Zuccarini. Abh. Akad. Miinch. 3:743. t.5. 1843. 
Prunus ceraseidos Maximowicz. Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 29:103. Japan. 
Ser. 5. AMBLYODON. 
98. Prunus gracilifolia Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:223. 1912. Western Hupeh. 
99. Prunus rossiana Koehne. 1. c. 223. Western Hupeh. 
Div. II. MICROCERASUWS (Spach, Roemer) Koehne. 
Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach. Hist. Vég. 1:423. 1834. 
Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19. 1836-40. 
Sect. 1. SPIRAEOPSIS Koehne. 
Subsect. 1. MYRICOCERASUS Koehne. 
100. Prunus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. Pl. 75. 1767. Eastern North America. 
101. Prunus besseyi Bailey. Bul. Cor. Ex. Sia. 70:261. 1894. Eastern North America. 
Subsect. 2, SPIRAEOCERASUS Koehne. 
102. Prunus dictyoneura Diels. Bot. Jahrb. 36, Beibl. 82, 57. 1905. Shensi. 


103. Prunus humilis Bunge. Mém. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:97 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833. 


Prunus salicina Lindley. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. '7:239. 1830. 
Prunus bunget Walpers. Rep. 2:9 (not Moris) 1893. China. 
104. Prunus glandulosa Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 202. 1784. 
Amygdalus pumila Linnaeus. Mant. 1:74. 1767. 
Cerasus glandulosa Loiseleur. Nouv. Duhamel 5:33. 1825. 
Prunus glandulosa glabra Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 22263. I912. 
Prunus japonica glandulosa Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:13. 1879. Japan. 
Prunus glandulosa glabra alba Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912. 
Prunus japonica Lindley. Bot. Reg. 8:t. 1801. 1835. 
Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:263. 1912. 
Prunus japonica typica flore roseo Maximowicz, in sched. 
Prunus japonica flor. simp. Tanaka. Useful Pl. Jap. 153, fig. 621. 1895. 
Prunus japonica glandulosa Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:136. 1900. Japan. 
Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena Koehne. Plant Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912. 
Cerasus japonica multiplex Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825. 
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90 f. 111. (in part) 1826. 
Prunus japonica Oudemans. Neerlands Plantentuin t. 2. 1865. 
Prunus japonica flore albo pleno Lemaire. Ill. Hort. 5: t.183. 1858. 
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54. 14 (in part) 1879. 
Prunus japonica multiplex Makino. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 22:72 (in part) 1908. Japan. 
Prunus glandulosa purdomii Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 1912. Northern China. 
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla Koehne. /. c. 224. 
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi Koehne. 1. c. 224. 
Prunus japonica J. Hutchinson. Bot. Mag. 135: t. 8260 (not Thunberg) 1909. Shantung. 
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis (Schneider) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:264. 
Prunus japonica packangensis Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:53. 1905. Western Hupeh. 
Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis (Persoon) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912. 
Amygdalus indica nana Plukenett. Phytogr. 1: t. 11. f. 4 (1691, new edit. 1769). 
Prunus sinensis Persoon. Syn. 2:36. 1807. 
Cerasus japonica Seringe. De Candolle Prodr. 2:539 (in part) 1825. 
Prunus japonica flore pleno Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. 1:172 t. 90 f. 111. (in part) 1826. 
Prunus japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:14 (in part) 1883. Northern Shensi. 
Prunus glandulosa salicifoli (Komarov) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912. 
Prunus japonica salicifolia Komarov. Act. Hort. Petrop. 22:754. 1904. Shing-king. 
105. Prunus pogonostyla Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:11. 1879. 
Prunus formosana Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 15:86. 1901. 
Prunus pogonostyla globosa Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:265. 1912. Formosa. 
Prunus pogonostyla obovata Koehne. 1. c. 265. Formosa. 
106. Prunus japonica Thunberg. Fl. Jap. 201. 1784. 
Prunus japonica japonica Maximowicz. Bul. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 54:12. 1879. 
Prunus japonica typica Matsumura. Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14:135. 1900. 
Prunus japonica eujaponica Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912. 
Prunus japonica eujaponica fauriei Koehne. 1. c. 266. Japan. 
Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii Koehne. /. c. 266, Hupeh. 


1912. 


22 


107. 


109. 


I10. 
I1l. 
112. 
113. 
114. 


115. 


116. 
117. 


118. 


IIg. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Prunus japonica gracillima Koehne. /. c. 266. 

Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii Koehne. /. c. 266, 

Prunus japonica thunbergii Koehne. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 8:23. 1910. Cultivated in the Spath 
Arboretum near Berlin, received from St. Petersburg. 

Prunus japonica gracillima engleri Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:266. 1912. 

Prunus japonica engleri Koehne. 1. c. 266. Manchuria. 

Prunus japonica gracillima minor Koehne. /. c. 267. Cultivated in the Spath Arboretum, Berlin. 

Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica (Carriére) Koehne. 1. c. 267. 

Prunus japonica sphaerica Carriére. Rev. Hort. 468, fig. 163. 1890. 

Prunus japonica kerii (Steudel) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912. 

Prunus japonica Ker-Gawler. Bot. Reg. 1: t. 27. 1815. 

Amygdalus pumila Sims. Bot. Mag. 47: t. 2176. 1820. 

Prunus kerit Steudel. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 403. 1841, which cites ‘‘ Cerasus " japonica Ker-Gawler. 

Prunus japonica typica flore pleno Zabel. _Beissner, Schelle & Zabel Handb. Laubholz-Ben. 238. 1903. 
Chekiang. Cultivated in England. , 

? Prunus praecox Carriére. Rev. Hort. 488, fig. 142, 143. 1892. Originated from sowings of Prunus 
japonica sphaerica and supposed to be Prunus japonica X domestica. 

Prunus nakaii Léveillé. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. '7:198. 1909. Korea. 


. Prunus carcharias Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:267. 1912. Szechuan. 


Sect. 2. AMYGDALOCERASUS Koehne. 

Cerasus sect. Microcerasus Spach. 

Microcerasus Webb. Phytogr. Canar. 2:19 (1836-50); Schneider Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:601. 1906. 

Prunus subgen. Microcerasus Focke. Engler & Prantl Natirl. Pflanzenfam. 3:3, 54. 1888. 

Prunus sect. Trichocerasus et subgen. Microcerasus Koehne. Deutsche Dendr. 302, 306. 1893. 

Prunus tomentosa Thunberg. Fi. Jap. 203. 1784.— Siebold & Zuccarini Fl. Jap. 1:51, t. 22. 1826. 
Japan, western and northern China. 

Prunus tomentosa spaethiana Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:269. 1912. Cultivated in European 
gardens. 

Prunus tomentosa graebneriana Koehne. 1. c. 269. Cultivated near the Botanic Garden, Berlin- 
Dahlem. 

Prunus tomentosa insularis Koehne. 1. c. 269. Japan. Cultivated in Japan. 

Prunus tomentosa souliei Koehne. /. c. 269. Szechuan. 

Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii Koehne. /. ¢. 269. Tibet. 

Prunus tomentosa endotricha Koehne. J. c. 225. Western Hupeh. 

Prunus tomentosa breviflora Koehne. /. c. 270. Northern Shensi. 

Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa (Bunge) Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:270. I912. 

Prunus trichocarpa Bunge. Mém. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg 2:96 (Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor.) 1833. 
Northern China. 

Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis Koehne. Plant. Wils. Pt. 2:270. 1912. Northern Shensi. 

Prunus tomentosa heteromera Koehne. /. c. 270. Szechuan. 

Prunus batalinii (Schneider) Koehne. 1. c. 270. 

Prunus tomentosa, (?) Batalinit Schneider. Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp. 1:52. 1905. Szechuan. 

Prunus cinerascens Franchet. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2, 8:216 (Pl. David. II. 34) 1885. 
Western Szechuan. 

Prunus jacquemontii (Edgeworth) Hooke. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:314. 1878. Afghanistan, Northwestern 
Himalaya, Tibet. 

Prunus incana (Pallas) Steven. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3:263. 1812. Armenia, Georgia, Himalaya? 

Cf. Cerasus hippophaeoides Bornmiiller. Oester. Bot. Zeit. 49:15. 1899. Cappadocia. 

Prunus griffithii (Boissier) Schneider. Ill, Handb. Laubholzk. 1:606. 1906. Afghanistan. 

Prunus prostrata Labillardiére. fcon. Pl. Syr. 1:15, t. 6. 1791. Southern Europe, Crete, Algier, 
Western Asia to Persia and Syria. 

Cf. Prunus bifrons Fritsch. Sitz. Akad. Wien ror: pt. 1. 636, t. 3, fig. 1. 1892. Himalaya? 

Prunus brachypetala (Boissier) Walpers. Ann. 1:272. 1848-49. Southern Persia. 

Prunus microcarpa C. A. Meyer. Verz. Pfl. Caucas. Casp. 166. 1831. Caucasia, Northern Persia. 

Cf. Cerasus tortuosa Boissier & Haussknecht. Boissier Fi. Or. 2:647. 1872. Antilibanon, Cappa- 
docia, Kurdistan. 

Prunus verrucosa Franchet. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, 16:280. 1883. Turkestan. 

Cf. Prunus calycosus Aitchison & Hemsley. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3:61, t. 8. 1888. Afghanistan. 


Prunus diffusa (Boissier & Haussknecht) Schneider. Jl. Handb. Laubholzk. 1:606. 1906. South- 
western Persia. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 23 


The geographical distribution of these cherries is most interesting.’ 
From North America come but five species of cherries but two of which, 
Prunus besseyi and Prunus pumila, furnish food and these two as yet 
are but sparingly grown; all five, however, are more or less used as stocks. 

Greene’ has described, in addition to the five accepted ones, eleven new 
species of true cherries from the far west of the type of Prunus emarginata, 
some of which at least have furnished food to the Indians, miners and 
trappers and may have horticultural possibilities for the desert regions 
in which they are found either for fruit or as stocks. 

From the western portion of the Old World, including all of Europe, 
northern Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Turkestan and Afghanistan come 14 
species. From this region, though the number of species as compared 
with East Asia is small, we have all of the cultivated esculent cherries, 
if possibly Prunus tomentosa be excepted. Though nearly all of the species 
of this large territory are found — possibly all originated there — in the 
southeastern part of Europe and the adjoining southwestern part of Asia, 
yet they seem, with one or two exceptions, to be quite distinct from the 
species of the eastern half of the Old World — the Himalaya Mountains 
separating the two regions. It is probable that when west central Asia 
has been as well explored botanically as the east central part of the con- 
tinent, many new species will be added to Prunus and its sub-genus Cerasus. 

It is in the eastern half of the Old World that the cherry flora is 
richest. More than 100 of the II1g species of Cerasus recognized by Koehne 
are found in the Himalaya Mountains and the region to the east including 
Japan and the Kuril Islands. Yet out of all of this wealth of raw material 
only Prunus tomentosa has been truly domesticated as an esculent though 
possibly a score of these species are well-known ornamentals. Of the 
100 eastern Asiatic species about 75 belong to China — the remainder to 


1 Koehne has presented the results of a careful study of the distribution of cherries in Mitt. Deutsch. 
Dendr. Ges. 168-183. 1912. 

2 Greene (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18:55-60. 1905), preferring Cerasus to Prunus as a generic name 
for racemose cherries, gives the following new species: Cerasus californica (Fl. Francis. 50. 1891) from 
the hills of middle western California; Cerasus crenulata from the Mongolian Mountains, New Mexico; 
Cerasus arida inhabiting the borders of the desert at the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountain, 
California; Cerasus prunifolia found in the mountains of Fresno County, California; Cerasus rhamnoides 
collected at Mud Springs, Amador County, California; Cerasus kelloggiana from the middle Sierra Nevada 
Mountains in California; Cerasus padifolia collected in the foothills near Carson City, Nevada; Cerasus 
obliqua described from a single specimen from Oroville, California; Cerasus parviflora known only from 
Mt. Shasta, California; Cerasus obtusa from the arid interior of southeastern Oregon; and Cerasus 
trichopetala found at Columbia Falls, Montana. The type specimens of these eleven species are in the 
National Herbarium at Washington. 


24 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Formosa, Siam and Japan with its islands. Happily these Chinese cher- 
ries are being introduced, but a few at a time, it is true, to Europe and 
America and it can hardly be otherwise than that they will enrich horti- 
culture as they are domesticated, hybridized or used as a consort upon 
which to grow the cherries now known to cultivation. In particular, it 
may be expected that cherries for the cold north and the bleak plains of 
our continent will be evolved from the Asiatic species better suited to 
these regions than the cultivated cherries we now grow. 

The number and diversity of the species of cherries which this brief 
review of Cerasus shows to exist suggest that our cultivated cherry flora 
is but begun. There can be no question but that others of these species 
than the few that have been domesticated will yield to improvement under 
cultivation and furnish refreshing fruits. It is just as certain that new 
types, as valuable perhaps as the hybrid Dukes we now have, can be 
produced through hybridization. In North America, we have no satis- 
factory stock for cultivated Sweet and Sour Cherries. Both of the stocks 
how commonly used, the Mazzard and the Mahaleb, as we shall see, have 
weaknesses that unfit them for general use. Surely out of the great num- 
ber of forms we have just listed a better stock than either of the two 
named can be found. No doubt, too, many of these new species, even 
though they do not furnish food, will prove valuable timber or ornamental 
trees. 

We are ready now for a more detailed discussion of the cultivated 


species of cherries. 
PRUNUS CERASUS Linnaeus. 


Linnaeus Spec. Pl. 474. 1753. 

austera. 2. Ehrhart Beitr. 5§:160. 1790. 

acida, 3. Ehrhart 1. c. 1790. 

aestiva, 4. Salisbury Prodr. 356. 1796. 

plena. 5. Poiret, in Lamarck Enc. Méth. Bot. 5:671. 1804. 

rosea. 6. Poiret, in Lamarck 1. ¢. 1804. 

Juliana. 7. Reichenbach Fi. Germ. Exc. 643. 1832, not Poiret in Lamarck, 1805. 
. hortensis. 8. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:34. 1807. 

. Marasca. 9. Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832. 

oxycarpa. 10. Bechstein Forst. Bot. 5:424. 1843. 


ee ee oe te ee 


vulgaris. 11. Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 954. 1866. 

Cerasus vulgaris, 12. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8:No. 1. 1768. 

C. hortenses. 13. Miller J. c. No. 3. 1768. 

C. acida. 14. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. Bot. 1:11, 38. 1796. 
C. austera. 15. Borkhausen, in Roemer /. c. 1796. 

C. Caproniana, 16. De Candolle Fl. Fran. ed. 3, 4:842. 1805. 
C. nicotianaefolia. 17. Hort. ex De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825. 


PRUNUS CERASUS (AMARELLE GROUP) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 25 


. bigarella. 18. Dumortier Fl. Belg. 91. 1827. 

. effusa. 19. Host Fl. Austr. 2:6. 1831. 

Marasca. 20. Host 1. c. 1831. 

Bungei. 21. Walpers Rep. 2:9. 1843. 

Heaumiana. 22. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847. 

. tridentina. 23. Roemer /. c. 76. 1847. 

Rhexii. 24. Hort. Gall. ex Van Houtte Fl. Serres, sér. 2,'7:159. 1868. 
. cucullata. 25. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:6. 1869. 


AAA AAA O 


Tree low, reaching a height of twenty to thirty feet, diffuse, open-headed, round- 
topped or spreading, often without a central leader; trunk at maturity a foot in diameter; 
bark reddish-brown overlaid with ashy-gray, smooth or sometimes roughened; branches 
spreading, slender and more or less drooping; branchlets slender and willowy, glabrous, 
reddish-brown becoming darker and overspread with ashy-gray; lenticels small, numer- 
ous, conspicuous, raised. 

Leaves resinous at opening, more or less erect, very numerous, three to four inches 
long and from one-half to two inches wide, obovate to oval, folded upward, thick and 
firm in texture; upper surface dark green, smooth, the lower surface paler green, with more 
or less pubescence; apex taper-pointed or acute, base abrupt or acute; margins finely 
serrate, often doubly so, teeth tipped with small, dark glands; petioles from a half-inch 
to two inches long, slender, grooved, with a few hairs on the upper surface, tinged with 
red; glands from one to four, usually small, variously colored, globose or reniform, usually 
at the base of the blade; stipules small, lanceolate, narrow, finely serrate, early caducous. 

Winter-buds small, short, obtuse or pointed, plump and free, arranged singly or in 
clusters; leaf-scars usually prominent; flowers appearing with or after the leaves, showy, 
an inch across, white; borne in dense or scattered, very scaly clusters and in twos, threes 
and fours on one-year-old wood; pedicels from a half to an inch and a half in length, slender, 
green and glabrous; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous, green or tinged with red; calyx-lobes 
broadly obtuse or acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed, margin serrate, faintly red; 
petals white, roundish or oval to obovate, entire or crenate, sessile or nearly so; stamens 
about thirty, filaments one-fourth of an inch in length; anthers yellow; pistils about as 
long as the stamens, glabrous. 

Fruit roundish-oblate or cordate, sides slightly compressed, about three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter; suture lacking or indistinct; cavity well marked, usually abrupt; 
apex usually depressed; color from light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, more 
or less conspicuous; stem slender, from a half-inch to two inches in length, glabrous, with- 
out bloom; skin usually separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored 
juice or pale yellow with colorless juice, tender, melting, sprightly, more or less acidulous, 
sometimes astringent; stone free or more or less clinging, roundish, pointed or blunt, 
smooth, less than a half inch in diameter; ventral suture usually ridged, sometimes smooth. 


The numerous synonyms of Prunus cerasus indicate the state of con- 
fusion which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of the Sour Cherry. 
Yet the names given are scarcely a tithe of those that have been discarded 
or superseded for a whole or a part of this species by botanists. Happily, 


26 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


there is no language in which there is a possibility of confusing the Sour 
Cherry with the other two or three species of cultivated cherries if the 
common names be used. That men, learned or unlearned, speaking in 
their mother tongues distinguish species of cherries so readily by their 
common names, is ample excuse for not attempting to give in a pomological 
work all of the Latin names of the Sour Cherry that have been used by 
the many men who have at one time or another attempted to classify 
the plants in Prunus. Those here published are from boanists who have 
contributed most to the knowledge of the species. 

Prunus cerasus is the Sour Cherry, or Pie Cherry, of many languages — 
grown and esteemed in temperate climates the world over and probably 
the most widely distributed of all tree fruits. The species is found truly 
wild, as we have set forth in detail in the following chapter, in south- 
western Asia and southeastern Europe. It is a frequent escape from 
cultivation, multiplying from seed distributed by birds or human agencies 
or growing from suckers which spring so freely from the roots as to make 
the species unfit for a stock in orchard work. The number of cultivated 
varieties of Prunus cerasus listed in The Cherries of New York is 270. 
Sour Cherries cultivated for their fruits constitute two distinct groups, each 
of which is again divided into many varieties. The two groups vary 
more or less in both tree and fruit but have a constant difference only 
in a single, very easily distinguished character — the juice in the fruits 
of one is red, in the other it is colorless. 

The cherries with colorless juice are the Amarelles, from the Latin 
for bitter, a term probably first used by the Germans but now in general 
use wherever these cherries are grown, though the English often designate 
them as Kentish cherries and the French as Cerisier Commun. These 
Amarelles are pale red fruits, more or less flattened at the ends. Despite 
the derivation of the name Amarelle, they have less bitterness than the 
other group of varieties of the Sour Cherry. They are also less acid than 
the darker colored cherries and are therefore more suitable for eating out 
of hand while the dark colored cherries are almost exclusively culinary 
fruits. The common representatives of this group are Early Richmond, 
Montmorency and the various cherries to which the word Amarelle is 
affixed, as the King Amarelle and the Spate Amarelle. 

The second group, varieties with reddish juice and usually with very 
dark fruits which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the 
Amarelles, comprises the Morellos of several languages or the Griottes of 


PRUNUS CERASUS (MORELLO GROUP) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 27 


the French. ‘The first of these terms has reference to the color, the word 
Morello coming from the Italian meaning blackish while Griotte, from the 
French, probably is derived through agriotte from aigre, meaning sharp, 
in reference to the acidity of these cherries. Weichsel is the German 
group name for these cherries, rather less commonly used than the other 
two terms. The trees of the Morello-like varieties are usually smaller, 
bushier and more compact than those of the Amarelles. The branches, 
as a rule, are more horizontal, often drooping, are less regularly arranged 
and are more slender. The leaves, in typical varieties, are smaller, thinner, 
a darker green and are pendant while those of the Amarelles are either 
inclined to be upright or horizontal; the leaves are also toothed less 
deeply and more regularly. These differences in the leaves are well shown 
in the color-plates of the varieties of the two groups. There are differ- 
ences, also, in the inflorescence and the floral organs in the extreme types 
but these disappear in the varieties that connect the two forms. The 
typical varieties of this group are English Morello, Ostheim, Olivet, 
Brusseler Braune, Vladimir and Riga. " 

Attempts to give precise distinctions between the fruits and trees 
of the two groups fail because the varieties constituting them hybridize 
freely making it impossible, with the more or less blended characters, to 
classify accurately. The group name indicates but little more than whether 
the cherries have a colored or a colorless juice — a distinction well worth 
while for the fruit-grower. 

Ehrhart called Sour Cherries with colorless juice Prunus acida and 
those with dark colored juice Prunus austera. 'To some extent botanists 
have followed Ehrhart’s designations. Linnaeus thought the two groups 
sufficiently distinct to be botanical varieties of the species and denomi- 
nated the cherry with colorless juice Prunus cerasus caproniana and the 
one with colored juice Prunus cerasus austera. 

A third division of the species is the Marasca cherry from which is 
made maraschino, a distilled liqueur much used in Europe as a drink and 
in Europe and America in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. The 
Marasca cherry is a native of the province of Dalmatia, Austria, where 
the trees grow wild and are now sparingly cultivated. In 1831 Host 
gave this form the name Cerasus marasca and a year later Reichenbach 
described it as Prunus marasca. Botanists now very generally include it in 
the species under discussion and Schneider’ makes it a botanical variety, 


1 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:615. 1906. 


28 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Prunus cerasus marasca, a disposition which we believe to be the best. 
The Marasca cherries differ from the other cultivated forms chiefly in 
the greater vigor of the trees, relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer 
stipules and a more compact inflorescence. The fruits are much smaller 
than in the common Sour Cherries, are deep red or almost black in color 
and have intensely red flesh and juice. The cherries are very acid with a 
bitter taste that gives flavor to the maraschino made from them. 

Besides these divisions of the species cultivated for their fruits 
botanists describe several botanical forms which either have no horti- 
cultural value or are cultivated exclusively as ornamentals. It is not 
necessary to discuss these in a pomological work. Of these botanical 
derivatives of Prunus cerasus, Schneider enumerates nine and three hybrids 
between this and other species.! 


PRUNUS AVIUM Linnaeus. 


1. Linnaeus Fl. Suec. ed. 2:165. 1755. 

P. nigricans. 2. Ehrhart Beitr. '7:126. 1792. 

P. varia. 3. Ehrhart J. c. 127. 1792. 

P. sylvestris. 4. Persoon Syn. Pl. 2:35. 1807. 

P. dulcis. 5. Miller ex Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 644. 1832. 

Cerasus nigra. 6. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8:No. 2. 1768. 

. Avium. 7 Moench Méth. 672. 1794. 

. varia. 8. Borkhausen, in Roemer Arch. 1., 2:38. 1796. 

. Juliana. 9. De Candolle Fl. Fran. 4:483. 1805. 

duracina. 10. De Candolle l. c. 1805. 

rubicunda. 11. Bechstein Forstb. 160, 335. 1810. 

intermedia. 12. Host Fl. Austr. 2:7. 1831, not Loisel.in Duham. 1812. 
decumana. 13. Delaunay ex Seringe, in De Candolle Prodr. 2:536. 1825. 
. macrophylla. 14. Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 1:485. 1827. 

dulcis. 15. Borkhausen ex Steudel Nom. Bot. ed. sec., 11331. 1840. 

. pallida. 16. Roemer Syn. Rosifl. 69. 1847. 

. heterophylla. 17. Hort. ex Koch Dendrol. 1:106. 1869. 

. asplenifoia. 18. Hort. ex Koch I. ¢. 1869. 

. salicifolia. 19. Hort. ex Koch 1. c. 1869, not Ser. in De Candolle. 1825. 


aAARAANAANAANAAARARAA 


Tree reaching a height of thirty to forty feet, vigorous, upright-spreading, open- 
topped, semi-hardy, usually with a central leader; trunk a foot or more in diameter 
roughened; branches rather stocky, smooth, dull ash-gray, with few small lenticels; branch- 
lets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-brown, smooth, with small, inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves resinous at opening, more or less drooping, numerous, four to six inches long, 
two to three inches wide, strongly conduplicate, oblong-ovate, thin; upper surface dark 
green, rugose or sometimes smooth; lower surface dull green, more or less pubescent; apex 
acute, base more or less abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 


1 Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 221912. 


PRUNUS AVIUM (YELLOW SPANISH) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 29 


one and three-fourths inches long, slender, dull red, with from one to three small, 
globose, reddish glands on the stalk; stipules small, lanceolate, finely serrate, early caducous. 

Buds rather small, of medium length, pointed, appressed or free, arranged singly 
or in small, scaly clusters at the tips of branchlets or on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; 
blooming with or after the leaves; flowers white, one and one-quarter inches across; in 
clusters of two or three; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with 
a faint red tinge, brownish-yellow within, campanulate; calyx-lobes faintly tinged with 
red, long, acute, margin serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals oval, entire 
or crenate, tapering to a short, blunt claw; stamens nearly one-half inch long, thirty-five 
or thirty-six; anthers yellow; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit ripening in early July; about an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity deep, wide, 
abrupt; suture a line; apex roundish or pointed; color ranging from yellow through red 
to purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem tinged with red, 
one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin toughish, adherent to the pulp; 
flesh yellow, red, or dark purple with colorless or colored juice, tender to firm, sweet; stone 
semi-clinging, three-eighths of an inch long, not as wide as long, elliptical, flattened, blunt, 
with smooth surfaces. 

Through its cultivated varieties Prunus avium is everywhere known in 
temperate climates as the Sweet Cherry. In the wild state it is variously 
called Mazzard, Bird, Wild, Crab and the Gean cherry. It is not as 
hardy a species as Prunus cerasus and is, therefore, less generally grown but 
still is a favorite orchard, dooryard and roadside plant in all mid-temperate 
regions. It refuses to grow, however, in the warmest and coldest parts 
of the temperate zones. Wherever the species thrives as an orchard 
plant it is to be found growing spontaneously along fences and roadsides 
and in open woods from seeds distributed by birds. The fruits of these 
wild Sweet Cherries are usually small and the flesh thin and dry, often 
unpalatable; but, on the other hand, trees are sometimes found as escapes 
from cultivation which rival in their products the orchard-grown cherries. 
It is from reverted seedlings that the description of the species herewith 
given has been made. The number of cultivated varieties of Prunus 
avium listed in The Cherries of New York is 549. 

The habitat of the species and its history as a cultivated plant are 
given in the following chapter. A further point of horticultural interest 
as regards its habitat is that wherever found truly wild, as in its original 
home in southern and central Europe and Asia Minor, it is to be found 
in moderately dry, calcareous soils and seldom in the shade, preferring 
always warm, sunny sites, as gravelly or stony hillsides. These predi- 
lections cling to the species in its cultivated varieties. Prunus avium 
differs from Prunus cerasus in an important horticultural character as 


30 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


the two species grow spontaneously — the former suckers from the root 
little or not at all, making it a suitable plant for a stock in orchard work, 
while the latter suckers so much as to make it unfit for use as a stock. 

Prunus avium is variously divided by botanists and pomologists. 
Whatever distinct forms of the species may exist in the wild state, they 
are now interminably confused by hybridization under cultivation. It is 
impossible to divide the species into botanical varieties from the characters 
of the horticultural varieties, as many botanists have attempted to do. 
The species can be roughly divided into two pomological groups, the 
distinguishing character being the texture of the flesh. 

Sweet Cherries with soft, tender flesh form one group known by 
pomologists under the French group name Guigne or the English Gean. 
These are also the Heart cherries of common parlance. These soft- 
fruited cherries may again be divided into dark colored varieties with 
reddish juice and light colored sorts with colorless juice. Typical light 
colored Geans are Coe, Ida, Elton and Waterloo; dark colored ones are 
Black Tartarian, Early Purple and Eagle: It is to this group of cherries 
that Linnaeus gave the varietal name Juliana and De Candolle the specific 
name Cerasus Juliana. 

The second group is distinguished by the firm, breaking flesh of the 
fruits —the Bigarreaus of several languages, the name originally having 
reference to the diverse colors of the fruits. This group is further divisi- 
ble in accordance with color of fruit and juice into black Bigarreaus and 
light Bigarreaus. Chief of the black cherries falling into this division 
are Windsor, Schmidt and Mezel; of the light ones, which are much more 
numerous, Yellow Spanish and Napoleon are representative sorts. Lin- 
naeus called these hard-fleshed cherries Prunus avium duracina; De Candolle 
called them Cerasus duracina; K. Koch, Prunus avium decumana; and 
Roemer, Cerasus bigarella. 

Besides these two orchard forms of Prunus avium several other horti- 
cultural forms, quite as distinct or even more so, are grown as ornamentals, 
some of which are listed as distinct species or as botanical varieties of 
Prunus avium. To add to the confusion, a number of Latinized garden 
names are more or less commonly applied to these ornamental Sweet 
Cherries. Schneider,’ in revising the genus Prunus, names four botanical 
forms of Prunus avium and two natural hybrids with other species. 


' Schneider, C. K. Handb. Laubh. 1:1906; 231912. 


PRUNUS AVIUM (DOUBLE FLOWERING) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 31 


PRUNUS AVIUM X PRUNUS CERASUS 

The Duke cherries, long placed by most pomologists and botanists 
in a botanical variety of Prunus avium, are unquestionably hybrids between 
the Sweet Cherry and the Sour Cherry. A study of the characters of 
the varieties of the Duke cherries shows all gradations between Prunus 
cerasus and Prunus avium, though, in the main, they resemble the latter 
more than the former, differing from the Sweet Cherries most noticeably 
in having an acid flesh. Sterility is a common attribute of hybridism. 
In this respect the Dukes behave like most hybrids. In several Duke 
cherries all of the seeds collected at this Station are sterile; in others, most 
of them are sterile and in none are the seeds as fertile as in varieties 
known to be pure bred as to species. So, too, shrunken pollen grains 
indicate hybridity. A study of the pollen of the Duke cherries shows 
many grains, the greater proportion, to be abnormal, a condition not 
found in the pollen of varieties true to species. May Duke, Reine Hortense 
and Late Duke are the leading hybrid varieties. 

There are dark colored Duke cherries with reddish juice and light 
colored sorts with uncolored juice, just as in the two parent species. May 
Duke is a typical variety with colored juice while Reine Hortense is 
probably the best-known cherry among these hybrids with uncolored juice. 
About 65 of the cherries listed in The Cherries of New York are ‘‘ Dukes,” 
or hybrids between the Sweet and the Sour Cherry. 

The name Duke comes from the variety May Duke which is a cor- 
ruption of Médoc, a district in the department of Geronde, France, from 
whence this variety came. The cherries of this group are known as Dukes 
only in England; in France the name Royale is similarily used. 

These hybrid cherries have been placed in a distinct botanical group 
by several botanists. They constitute the Cerasus regalis Poiteau and 
Turpin (Tratte des Arb. Fruit. 123); the Cerasus bigarella regalis Roemer 
(Syn. Monogr. 3:69); and the Prunus avium regalis Bailey (Cyc. Am. 


Hort. 1453. 1901). 
PRUNUS MAHALEB Linnaeus. 


1. Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 474. 1753. 2. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 3. Schneider Handb. 
Laubh. 1:617. 1906. 

Cerasus mahaleb. 4. Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8: No. 4. 1759. 

Padus mahaleb. §. Borkhausen Handb. Forstb. 2:1434. 1803. 


Tree small, slender, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; branches roughened, 
ash-gray over reddish-brown; branchlets numerous, slender and firm-wooded, with short 
internodes, dull gray, glabrous, with very numerous large, raised lenticels. 


32 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Leaves numerous, an inch in length, one and one-fourth inches wide, ovate to obovate, 
thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface light green, 
slightly pubescent along the midrid; apex and base abrupt; margin finely crenate, with 
reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, slender, greenish, with none or with 
from one to three small, globose, greenish glands variable in position. 

Buds small, short, obtuse, appressed or free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in 
clusters on small, slender spurs; flowers appearing late, after the leaves, small, averag- 
ing one-half inch across, white, fragrant; borne in clusters of six to eight scattered on a 


main stem an inch in length, with the terminal pedicels one-quarter inch long and basal 


pedicels one-half inch long; pedicels slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, cam- 
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, entire, glabrous, reflexed; petals white, small, 
separated, ovate, tapering to short, narrow claws; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil 
glabrous, about equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures about the middle of July; very small, one-fourth inch long, one-third 
inch wide, roundish-ovate; cavity shallow and abrupt; suture shallow or a mere line; apex 
roundish to slightly pointed, with stigma usually adherent; color black; stem slender, 
length of corymb about one and one-half inches; length of fruit-stem about one-quarter 
inch; skin thick, tough; flesh reddish-black, with scant reddish-black juice, tender and 
soft, very astringent, sour, not edible; stone free or nearly so, very small, averaging nine 
thirty-seconds inch long and seven thirty-seconds inch wide, ovate, slightly flattened, 
with pointed apex; ventral suture prominent. 


Prunus mahaleb is now a wild inhabitant of all southern Europe as 
far north as central France, southern Germany, Austria-Hungary and 
eastward through Asia Minor and Caucasia to and within the borders 
of Turkestan. Wherever it grows spontaneously in the Old World it is 
said to prefer rocky, gravelly, sunny slopes and the climate in which the 
grape thrives best. Wild or cultivated, the Mahaleb is a shallow-rooted 
plant, a fact that must be taken into consideration in its use as a stock. 
Prunus mahaleb is a common escape from cultivation in eastern North 
America especially about the nursery centers of central New York. 

The Mahaleb, or St. Lucie cherry, is of no importance to fruit- 
growers for its fruit but as a consort with nearly all of the Sweet and Sour 
Cherries now being propagated in North America it becomes of prime 
importance and so receives botanical consideration here. According to 
Schneider, in the reference cited, there are several spontaneous forms of 
Prunus mahaleb and also several horticultural varieties grown as orna- 
mentals. None of these, wild or cultivated, are of interest to fruit- 
growers, unless, perchance some one of them should prove to be a better 
stock upon which to work orchard cherries. Mahaleb stocks are usually 
grown as seedlings but may also be propagated from root cuttings. 


PRUNUS AVIUM X PRUNUS CERASUS (REINE HORTENSE) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 33 


The wood of the Mahaleb tree is of value in cabinet making, possess- 
ing among other good qualities a pleasant and lasting odor. The leaves, 
too, are odoriferous and are more or less used in France in the manu- 
facture of perfumes and in cookery to give savor to sauces. 


PRUNUS TOMENTOSA Thunberg. 


1. Thunberg Fl. Jap. 203. 1784. 2. Jack Garden & Forest 5:580, fig. 99. 1892. 3. Bailey Cyc. 
Am. Hort. 3:1451. 1901. 4. Schneider Handb. Laubh. 1:601. 1906. 5. Koehne Plantae Wilsonianae 
Pt. 2:268. 1912. 


Cerasus tomentosa. 6. Wallich Cat. No. 715. 1829. 


A dwarfish, bush-like plant attaining a height of ten or twelve feet, vigorous, dense- 
topped, hardy; trunk and branches stocky; branches smooth, grayish-brown; branchlets 
many, of medium thickness and length, thickly overspread with short pubescence, with 
short internodes, roughish, with a few large, raised lenticels near the base. 

Leaves numerous, two and one-eighth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, 
folded upward or flattened, broad-oval to obovate, velvety; upper surface dull, dark green, 
rugose; lower surface thickly pubescent, with a prominent midrib and veins; apex abruptly 
pointed; margin serrate; petiole three-sixteenths inch in length, reddish, pubescent, of 
medium thickness, with from twelve to fourteen small, globose, yellow glands, usually 
at the base of the blade. 

Buds very small, short, pointed, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on 
small, short spurs; leaf-scars not prominent; season of bloom early; flowers appear with 
the leaves, white, thirteenth-sixteenths inch across; borne singly or in pairs; pedicels 
short, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, 
acute, serrate, slightly pubescent, erect; petals white, roundish-ovate, entire, with short 
claws; anthers tinged with red; pistil pubescent at the base, longer than the stamens, 
often defective. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; a half-inch in diameter, roundish, slightly compressed; 
cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex depressed, with adherent stigma; color 
currant-red; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure; stem thickish, one-eighth to one- 
quarter of an inch in length, pubescent; skin thick, tender, adheres slightly to the pulp, 
covered with light pubescence; flesh light red, with light red juice, stringy, melting, 
sprightly, sour; good in quality; stone clinging, one-quarter of an inch long, one-eighth 
inch wide, oval, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces. 


The habitat of Prunus tomentosa is probably Central Asia though 
it is now to be found growing spontaneously in East Tibet and the Chinese 
provinces of Setschuan, Hupe, Kansu and perhaps Tochlii. 

This shrub-like cherry is very generally cultivated in central, eastern 
and northern China and in Japan for its fruit and as an ornamental. It 


has been introduced into cultivation in many widely separated places in 
3 


34 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


North America and appears to be promising for cold regions, both bud 
and wood withstanding perfectly the most rigorous climates of the United 
States. As it grows in America it is a bush and never a true tree. It is 
a twiggy, close-jointed plant, usually with many stems springing from 
the ground and these bearing branches quite to the base. Frequently 
these low-growing branches bend to the ground and take root forming 
new plants. The bushes are thickly clothed with leaves densely tomentose 
on the underside, in this respect and in shape, as well, very unlike the 
foliage of common cultivated cherries. The flowers appear in great abun- 
dance with the leaves, making a handsome ornamental; they are white, 
becoming rose-colored as they fall away. The fruit ripens in mid-season 
for cherries, setting profusely from the many blossoms. The cherries 
are a half-inch in diameter, bright currant-red, covered with inconspicuous 
hairs and contain a stone of medium size. They are pleasantly acid, 
very juicy and withal a decided addition to cultivated cherries. Prunus 
tomentosa seems a most promising plant for domestication and of particular 
merit for small gardens and cold regions. 

Koehne, in his list of cherries, names ten botanical varieties of 
Prunus tomentosa. From this the species seems to be most variable and 
under cultivation would probably break up into many forms some of which 
might prove superior to the type species. Koehne’s botanical varieties 
are given under the species on page 22. 


PRUNUS PUMILA Linnaeus. 


1. Linnaeus Mant. Pl. 75. 1768. 2. Bailey Cor. Bul. Ex. Sta. 38:96. 1892. Bailey 1. c. '70:260. 
1894. 3. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1450. 1901. 

P. Susquehanae. 4. Willdenow Enum. Pl. 519. 1809. 

P. depressa. 5. Pursh Fl. Am. 1:332. 1814. 

P. incana. 6. Schweinitz Long’s Expedition by Keating 2:387. 1824. 

Cerasus glauca. 7 Moench Meth. 672. 1794. 

C. pumila. 8. Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. 2:286. 1803. 

C. depressa. 9. Seringe, in De Candolle Prod. 2:538. 1825. 


Plant a small shrub, five to eight feet in height, willow-like habit, weak, upright when 
young but becoming decumbent, slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth except for 
the raised lenticels; branches slender, smooth, twiggy, very dark, dull reddish-black with 
a tinge of gray; lenticels numerous, small, conspicuous; branchlets very slender, short, 
twiggy, with short internodes, dull grayish-brown, glabrous, with conspicuous, very small, 
raised lenticels. 

Leaves hanging late in the season, small, averaging one and three-fourths inches 
long, one inch wide, flat, abruptly pointed, narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, thin; upper 
surface dark, dull green, smooth; lower surface light green, thinly pubescent on the 


PRUNUS TOMENTOSA 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 35 


midrib and veins; midrib small, straight; veins very minute; margin serrate, teeth tipped 
with very small glands; petiole short, one-fourth inch in length, glandless. 

Flowers small, in two-to five-flowered umbels, white, appearing with the leaves; pedi- 
cels slender, a half-inch in length. Fruit nearly round, pendulous, variable in color but 
usually purple-black, without bloom, nearly a half-inch in diameter; flesh thin, variable 
in quality but often sour and astringent; season late July; stone turgid, nearly round. 


Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, or Dwarf Cherry, of eastern America, 
is found on sandy and rocky, inland shores from Maine to the District of 
Columbia and northwestward to the Lake of the Woods in Canada. In 
particular it is common on the sand dunes of the Great Lakes. Every- 
where in the wild state it grows in light sands suggesting its use in arid 
soils and especially on poor soils in cold climates. 

As yet there seem to be no named varieties of this cherry known to 
fruit-growers, its nearly related species, Prunus besseyt, offering greater 
opportunities to both the fruit-grower and the experimenter. Both the 
plants and fruits are so variable, the size, color and quality of the crop 
on some plants being quite attractive, that it is certain an opportunity 
to domesticate a worthy native plant is being overlooked. The species 
ought to have value, too, as a stock on which to work other cherries for 
sandy soils, dwarf trees and exacting climates. 


PRUNUS CUNEATA Rafinesque. 
1. Rafinesque Ann. Nat. 11. 1820. 2. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. 38:101. 1892. 3. Britton and 
Brown Jil. Flora 2:250. 1897. 4. Gray Man. Bot. ed. 7:498. 1908. 
P. pumila cuneata. 5. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 3:1451. Igo. 

Prunus cuneata, sometimes called the Appalachian cherry, is not 
growing at this Station but is described in the references given as very 
similar to the Sand Cherry, differing in the following respects: 

The plant is dwarfer but is more erect never having prostrate branches; 
the branches are smoother and lighter colored; the leaves are shorter, more 
oval, more obtuse, thinner, less conspicuously veined, teeth fewer and 
the points more appressed; the flowers are larger, petals broader and are 
borne on slightly curled stems in umbels of two to four; the fruit and 
stone in the two species are much the same, possibly averaging smaller 
in this species. 

The habitat of Prunus cuneata is from Maine to North Carolina and 
northwest to Minnesota, being most commonly found in wet, stiff soils 
near lakes and bogs but often found on rocky hills if the soil be not too dry. 


36 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


It is doubtful if this cherry is as promising for cultivation as the 
foregoing species and not nearly as worthy attention as the next cherry. 


PRUNUS BESSEYI Bailey. 


1. Bailey Cor. Ex. Sta. Bul. '70:261. 1894. 2. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3:156. 1895. 3. Bessey 
Neb. Hort. Soc. 26:168. 1895. Bessey /. c. 37:121. 1906. 4. Britton and Brown Til. Flora 3:251. 


1897. 
P. pumila Besseyi. §. Waugh Vt. Ex. Sta. Rpt. 12:239. 1898-99. 6. Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 


3:1451. 1901. 


Plant a small shrub, spreading or diffuse, one to four feet in height, open-centered, 
slow-growing, hardy; trunk slender, smooth; branches slender, smooth, very dark brownish- 
black, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, short, with short internodes, dull 
grayish-brown becoming almost black, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, small, raised 
lenticels. 

Leaves hanging late, numerous, small, two and three-eighths inches long, one inch 
wide, thick, stiff, slightly folded upward or nearly flat; apex with a short taper-point, 
broadly lanceolate to nearly oval-lanceolate; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; 
lower surface very light green, not pubescent; midrib distinct, glabrous; veins small but 
distinct; margin serrate, teeth appressed, tipped with indistinct, sharp glands; petiole 
thick, three-eighths inch in length, glandless or with from one to two very small, light 
colored, globose glands on the petiole at the base of the leaf; stipules very prominent, 
almost leaf-like. 

Flowers appearing with the leaves in sessile umbels, small, less than a half-inch across, 
white; fruit more than a half-inch in diameter, globose, sometimes oblong-pointed, 
yellowish, mottled or more often purple-black; variable in quality but always more or less 
astringent; ripening in early August; stone large, globose, slightly flattened. 


The habitat of Prunus besseyi is not yet definitely bounded but it 
can, at least, be said that this species is to be found on the prairies from 
Manitoba and Minnesota to southern Kansas and westward into Montana, 
Wyoming and Utah. In its natural range it undoubtedly runs into that 
of Prunus pumila to the east, and Waugh, in the reference given, holds 
that the two species grade into each other and he, therefore, makes this 
a variety of the eastern species. Certainly Prunus pumila and Prunus 
besseyi are as distinct as are many other of the more or less indefinite 
species of this genus — few, indeed, are the species of Prunus that do not 
have outliers which overlap other types and, as we shall see, there are 
hybrids between this and species of other cherries, plums and even peaches 
and apricots, showing that the lines of demarcation between the members 
of this genus are difficult to define. 

Although Prunus besseyi has received attention from horticulturists 
less than a quarter-century it has aroused much interest, best indicated 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK ay 


by the fact that now a considerable number of varieties of the species 
are under cultivation and there are more than a score of hybrids dis- 
seminated in which it is one of the parents. Indians, trappers and 
early settlers have long used the wild fruit under the name of Western 
Sand Cherry, Bessey’s Cherry and Rocky Mountain Cherry. Among 
pioneers this cherry was held in high esteem for sauces, pies and preserves 
and, where there was a dearth of cultivated cherries, was eaten with relish 
out of hand. The flesh is tender, juicy and, while astringent as commonly 
found, plants bearing aromatic and very palatable cherries are often found 
growing wild while some of the domesticated plants bear very well-flavored 
fruits. All speak of the Sand Cherry as wonderful in productiveness 
and as having remarkable capacity to withstand the vicissitudes of the 
exacting climate in which it grows. A valuable asset of Prunus besseyi 
is its great variability. Fruit from different plants varies in size, color 
and flavor suggesting that, under cultivation, amelioration will proceed 
rapidly. The plants of this species root freely from layers or root-cuttings 
and are therefore easily propagated and multiplied. 

But it is in its hybrids that this western cherry has proved most 
valuable in horticulture. There are now hybrids under cultivation 
between this species and the Sand plum (Prunus augustifolia watsoni), 
the Hortulana plum (Prunus hortulana), the Simonii plum (Prunus simonit), 
the Japanese plum (Prunus triflora), the American plum (Prunus ameri- 
cana), the Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera), the Sweet Cherry (Prunus 
avium), the peach (Prunus persica), the apricots (Prunus armeniaca and 
Prunus mume), and the common plum (Prunus domestica). It would 
almost seem that this species is the “ go-between”’ of the many and 
varied types of the genus Prunus. It is true that few of these hybrids 
yet shine as orchard plants but, given time, it seems certain that some 
will prove valuable in general horticulture and that many will be grown 
in the special horticulture of the northern Mississippi Valley and the adjoin- 
ing plains to the west. Credit must be given to Professor N. E. Hansen 
of the South Dakota Experiment Station for most of our present knowl- 
edge of hybridism between this and other species.! 

In his work with this species Hansen has also found that Prunus besseyi 
makes a very good stock for peaches, apricots, Japanese and native plums 
and that, while it does not so readily consort with the true cherries, yet 


'See bulletins 87 (1904), 88 (1904), 108 (1908) and 130 (1911) from the South Dakota Experiment 
Station, Brookings, S. D. 


38 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


it can be used as a stock for them. On the other hand larger fruits of 
the Sand Cherry can be grown when it is budded on stocks of the 
American plum, Prunus americana. 


MINOR SPECIES 

Besides these well-recognized species of cultivated cherries there are 
several others that play a much less conspicuous part in horticulture. 
Prunus fruticosa Pallas, the Dwarf Cherry of Europe, is much cultivated, 
more especially its botanical variety pendula, as an ornamental and some- 
what for its fruit. According to Wilson,’ Prunus involucrata Koehne is 
grown for its fruit in the gardens of China; the fruits, he says, are ‘‘ small 
and lacking in flavour.”” The fruits of Prunus emarginata Walpers are 
eaten by the Indians on the Pacific Coast and the early settlers used the 
species as a stock for orchard cherries. Prunus jacquemontu Hooker, 
the Dwarf Cherry of Afghanistan and Tibet, is occasionally in culture 
for its fruit and as a park plant; so also is another dwarf cherry from 
southwestern Asia, Prunus incana Steven. Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley, 
the Flowering Cherry of Japan, is a well-known ornamental the world 
over and in Japan is used as a stock for orchard cherries for which purpose, 
as we have suggested in the discussion of stocks, it ought to be tried in 
America. 


! Wilson, E.H. A Naturalist in Western China 2:27. 1913. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 39 


CHAPTER I 
THE HISTORY OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES 


THE ANCIENT USE OF CHERRIES 


History casts no direct light upon the period when the cherry first 
came under cultivation. Undoubtedly primitive men in all parts of the 
North Temperate Zone enlivened their scanty fruit fare with wild cherries. 
Cultivated cherries, we know, had their origin in the Old World. But 
history tells us nothing of the period when Europe and Asia were unbroken 
forests inhabitated by savages who eked out a precarious subsistence by 
the pursuit of the chase and from meagre harvests of wild grains, fruits 
and vegetables. On these continents agriculture and rude civilization 
began in ages immemorial and cultivated plants diversified, enriched and 
_adorned the landscapes long before the first written records. Our knowl- 
edge of how wild cherries have been remodeled into the orchard and garden 
varieties of to-day — of what the methods and processes of domestication 
have been — is, therefore, doubtful and limited, for the mind and hand 
of man had been deeply impressed upon the cherry long before the faint 
traditions which have been transmitted to our day could possibly have 
arisen. 

The history of the cherry, then, goes back to primitive man. Direct 
proof of the ancient use of cherries is furnished by the finding of cherry- 
pits of several species in the deposits of Swiss lake-dwellings, in the mounds 
and cliff-caves of prehistoric inhabitants of America and in the ancient 
rubbish-heaps of Scandinavian countries. There are but few regions in 
which cultivated cherries are grown in which the inhabitants in times of 
stress, or by choice in times of plenty, do not now use as food wild 
cherries, some species of which grow in abundance and under the most 
varied conditions, almost from the Arctic Circle to within a few degrees 
of the Tropic of Cancer in a belt encircling the globe. It is probable that 
all of the wild species which have furnished fruit to the aborigines or to 
the modern inhabitants of a region have been sparingly cultivated — at 
the very least if they possessed any considerable food value they have 
been more or less widely distributed by the hand of man. But, curiously 
enough, out of the score or more of species of which the fruit is used as 
food as the plants grow wild, but two may be said to be truly domesti- 
cated. These are the Sour, or Pie Cherry, Prunus cerasus, and the Sweet 


40 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Cherry, Prunus avium, with the histories of which we are now to be 
concerned. 

Pliny is generally accredited as the first historian of the cherry. 
Nearly eighteen and a half centuries ago he gave an account of the cherries 
of Rome with the statement that Lucullus, the Roman soldier and gourmet, 
had brought them to Rome 65 years before Christ’ from the region of 
the Black Sea. This particular in the account proves to be a good illus- 
tration of the adage that old errors strike root deeply. Though disproved 
beyond all question of doubt time and time again by botanists and 
historians, Pliny’s inadvertence is still everywhere current in text-books, 
pomologies and cyclopaedias—a mis-statement started, repeated and 
perpetuated from medieval days when to be printed in Pliny was sufficient 
proof. That Lucullus brought to Italy a cherry and one which the 
Romans did not know there is no reason to doubt, but other cherries there 
must have been, not only wild but cultivated, of Prunus cerasus at least 
and probably of Prunus avium, and in comparative abundance long before 
Lucullus, returning from the war in Pontus with Mithridates, brought to 
Rome a cherry. With this brief mention of Pliny’s inaccuracy, we pass 
to more substantial facts in the history of the cherry. 

The domestication of one or the other of the two generally cultivated 
species of cherries followed step by step the changes from savagery to 
civilization in the countries of Europe and of western Asia. For, as one 
sorts the accumulated stores of botanical and historical evidence, it becomes 
quickly apparent that both the Sweet and the Sour Cherry now grow wild 
and long have done so in the region named and that, from the time 
tillage of plants was first practiced in the Old World, this fruit has been 
under cultivation, feeble, obscure, and interrupted by war and chase 
though its cultivation may have been. Certainly the history of the cherry 
is as old as that of agriculture in the southern European countries and is 
interwritten with it. 

In beginning the history of a cultivated plant the first step is to 
ascertain where it grows spontaneously — where it may be found unplanted 
and unattended by man. This is the task now before us for Prunus 
cerasus and Prunus avium, discussing them in the order named. 


1 See quotation on page 45. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 41 


THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES 


Prunus cerasus, of which the Montmorency is the commonest repre- 
sentative in America, is now to be found wild wherever Sour Cherries are 
much grown, for it is a favorite food of many birds which quickly scatter 
its seeds from centers of cultivation. Nearly all of the botanies of tem- 
perate regions in which agriculture is carried on name this cherry as an 
escape from cultivation into woods and hedgerows and along roadsides. 
The Sour Cherry, then, is now to be found truly wild in many parts of 
several continents. It is not so easy to say where the habitat and what 
the condition before the species was cultivated. But botany, archaeology, 
history and philology indicate that the original habitat of the Sour Cherry 
is southeastern Europe and the nearby countries in Asia. 

After saying that this cherry has been found wild in the forests of 
Asia Minor, the plains of Macedonia, on Mount Olympus and in neigh- 
boring territories, De Candolle, however, limits its habitat to the region 
‘from the Caspian Sea to the environments of Constantinople.’”! But 
as a wild plant this cherry must have spread over a far greater area. Even 
the broadest boundaries of the habitat of Prunus cerasus as set by 
De Candolle show over-caution. Thus, the Marasca cherry, a botanical 
variety of Prunus cerasus, is most certainly wild in the Province of Dalmatia 
on the Adriatic Sea in Austria; so, too, it is certain that this species is 
feral as far away from De Candolle’s center of distribution as northern 
Austria and southern Germany and has been so for untold ages. It is safe 
to say that the original source of the Sour Cherry was the territory lying 
between Switzerland and the Adriatic Sea on the west and the Caspian 
Sea and probably somewhat farther north on the east.' That is, our 
savage forefathers must have found this cherry in the region thus outlined, 
probably in a much more extended territory, into which it was brought 
in more or less remote times by agencies other than human from De 
Candolle’s smaller area of origin. 

It is easier to define the geographic range of the wild Sweet Cherry. 
Botanists very generally agree that Prunus avium as a wild plant inhabits 
all of the mainland of Europe in which the cultivated varieties of the 
species can be grown — that is, most of the continent south of Sweden 
and may be found wild well into southern Russia. The species is reported 
sparingly wild in northern Africa and is a very common wild plant in 


1 De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants 207. 1885. 


42 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


southern Asia as far east as northern India. It must not be thought that 
the plant is everywhere abundant in the great area outlined as its habitat. 
To the contrary, the Sweet Cherry is an uncommon wild plant in Spain, 
Italy and other parts of southern Europe. All authorities agree that the 
region of greatest communal intensity for Prunus avium is between the 
Caspian and Black Seas and south of these bodies of water. It might 
suffice to say that from about these seas the Sweet Cherry came — that 
here grew the trunk from which branches were spread into other lands 
by birds and animals carrying the seeds from place to place. The most 
important fact to be established, however, is that this cherry has long 
grown spontaneously over a widely extended territory and may, therefore, 
have been domesticated in several widely separated regions. 


THE CHERRY IN GREECE; THE FIRST RECORD OF CULTURE AND THE NAME 


Having established the habitats of the two cultivated cherries we 
may next ask when and where their cultivation began. The domesti- 
cation of plants probably began in China — certainly Chinese agriculture 
long antedates that of any other nation now in existence of which we have 
records. Agriculture in China, historians roughly approximate, goes back 
4,000 years. But while the Chinese have many other species of cherry, 
as we have seen, some of which may be said to be partially domesticated, 
Prunus cerasus and Prunus avium are not found wild in China and were 
only in recent years introduced there as cultivated plants. Neither does 
the cherry of our civilization seem to have been known in the second 
great agricultural region of the world — Egypt and the extreme south- 
west of Asia. At least there are no words for the cherry in the languages 
of the peoples of that region and cherry pits have not been found with 
the remains of other plants in the tombs and ruins of Egypt, Assyria and 
Babylon. Nor does the cherry seem to have been cultivated in India 
until comparatively recent times. 

These very brief and general statements show that cherries were 
not cultivated in the first agricultural civilizations and serve to fix the 
time and the place of the domestication of the cherry a little more 
definitely. Records of cherries as cultivated plants begin, so far as the 
researches of botanical historians now show, with Greek civilization though 
it is probable, for several reasons, that some cultivated cherries came to 
Greece from Asia Minor. 

Theophrastus, to whom Linnaeus gave the title ‘‘ Father of Botany,” 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 43 


writing about 300 years before the Christian era in his History of Plants, 
is, according to botanical historians, the first of the Greek writers to 
mention the che ry. His statement is as follows:— 


‘““ The cherry is a peculiar tree, of large size, some attaining the height 
of twenty-four cubits, rather thick, so that they may measure two cubits 
in circumference at the base. The leaf is like that of the mespilus, rather 
firm and broader, the color of the foliage such that the tree may be 
distinguished from others at a good distance. The bark, by its color, 
smoothness and thickness, is like that of tilia. The flower [meaning, the 
cluster of flowers] is white, resembling that of the pear and mespilus, con- 
sisting of small [separate] flowers. The fruit is red, similar to that of 
diospyros [but what his diospyros was no one knows] of the size of a 
faba [perhaps nelumbo seed], which is hard, but the cherry is soft. The 
tree grows in the same situations as tilia; by streams.’’? 

From this passage we gather that the cherry Theophrastus — was 
the Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium; the description shows it to be the same 
large, tall treee now naturalized in open woods and along roadsides in 
many parts of the United States. From the fact that Theophrastus 
describes the tree and the bark in more detail than the fruit we may 
assume that the cherry was more esteemed in ancient Greece as a timber- 
tree than as a fruit-tree. Curiously enough the name the Greeks at this 
time used for the Sweet Cherry is now applied to Prunus cerasus, the Sour 
Cherry. 

“‘ Kerasos ’’ was the Sweet Cherry in ancient Greece and from kerasos 
came cerasus, used by many botanists as the name of the genus. That 
the Sweet Cherry should by the use of avium be denominated the ‘“ bird 
cherry ”’ is clear since birds show much discrimination between cherries, 
but why the Sour Cherry should be given the specific name cerasus, first 
applied to the Sweet Cherry, is not apparent. 

Pages are written in the old pomologies and botanical histories as 
to the origin of the word cerasus. Pliny’s statement that Lucullus called 
the cherry cerasus from the town from which he obtained it, Kerasun in 
Pontus, on the Black Sea, is, in the light of all who have since looked into 
the matter, a misconception. To the contrary, commentators now agree 
that the town received its name from the cherry which grows most abun- 
dantly in the forests in that part of Asia Minor. The name, according 
to all authorities, is very ancient — a linguistic proof of the antiquity of 
the cherry. 


1Theophrastus, Book III, Chap. 13. 


44 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


To sum up, the cherry comes into literature first from Greece in the 
writings of Theophrastus. There can be but little doubt, however, but 
that it had been cultivated for centuries before Theophrastus wrote. 
Whether one or both of the two cherries were domesticated by the 
Greeks, beginning with their civilization, or whether cultivated cherries 
came to Greece from Asia Minor, is not now known. It is very probable 
that some of the several varieties grown in Greece came under cultivation 
through domestication of wild plants; others were introduced from regions 
farther east. 


THE SWEET CHERRY POSSIBLY THE PARENT OF THE SOUR CHERRY 


A digression may be permitted here to state a hypothesis suggested 
by De Candolle! which should interest both fruit-growers and plant- 
breeders. De Candolle, while considering the two species of cultivated 
cherries to be now quite distinct, suggests that, since they differ essentially 
but little in their characters and since their original habitats were in the 
same region, it is probable that one species came from the other. He 
surmises, since Prunus avium is the commoner in the original home, 
is generally the more vigorous of the two, has spread much farther and 
probably at a much earlier date from the primal habitation in Asia Minor 
than Prunus cerasus, that the latter, the Sour Cherry, is derived from 
the Sweet Cherry. In the future breeding of cherries confirmatory evidence 
of such a relationship may be obtained though, should none be found, 
the negation should go for naught and the supposition can only remain 
an interesting and plausible hypothesis. 


THE CHERRY IN ITALY 

Pliny attempts to give the first full account of cultivated cherries 
and, even though among his statements are several inaccuracies, yet he 
may be said to have made a very good beginning of a flora of cultivated 
cherries for he names and describes ten varieties. The fact that there 
were aS many as ten cherries in Italy at the time Pliny wrote, less than 
a century after the return of Lucullus from Pontus, is strong evidence 
that the cherry in Italy antedates Lucullus. Besides, it is hardly probable 
that Pliny knew and described all of the cherries to be found in the whole 
of his country. But even if these ten comprise the entire number, those 
who know how extremely difficult it is to introduce new plants in 


1 De Candolle, Alphonse Origin of Cultivated Plants 210. 1885. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 45 


a country with the facilities we have in our day, will doubt that all of the 
cherries in Pliny’s account could have been introduced in Italy 1900 
years ago and have come under general cultivation, as according to Pliny 
they had, within the short space of a century. The following quotation, 
then, must be taken as an account of the cherries grown in Italy in the 
first century after Christ with little weight given to the historical evidence 
presented.} 


“The cherry did not exist in Italy before the period of the victory 
gained over Mithridates by L. Lucullus, in the year of the City 680. He 
was the first to introduce this tree from Pontus, and now, in the course 
of one hundred and twenty years, it has travelled beyond the Ocean, and 
arrived in Britannia even. The cherry, as we have already stated, in 
spite of every care, has been found impossible to rear in Egypt. Of 
this fruit, that known as the ‘ Apronian’’ is the reddest variety, the 
Lutatian being the blackest, and the Caecilian perfectly round. The 
Junian cherry has an agreeable flavour, but only, so to say, when eaten 
beneath the tree, as they are so remarkably delicate that they will not 
bear carrying. The highest rank, however, has been awarded to the 
Duracinus variety, known in Campania as the “ Plinian”’ cherry, and 
in Belgica to the Lusitanian cherry, as also to one that grows on the banks 
of the Rhenus. This last kind has a third colour, being a mixture of 
black, red, and green, and has always the appearance of being just on 
the turn to ripening. It is less than five years since the kind known as 
the “‘ laurel-cherry ” was introduced, of a bitter but not unpleasant flavour, 
the produce of a graft upon the laurel. The Macedonian cherry grows 
on a tree that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits in height; 
while the chamaecerasus is still smaller, being but a mere shrub. The 
cherry is one of the first trees to recompense the cultivator with its 
yearly growth; it loves cold localities and a site exposed to the north. 
The fruits are sometimes dried in the sun, and preserved, like olives, in 
casks.”’ 


How are the cherries described in the passage from Pliny related 
to those of modern culture? A score or more of commentators have tried 
to tell but when the comments are compared Pliny’s disorder becomes 
confusion worse confounded. Here, as in his historical statements, Pliny 
seems to have prepared the ground for a fine crop of misunderstandings. 
The speculations as to what particular cherry each of the descriptions 
fits quickly show the futility of specification. A few generalizations only 
are warranted. 

Thus, if we assume, as most commentators do, that Apronian, the 


1 Bostock and Riley Nat. History of Pliny 3:322. 1855. 


46 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


first of Pliny’s varieties, was named after Apronius, a Roman praetor of 
Pliny’s day, there is nothing to indicate the character of the cherry except 
the word ‘‘ reddest ’’ which means but little for it is no more possible to 
distinguish cherries by redness than by its blackness to tell a pot from 
a kettle. 

It is as impossible to distinguish the second variety as the first. The 
name given is Lutatian, the variety having been dedicated, as all com- 
mentators agree, to Lutatius Catulus, a contemporary of Lucullus, revered 
by Romans for having rebuilt the capitol after it had been destroyed by 
fire. It is described as ‘‘ being the blackest’’ but whether Prunus avium 
or Prunus cerasus, sweet or sour, who can tell? 

The third variety is called the Caecilian cherry, which we are told 
is ‘‘ perfectly round ’’ —a character possessed in like degree by many 
cherries. The name, on the authority of Latin scholars, commemorates 
the Caecilius family, rich and powerful Romans, friends of Lucullus at 
the time he was promoting cherry culture. 

We may be a little more certain of the identity of the fourth cherry, 
called the Junian, and said to have been possessed of ‘“‘ an agreeable flavor 
but only, so to say, when eaten beneath the tree, as they are so remark- 
ably delicate that they will not bear carrying.’’ Whether the name was 
given in honor of the Roman Republican, Junius Brutus, who died 42 
A. D. or from Junius, the month of their ripening, cannot be said. The 
description, as practically all agree, fits very well the French Guigne or 
English Gean group of cherries. It is probable that ‘“‘ Guigne”’ is a per- 
version of ‘‘ Junian.”’ 

There can be little question as to the cherry Pliny next describes, 
“the Duracinus variety’? which he says has been awarded ‘highest 
rank”’ and to which he paid the compliment of giving it his own name, 
for he tells us that it is ‘known in Campania as the Plinian cherry.” 
This hard-fleshed cherry of delectable quality can be no other than 
a Bigarreau — some protean Napoleon, Yellow Spanish, Windsor or the 
older Oxheart and Elkhorn. 

The sixth cherry is the Lusitanian, which, if the translations read 
aright, the Belgians rank highest. Ancient Lusitania is modern Portugal 
and the Lusitanian cherry may be the Griotte of Portugal grown from 
time immemorial in that country. The identity of the variety is not 
so important in this passage as is the connection that Pliny establishes 
in cherry culture at this early time between Portugal, Italy and Belgium. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 47 


By such tokens does our author cast doubt upon his statement that 
Lucullus had but yesterday, as it were, brought the cherry from Pontus. 

The seventh cherry is one ‘‘ that grows on the banks of the Rhenus ”’ 
(Rhine), further described as ‘‘ being a mixture of black, red and green,” 
and of having ‘‘ always the appearance of being just on the turn to ripen- 
ing.’”’ It is useless to add another guess to those of the many commentators 
as to what this tri-colored cherry from the banks of the Rhine may be. 

The eighth description, that of the “‘laurel-cherry,’’ applies to a graft 
and not to a variety. Of it, Pliny says, “It is less than five years since 
the kind known as the laurel-cherry was introduced, of a bitter, but not 
unpleasant flavor, the produce of a graft upon the laurel.” It is barely 
possible that a cherry could be made to grow on a laurel five years but it is 
extremely doubtful, as all modern horticulturists who have tried it say, and 
it is impossible to have such a graft bear fruit. Pliny was misinformed. 

The ninth and tenth of Pliny’s cherries, the Macedonian and the 
Chamaecerasus, are probably one and the same, since but one cherry 
that could possibly answer to the descriptions given could have been in 
Italy at the time Pliny wrote. The cherry described, then, was almost 
beyond doubt Prunus fruticosa Pallas, a synonym of which is Prunus 
chamaecerasus Jacquin, perpetuating the name used by Pliny. This is 
the European Dwarf Cherry, or Ground Cherry, which is now and was 
probably then a wild plant in parts of Italy and which is very well 
described by ‘‘a tree that is very small, and rarely exceeds three cubits 
in height.” 

We have accredited Pliny with having first described cherries in Italy 
and discredited his account of their introduction in his own country, but 
chiefly on inferential evidence. Just a few words of direct proof that 
the cherry was long in cultivation by the Romans before Lucullus and 
we have done with the introduction of the cherry into Italy and have 
filled another gap between Theophrastus and our own times. Marcus 
Terentius Varro (B. C. 117-27), one of the illustrious scholars of ancient 
Rome, sometimes called the father of Roman learning, in his eightieth 
year, as he tells us in his first chapter, wrote a book on farming — one, 
which, by the way, may be read with profit by modern farmers.!. In book 
1, chapter XX XIX, he tells when to graft cherries, discussing the process 
not as if it or the cherry were new or little known but as if the cherry were 


1A very good translation of Varro on farming is one by Lloyd Starr-Best, published by G. Bell 
& Sons, London. 1912. 


48 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


as commonplace as the other agricultural crops of the times. Varro 
effectually disproves Pliny to whose mis-statement we have given so much 
space only because for nearly 2000 years it has been generally accepted as 
the truth. 

The gaps in the history of the cherry are long. Athenaeus,! Ter- 
tullian,? Ammianus,? and St. Jerome,* Roman writers of the Third and 
Fourth Centuries, mention cherries but chiefly to repeat and perpetuate 
Pliny’s errors. It was not until the Sixteenth Century —a lapse of 
1400 years—that an attempt was again made to describe in full cultivated 
cherries. Sometime in this century, Matthiolus (1487-1577), a Tuscan and 
one of the eminent naturalists not only of Italy but of the world in the 
Middle Ages, in translating and annotating the medical works of the Greek 
writer Dioscorides, made a list of the fruit-trees then grown in Italy. As 
the second descriptive list of cherries this contribution of Matthiolus 
might be worth reprinting were it not, as in Pliny, that but few of his 
varieties can be certainly made out. He does, however, make a number 
of additions to Pliny’s list but space does not permit a consideration of 
these; especially since Gerarde, writing less than a century later in English, 
so well amplifies Matthiolus that we shall print his account. 


CHERRIES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 


Pliny mentions the cherry as growing in several countries and, by 
reading between lines, we may assume that cultivated cherries were dis- 
tributed throughout all parts of Europe where agriculture was practiced, 
by Christ’s time or shortly thereafter. Pliny speaks of the cherry in 
some connection with England, Germany, Belgium and Portugal. Surely 
we may assume that the cherry was being grown at the same time in at 
least the countries in Europe which are between or border on those named. 
But from Pliny to the Sixteenth Century the current of progress in cherry 
culture was immeasurably slow. In the intervening 1600 years not a score 
of new cherries were brought under cultivation. Attention was probably 
given during these dark ages to this and to all fruits as species and as 
divisions of species which came nearly or quite true to seed. It was only 
in the refinements of horticulture and botany brought about by the her- 
balists that true horticultural varieties came into common cultivation. 


1 Athenaeus Dipnosophiste Book II, Chap. XXXIV-V. 

2 Tertullian A pologeticum Chap. XI. 

3 Ammianus History of the Roman Emperors Book 22, Chap. XVI. 
4St. Jerome Epistulae Book I, Letter XXXV. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 49 


Thus, the first of the German herbals, the Herbarius, printed at 
Mainz in 1491, does not describe or even name varieties of cherries but 
groups them in the two species as Sweets and Sours, the statement run- 
ning:! ‘‘The cherries are some sweet, some sour, like the wild apple; 
the sours bring to the stomach gas and make the mouth fresh (frisch), 
those too sweet or too sour are of little use.” A wood-cut in this old herbal 
illustrates a Sour Cherry. 

According to Miiller,? not until 1569 did the Germans attempt to 
give names to varieties, when, in a medical herbal, the Gart der Gesundheit, 
cherries were roughly divided into four groups: (1) The Amarellen, sour, 
dark red cherries with long stems. (2) The Weichselkirschen, red cherries 
with white juice and short stems. (3) The Stisskirschen, red or black 
Sweet Cherries withlongstems. (4) ‘‘ Beside these yet more ” distinguished 
by their shape and the province in which they are grown. Not until well 
into the Eighteenth Century do the Germans seem to have given names 
to more than a few of the most distinct varieties of cherries. Yet the 
cherry was more largely cultivated in Germany, one, two, or three centuries 
ago, as it is now, than in any other European country. This, one readily 
gleans from what has been written on cherries in different countries and 
from the acknowledgments of foreign pomologists to those of Germany 
for most of what has been printed regarding cherries. Not only has the 
cherry been a favorite orchard plant in Germany but since the Sixteenth 
Century it has been largely planted along the public roads. 

Of cherries on the continent, for this brief history, nothing more 
need be said. Most of the varieties that have been imported from Europe 
to America have come from England and we must, therefore, devote rather 
more attention to the history of the cherry in England than in other 
European countries. 

CHERRIES IN ENGLAND 

Cultivated cherries came to England with the Romans. Prunus 
avium is indigenous in Great Britain but probably no care worthy the 
name cultivation was given these wild trees by the ancient Britons. Pliny 
states that the cherry was carried from Rome to Britain before the middle 
of the First Century — meaning probably some improved variety. In no 
part of the world does the cherry take more kindly to the soil than in 


1 Quoted from Maller, Hugo M. Obsttichter 8:3. 1910. 
2 Ibid. 
4 


50 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


England and no doubt this fruit became firmly established in Kent, where 
the Romans settled, before the downfall of the southern invaders. With 
the expulsion of the Romans and the subsequent influx of barbarians, 
agriculture, especially gardening and fruit-growing, became almost a lost 
art but still it is not probable that the cherry was wholly lost to cultivation 
during the Teutonic invasions of Britain. 

Fruit-growing could not have greatly prospered, however, in the 
centuries of strife with the barbarians which succeeded Roman rule in 
England; and a revival of cherry culture did not take place until the rein- 
troduction of Christianity and the establishment of monasteries where, 
undisturbed by wars, the monks became notable horticulturists. They 
not only had opportunity in the comparative peace in which their lives 
were cast to grow fruit but many of them were men of superior intelligence 
and skill and from intercourse with the continental countries learned what 
plants were worth growing and how to grow them— the monasteries 
were the experiment stations of the times. Undoubtedly the monks in 
bringing to England treasures from the continent did not forget fruits 
and among them cherries. 

Passing by a considerable number of references which could be cited 
to show that cherries of one kind and another were cultivated in Britain 
from at least as early a date as the Ninth Century, we come to the dis- 
cussion of this fruit by the herbalists of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth 
Centuries. Of the three great English herbalists, Turner published his 
work in 1538; Gerarde’s, printed in 1596, was revised and greatly improved 
by Johnson in 1633; Parkinson’s Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris, or 
Park-in-Suns Earthly Paradise—the author evidently a punster — was 
published in 1629. All of these contain as full botanical and pomological 
discussions of cherries as knowledge then permitted. 

It must not be thought, by those unacquainted with the plant-lore 
of the times, that the cherry received consideration only from the pens 
of Turner, Gerarde, and Parkinson. During the time covered by the 
lives of these three men a score or more of books were written in English 
on botany and pomology in which accounts were given of the cherry, all 
showing the esteem in which this fruit was held in England during and 
before the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Space permits comments on the 
account of the cherry given by but one of these Elizabethan herbalists, 
and of the several Gerarde’s seems best suited to our purpose. 

We have chosen Gerarde because he treats the cherry more fully 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 51 


than do the other writers of the period and because he was a compiler 
and a translator, having, as he quaintly says, ‘‘ perused divers Herbals 
set fourth in other languages;”’ thus from Gerarde we obtain a conception 
of cherries growing on the continent as well as those growing in England. 
Students of the English herbals say that Gerarde translated, copied and 
adapted from Matthiolus, whose book we have noted, but more particularly ' 
from Dodoens who in 1554 published in Antwerp A History of Plants. 
These two worthies, in turn, had borrowed very freely from still more 
ancient writers — Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Columella and others. As 
might be suspected, errors centuries old were passed down, yet each new 
translation or compilation contains much added information and is far 
freer from error. In particular, Gerarde seems to have been a wise com- 
piler and adapter and to have combined a large measure of first-hand 
practical knowledge with his borrowings from others. This is especially 
true of what he writes concerning cherries, a fruit with which he seems 
to have been very familiar. 

The following is Gerarde’s account, with interpolations by the 
author: 

“The ancient Herbalists have set down four kinds of Cherry trees; 
the first is great and wild, the second tame or of the garden, the third 
hath sour fruit, the fourth is that which is called in Latin Chamaecerasus, 
or the dwarfe Cherry tree. The later writers have found divers sorts 
more, some bringing forth great fruit, others lesser; some with white fruit, 


some with blacke, others of the colour of black bloud, varying infinitely 
according to the clymat and country where they grow.” 


ay 


The four cherries which Gerarde says the ‘‘ ancient herbalists have 
set down’”’ are, it is easy to see: first, the wild Prunus avium; second, 
cultivated sweet varieties of Prunus avium; third, the sour Prunus cerasus; 
fourth, the Dwarf Cherry, Prunus fruticosa. 


“The English Cherry tree groweth to a high and great tree, the 
body whereof is of a mean bignesse, which is parted above into very many 
boughes, with a barke somewhat smooth, of a brown crimson colour, tough 
and pliable; the substance or timber is also brown in the middle, and the 
outer part is somewhat white: the leaves be great, broad, long, set with 
veins or nerves, and sleightly nicked about the edges: the floures are white, 
of a mean bigness, consisting of five leaves, and having certain threds 
in the middle of the like colour. The Cherries be round, hanging upon 
long stems or footstalks, with a stone in the middest which is covered 
with a pulp or soft meat; the kernell thereof is not unpleasant to the 
taste, though somewhat bitter.” 


52 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This is Prunus avium, which is very generally wild in Britain — the 
Gean of the English. 


“The Flanders Cherry tree differeth not from our English Cherry 
tree in Stature or form of leaves or floures, the only difference is, that 
this tree brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than the other, where- 
fore it may be called in Latine, Cerasus praecox, sive Belgica.” 


A cherry which “brings forth his fruit sooner and greater than 
the other ’’ can be no other than one of the early varieties of the Sweet 
Cherry. 


“The Spanish Cherry tree groweth up to the height of our common 
Cherry tree, the wood or timber is soft and loose, covered with a whitish 
scaly barke, the branches are knotty, greater and fuller of substance than 
any other Cherry tree; the leaves are likewise greater and longer than 
any of the rest, in shape like those of the Chestnut tree: the floures are 
like the others in form, but whiter of colour; the fruit is greater and longer 
than any, white for the most part all over, except those that stand in 
the hottest place where the sun hath some reflexion against a wall: they 
are also white within, and of a pleasant taste.” 

We have in this description a very good pen picture of Yellow 
Spanish, one of the Bigarreaus, of which there must have been several in 
common cultivation in Gerarde’s time. 

“The Gascoin Cherry tree groweth very like to the Spanish Cherry 
tree in stature, flours and leaves: it differeth in that it bringeth forth very 
great Cherries, long, sharp pointed, with a certain hollownesse upon one 
side, and spotted here and there with certain prickles of purple color as 
smal as sand. The taste is most pleasant, and excelleth in beauty.” 

Gascoin, sometimes ‘‘Gaskin” in England, is a corruption of Gas- 
coigne, a name applied by the French to cherries produced in Gascony 
and said to have been brought to England by Joan of Kent when her hus- 
band, the Black Prince, was commanding in Guienne and Gascony. The 
variety is a very good Sweet Cherry, no doubt the one described in this 
text under the name Bleeding Heart. 

“The late ripe Cherry tree groweth up like unto our wild English 
Cherry tree, with the like leaves, branches and floures, saving that they 
are sometimes once doubled; the fruit is small, round, and of a darke bloudy 
colour when they be ripe, which the French-men gather with their stalkes, 
and hang them up in their houses in bunches or handfulls against Winter, 
which the Physitions do give unto their patients in hot and burning fevers, 
being first steeped in a little warme water, that causeth them to swell and 
plumpe as full and fresh as when they did grow upon the tree. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 53 


“The Cluster Cherry tree differeth not from the last described either 
in leaves, branches, or stature: the floures are also like, but never commeth 
any one of them to be double. The fruit is round, red when they be ripe, 
and many growing upon one stem or foot-stalke in clusters, like as the 
Grapes do. The taste is not unpleasant although somewhat soure.” 


These two cherries, one sees at once, are varieties of Prunus cerasus. 
The first, Gerarde identifies for us on a succeeding page as the Morello. 
He says of it: ‘‘The late ripe cherries which the Frenchmen keepe dried 
against the winter, and are by them called Morelle, and wee after the 
same name call them Morell Cherries. 


“This Cherrie-tree with double floures growes up unto a small tree, 
not unlike to the common Cherrie-tree in each respect, saving that the 
floures are somewhat double, that is to say, three or foure times double; 
after which commeth fruit (though in small quantitie) like the other com- 
mon Cherry. 

“The double floured Cherry-tree growes up like unto an hedge bush, 
but not so great nor high as any of the others, the leaves and branches 
differ not from the rest of the Cherry-tree. The floures hereof are exceed- 
ing double, as are the flours of Marigolds, but of a white colour, and 
smelling somewhat like the Hawthorne floures; after which come seldome 
or never any fruit, although some Authors have said that it beareth some- 
times fruit, which my selfe have not at any time seen; notwithstanding 
the tree hath growne in my Garden many yeeres, and that in an excellent 
good place by a bricke wall, where it hath the reflection of the South Sunne, 
fit for a tree that is not willing to beare fruit in our cold climat.’’ 


These two are double-flowered cherries, several of which seem to 
have been grown as ornamentals. Both belong to Prunus cerasus and 
as we gather rather better elsewhere than here, both are of the Amarelle 


type of tree. 


“The Birds Cherry-tree, or the blacke Cherry-tree, that bringeth 
forth very much fruit upon one branch (which better may be understood 
by sight of the figure, than by words) springeth up like an Hedge tree 
of small stature, it groweth in the wilde woods of Kent, and are there used 
for stockes to graft other Cherries upon, of better tast, and more profit, 
as especially those called the Flanders Cherries: this wilde tree growes 
very plentifully in the North of England, especially at a place called 
Heggdale, neere unto Rosgill in Westmerland, and in divers other places 
about Crosbie Ravenswaith, and there called Hegberrie-tree: it groweth 
likewise in Martome Parke, foure miles from Blackeburne, and in Harward 
neere thereunto; in Lancashire almost in every hedge; the leaves and 
branches differ not from those of the wilde Cherry-tree: the floures grow 


54 : THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


alongst the small branches, consisting of five small white leaves, with some 
greenish and yellow thrums in the middle: after which come the fruit, 
greene at the first, blacke when they be ripe, and of the bignesse of Sloes; 
of an harsh and unpleasant taste. 

“The other birds Cherry-tree differeth not from the former in any 
respect, but in the colour of the berries; for as they are blacke; so on the 
contrary, these are red when they be ripe, wherein they differ.” 


The cherries described in these two paragraphs, one black and ‘one 
red, ‘“‘that bringeth forth very much fruit upon one branch” and 
“ groweth in the wilde woods’’ and ‘‘ of an harsh and unpleasant taste ”’ 
are of course the Prunus padus of Britain and most of Europe — not 
a true cherry but the racemose Bird Cherry, or Choke Cherry. 


“The common blacke Cherry-tree growes up in some places to great 
stature: there is no difference between it and our common Cherry-tree, 
saving that the fruit hereof is very little in respect of other Cherries, and 
of a blacke colour.” 


This must be some wild Gean or Mazzard. 


“The dwarfe Cherry-tree groweth very seldome to the height of 
three cubits: the trunke or body small, covered with a darke coloured 
blacke: whereupon do grow very limber and pliant twiggie branches: the 
leaves are very small, not much unlike to those of the Privite bush: the 
floures are small and white: after which come Cherries of a deepe red 
colour when they be ripe, of taste somewhat sharpe, but not greatly 
unpleasant: the branches laid downe in the earth, quickely take root, 
whereby it is greatly increased.”’ 


Here we have Prunus fruticosa very well described. 

“My selfe with divers others have sundry other sorts in our gardens, 
one called the Hart Cherry, the greater and the lesser; one of the great 
bignesse, and most pleasant in taste, which we call Luke Wardes Cherry, 
because he was the first that brought the same out of Italy; another we 
have called the Naples Cherry, because it was first brought into these 
parts from Naples: the fruit is very great, sharpe pointed, somewhat like 
a man’s heart in shape, of a pleasant taste, and of a deepe blackish colour 
when it is ripe, as it were of the colour of dried bloud.”’ 


Gerarde’s Hart is probably one of the Heart cherries, while ‘‘ Luke 
Wardes Cherry’ is one of the oldest named Sweet Cherries known in 
England, having been mentioned by Parkinson and other of the herbalists 
as well as in this list. 


““We have another that bringeth forth Cherries also very great, 
bigger than any Flanders Cherrie, of the colour of Jet, or burnished horne, 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 55 


and of a most pleasant taste, as witnesseth Mr. Bull, the Queenes Majesties 
Clockmaker, who did taste of the fruit (the tree bearing onely one cherry, 
which he did eat; but my selfe never tasted of it) at the impression hereof. 
We have also another, called the Agriot Cherry, of a reasonable good 
taste. Another we have with fruit of a dun colour, tending to a watchet. 
We have one of the Dwarfe Cherries, that bringeth forth fruit as great 
as most of our Flanders Cherries, whereas the common sort hath very 
small Cherries, and those of an harsh taste. These and many sorts more 
we have in our London gardens, whereof to write particularly would greatly 
enlarge our volume, and to small purpose: therefore, what hath beene 
said shall suffice. I must here (as I have formerly done, in Peares, Apples, 
and other such fruites) refer you to my two friends, Mr. John Parkinson, 
and Mr. John Millen, the one to furnish you with the history, and the 
other with the things themselves, if you desire them.”’ 

One can only roughly surmise as to what the cherries mentioned in 
this paragraph are with the exception of the Agriot which is, if the 
synonymy of several European pomologists be correct, the Griotte Com- 
mune, a sort supposed to have been brought from Syria by the crusaders 
and to have been recorded under the last name in France as early as 
1485. 

The end of the Seventeenth Century saw a great revival of agriculture 
in all of its branches on the continent; in England the revival began with 
the fall of the commonwealth. From this time the progress of cherry 
culture has been so rapid and so great that it would be an endless task 
to give even a cursory view of it — a task unnecessary, too, for succeeding 
the herbalists a great number of botanies, pomologies and works on agri- 
culture were published to many of which reference is still easy. Moreover, 
the histories of varieties in this text carry us back quite to the beginning 
of the Eighteenth Century. 

There now remains for the history of the cherry but to sketch its 
introduction and culture in North America, an undertaking that can be 
done briefly and to the point, for the data are abundant, recent and reliable. 
Here, too, accounts of the origin of varieties and the development of the 
cherry may be looked for in the chapters which comprise the main part 
of the book. 


CHERRIES IN AMERICA 


The cherry was one of the first fruits planted in the fields cleared 
and enriched by our hardy American ancestry. From Canada to Florida 
the colonists, though of several nationalities and those from one nation 


56 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


often representing several quite distinct classes, were forced alike to turn 
at once to the cultivation of the soil as a means of subsistence. And while 
in all of the colonies the early settlers must have been busily engaged in 
the cultivation of cereals for the staff of life, in the South in growing 
cotton and tobacco for money and for purposes of barter, in the North 
in harvesting forest and fish products for bartering; yet the historians 
of the colonies notice so often and describe so fully and with such warmth 
of feeling the vegetables, flowers and fruits in the orchards and gardens 
of the New World that it is certain that the ground was tilled not only 
as a means of subsistence but because the tillers loved the luxuries of the 
land. 

What fruit better adapted to the uses of colonists than the cherry? 
It possesses in a high degree, especially the Sour Cherry, the power of 
adaptation to new environment and thrives under a greater variety of 
conditions than any other of our fruits unless it be the apple, which it 
at least equals in this respect. The cherry is easily propagated; it comes 
in bearing early and bears regularly; of all fruits it requires least care — 
gives the greatest returns under neglect; and the product is delectable 
and adapted to many purposes. We shall expect, then, in examining the 
early records of fruit-growing in America to find the cherry one of the 
first planted and one of the most widely disseminated of fruits. 


CHERRIES PLANTED BY THE FRENCH IN AMERICA 


While written records are lacking, the plantations of old trees and 
the development of cherry culture indicate that the French early planted 
cherries in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island and in the 
early settlements on the St. Lawrence River. The cherry is a favorite 
fruit of the French and the venerable trees that survived on the sites of 
their settlements when the English came into possession of Canada are 
proof sufficient that the émigrés from Provence or Normandy, fruit dis- 
tricts of France from which many French settlers came, brought with 
them seeds of the cherry with those of other fruits. Peter Kalm in his 
Travels into North America in 1771,' records the very general culture of 
all the hardy fruits in Canada and leaves the impression that such had 
been the case from the first settlements. 


1Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 1771. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 57 


CHERRIES IN NEW ENGLAND 


The cherry came to New England with the first settlers. This we 
are told in all the records of early New England in which the conditions 
of the country are described and of it we have confirmatory proof in many 
enormous cherry trees, Sweet and Sour, both about ancient habitations 
and as escapes from cultivation in woods, fields and fence rows, all pointing 
to the early cultivation of this fruit. The early records are very specific. 
Thus, to quote a few out of an embarrassment of references: Francis 
Higginson writing in 1629, after naming the several other fruits then under 
cultivation in Massachusetts, notes that the Red Kentish is the only cherry 
cultivated.1 In the same year, the 16th of March, 1629, a memorandum 
of the Massachusetts Company shows that “‘ Stones of all sorts of fruites, 
as peaches, plums, filberts, cherries, pear, aple, quince kernells’’ were 
to be sent to New England.’ 

These seeds, provided by the home company with forethought of 
the need of orchards in the colony, evidently produced fruit trees suffi- 
cient to supply both hunger and thirst; for John Josselyn, who made 
voyages to New England in 1638, 1639 and 1663, writing of ‘‘ New Eng- 
land’s Rarities Discovered,” says:* ‘‘Our fruit Trees prosper abundantly, 
Apple-trees, Pear-trees, Quince-trees, Cherry-trees, Plum-trees, Barberry- 
trees. I have observed with admiration, that the Kernels sown or the 
Succors planted produce as fair and good fruit, without grafting, as the 
tree from whence they were taken: the Countrey is replenished with fair 
and large Orchards. It was affirmed by one Mr. Woolcut (a magistrate 
in Connecticut Colony) at the Captains Messe (of which I was) aboard 
the Ship I came home in, that he made Five hundred Hogsheads of Syder 
out of his own Orchard in one year. Syder is very plentiful in the Countrey, 
ordinarily sold for ten shillings a Hogshead. 

‘“‘ The Quinces, Cherries, Damsons, set the Dames a work, Marmalad 
and preserved Damsons are to be met with in every house. It was not 
long before I left the Countrey that I made Cherry wine, and so may 
others, for there are good store of them both red and black. Their fruit 
trees are subject to two diseases, the Meazels, which is when they are 
burned and scorched with the Sun, and lowsiness, when the woodpeckers 
jab holes in their bark: the way to cure them when they are lowsie is to 
bore a hole in the main root with an Augur, and pour in a quantity of 
Brandie or Rhum, and then stop it up with a pin made of the same Tree.”’ 


1 Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections 1st Ser. 1:118. 
2 Mass. Records 1:24. 
3 Mass. Hist. Collections 3d Ser. 23:337. 


58 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


As early as 1641, a nursery had been started in Massachusetts and 
was selling among other trees those of the cherry. Troublesome pests 
had made their appearance, too, as may be seen from the following letter, 
probably from the first American nurseryman. The letter is written 
by George Fenwith of Saybrook, Connecticut, under date of May 6, 1641,! 
to Governor John Winthrop, Jr. 

‘“‘T haue receaued the trees yow sent me, for which I hartily thanke 
yow. If I had any thing heare that could pleasure yow, yow should frely 
command it. I am prettie well storred with chirrie & peach trees, & did 
hope I had had a good nurserie of aples, of the aples yow sent me last 
yeare, but the wormes have in a manner distroyed them all as they came 
vp. I pray informe me if yow know any way to preuent the like mis- 
chiefe for the future.” 

These early plantations of cherries in New England were undoubtedly 
grown from seed; for buds, cions and trees could not have been imported 
unless the latter were brought over potted out as was not commonly done 
until a century and a half later —at least, the records make mention 
of seeds and not of trees as was the case just before and after the 
Revolutionary War. A statement left by one of the Chief Justices of 
Massachusetts, Paul Dudley, living at Roxbury, at as late a date as 1726, 
indicates that varieties were few. In a paper in the Philosophical Trans- 
actions’ on agricultural conditions in Massachusetts, among many other 


interesting things, Justice Dudley says: 

“Our apples are without doubt as good as those of England, and 
much fairer to look to, and so are the pears, but we have not got all the 
sorts. Our peaches do rather excel those of England, and then we have 
not the trouble or expence of walls for them; for our peach trees are all 
standards, and I have had in my own garden seven or eight hundred fine 
peaches of the Rare-ripes, growing at a time on one tree. Our people, 
of late years, have run so much upon orchards, that in a village near Boston, 
consisting of about forty families, they made near three thousand barrels 
of cyder. This was in the year 1721. And in another town of two hundred 
families, in the same year I am credibly informed they made near ten 
thousand barrels. Our peach trees are large and fruitful, and bear com- 
monly in three years from the stone. Our common cherries are not so 
good as the Kentish cherries of England, and we have no Dukes or Heart 
cherries, unless in two or three gardens.”’ 


1 Mass, Hist. Collections 4th Ser. VI: 499. 
2 Abridgment 6:pt. I1:341, in Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 14-15. 1829-1878. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 59 


CHERRIES IN NEW YORK 

Though settled at about the same time and having a more congenial 
climate, New York made progress in fruit-growing more slowly than 
Massachusetts. The early Dutch settlers in New York were transient 
traders and not home makers. Actual settlement with homes in view 
did not begin until after the historical bargain in which thrifty Peter 
Minuit had acquired Manhattan Island for $24.00 and the country became 
New Amsterdam. But troublesome times followed under the rule of 
Minuit, Wouter Van Twiller and Kieft, quarrels and actual war, or the 
fear of it, with colonists to the north and south as well as with the savages, 
preventing the planting of orchards and farms until in 1647 when the 
reins of government were taken in hand by Peter Stuyvesant. 

Governor Stuyvesant was a farmer as well as a soldier and there is 
something in history and much in tradition of the Bowery Farm, which 
flourished on the site of the present Bowery in New York. This farm was 
planted and tended by ‘ Peter, the Headstrong ’’ when he was not dis- 
puting with his burgomasters, watching the Yankees and fighting Swedes 
and Indians. The orchards and gardens, according to all accounts, were 
remarkably fine and were kept in a high state of cultivation. Stuyvesant 
founded the farm during the stormy times of his governorship but did 
not live on it until the English took possession of New Amsterdam in 
1664 when he retired to the land and devoted the eighteen remaining years 
of his life to agriculture. From the neighboring colonies and from abroad 
he brought many fruits, flowers, farm and truck crops. Fruits came to 
him also from Holland and were disseminated from his orchard up the 
Hudson. 

The cherry was one of the fruits much grown by the Dutch. It would 
be wearisome and would serve little purpose even to attempt a cursory 
review of the literature of colonial days in New York showing the spread 
and the extent of fruit culture by the Dutch. Travel up the Hudson 
and its branches was easy and within a century after the settlement of 
New York by the Dutch, cherries were not only cultivated by the whites, 
according to the records of travelers, naturalists and missionaries, but 
were rudely tilled by the Indians. 

For a long time after its introduction in New York, the cherry, in 
common with other fruits, was grown as a species — varieties and budded 
or grafted trees were probably not known. Fruit-growing as an industry 
began in New York and in America, with the establishment of a nursery 


60 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


at Flushing, Long Island, in 1730, by Robert Prince, founder of the nursery 
which afterwards became the famous Linnaean Botanic Garden. At what 
date this nursery began to offer named cherries for sale cannot be said 
but advertisements appearing in 1767, 1774 and 1794 show that budded 
or grafted named cherries were being offered for sale by the Princes. In 
1804, William Prince, third proprietor of the famous Flushing nursery, 
prepared a list of the named cherries then under cultivation in America 
for Willich’s Domestic Encyclopaedia, an English work which was being 
edited and made “‘ applicable to the present situation of the United States ”’ 
by Dr. James Mease. The following is Prince’s list:* 


‘“‘ May Duke, ripe in May and June: long stem, round and red, an 
excellent cherry, and bears well. 

“Black Heart, ripe in June: a fine cherry. 

“White Heart (or Sugar Cherry) ripe in June: white and red. 

‘Bleeding Heart, ripe in June; a very large cherry of a long form and 
dark colour; it has a pleasant taste. 

‘“‘Ox Heart, ripe in June: a large, firm, fine cherry. 

‘Spanish Heart, ripe in June. 

“Carnation, ripe in July, it takes its name from its colour, being red 
and white, a large round cherry, but not very sweet. 

** Amber, ripe in July. 

“Red Heart, do. 

“Late Duke, do. 

‘*Cluster, planted more for ornament, or curiosity than any other 
purpose. 

‘“Double Blossoms, ripe in July. 

‘“Honey Cherry, do. small sweet cherry. 

‘Kentish cherry, ripe in July. 

‘‘Mazarine, do. 

“Morello, do. and August; a red, acid cherry, the best for preserving, 
and for making cherry-brandy. 

‘Early Richmond Cherry. This fruit originated near Richmond in 
Virginia, and is the earliest cherry in America, and valuable on that 
account; it is the size of a May Duke, and resembles it in form. 

“Red Bigereau, a very fine cherry, ripe in July, of a heart shape. 

‘‘White Bigereau, ripe in July and August: remarkably firm, heart 
shaped. 

‘Large Double Flowering Cherry. This tree produces no fruit but 
makes a handsome appearance in the spring, when it is covered with 
clusters of double flowers as large as the cinnamon rose; it differs from 


1 Willich Domestic Encyclopaedia 105. 1804. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 61 


the common double flowering cherry which never forms a large tree, and 
has small pointed leaves. 

“The three last were imported from Bordeaux in 1798. 

“Small Morello Cherry, called also Salem Cherry, because it came 
originally from Salem County, N. J., is cultivated by Mr. Cooper of that 
state, who values it highly. The fruit has a lively acid taste. The tree 
produces abundantly, and is the least subject to worms of any cherry 
trees. 

“Mr. C. says that the Bleeding Heart suits a sandy soil, but that the 
May-duke will not flourish in it.” 


CHERRIES IN THE SOUTH 


It would be interesting but hardly of sufficient profit to trace further 
the history of cultivated cherries in the states of the Atlantic seaboard. 
References to the cherry abound in the colonial records of Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey and Delaware but they bring out no facts differing materially 
from those abstracted from the records of the northern colonies. The 
Quakers and the Swedes in the states watered by the Delaware and the 
English in Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, all early grew cherries 
as one of the easiest fruits to propagate and cultivate. 

Space can be spared for but two brief quotations to show the con- 
dition of cherry culture in the South in Colonial days. The first is from 
Bruce’s Economic History of Virginia.! 

“In the closing years of the seventeenth century, there were few 
plantations in Virginia which did not possess orchards of apple and peach 
trees, pear, plum, apricot and quince.” The number of trees was often 
very large. The orchard of Robert Hide of York? contained three hundred 
peach and three hundred apple trees. There were twenty-five hundred 
apple trees in the orchard of Colonel Fitzhugh. Each species of fruit 
was represented by many varieties; thus, of the apple, there were mains, 
pippins, russentens, costards, marigolds, kings, magitens and bachelors; of 
the pear, bergamy and warden. The quince was greater in size, but less 
acidulated than the English quince; on the other hand, the apricot and 
plum were inferior in quality to the English, not ripening in the same 
perfection.’ Cherries grew in notable abundance. So great was the 
productive capacity of the peach that some of the landowners planted 


1 Bruce Economic History of Virginia 1:468. 1895. 

2 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628. 
3 Records of York County vol. 1694-1697, p. 71, Va. State Library. 
4 Letters of William Fitzhugh April 22, 1686. 

5 Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628. 


62 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


orchards of the tree for the mere purpose of using the fruit to fatten their 
hogs;! on some plantations, as many as forty bushels are said to have 
been knocked down to the swine in the course of a single season.’’? 

The second quotation is from Lawson’s History of Carolina.’ 

“We have the common, red and black cherry, which bear well. 
I never saw any grafted in this country, the common excepted, which 
was grafted on an indian plum stock, and bore well. This is a good way, 
because our common cherry trees are very apt to put scions all around 
the tree for a great distance, which must needs be prejudicial to the tree 
and fruit. Not only our cherries are apt to do so, but our apples and 
most other fruit trees, which may chiefly be imputed to the negligence 
and unskillfulness of the gardner. Our cherries are ripe a month sooner 
than in Virginia.”’ 

CHERRIES IN THE MIDDLE WEST 

At a surprisingly early date the cherry, with the apple, peach, pear 
and plum, was being grown far inland in the New World. Southeastern 
Michigan was settled in 1701 at Detroit and within a half-century settle- 
ments had been made at Vincennes, Indiana; Kaskaskia and Cahokia, 
Illinois; and at Saint Louis and several other points in Missouri. The 
orchards and gardens of the early French settlers in these states live in 
the traditions of all the settlements; but much more substantial evidence 
was to be found a century ago, and in the case of the apple and pear may 
still be found, in the venerable trees of all the tree-fruit in and about 
these old French posts. ‘‘ The homes of these pioneers,’ so good an 
authority as Parkman tells us, “‘ were generally placed in gardens sur- 
rounded by fruit trees of apples, pears, cherries and peaches.’”’ Were 
proof lacking of these early plantations, it might be assumed that people 
so fond of horticulture as the French would not long be unmindful of the 
value to themselves and their posterity of plantations of fruit trees. 


CHERRIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST 
The history of the cherry in America is not complete without some 
mention of its introduction, culture and the development of new varieties 
on the Pacific coast. Indeed, it is not too much to say that at no time 
nor at any place in its whole history has the cherry made greater advance- 
ment than during the last half-century in Oregon, California and Wash- 
ington — naming the states in order of their contribution to cherry culture. 


1 Beverley History of Virginia p. 260. 
? Glover Philo. Trans. Royal Soc. 1676-1678, vols. XI-XII, p. 628. 
3 Lawson History of Carolina 183. 1714. (Reprint of 1860.) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 63 


At about the time the colonies were beginning their struggle with the 
mother country for independence, Franciscan monks were establishing 
missions in California. To these they brought seeds of fruits, grains, 
flowers and vegetables, as several historians of the missions tell us, and 
as the trees found by Americans a few decades later make certain as regards 
fruits. It is probable that by the close of the Revolutionary war all sub- 
tropical and temperate fruits of Europe were to be found cultivated in 
the missions of California. Among these, in an enumeration of the products 
of the missions, the cherry is listed by E. S. Capson.’ From its introduc- 
tion at approximately the close of the Eighteenth Century, the cherry con- 
tinued to be cultivated, at times more or less sparsely to be sure, until, 
by conquest in the war with Mexico, California passed into the possession 
of the United States. A new era in horticulture began in California soon 
after the influx of gold-seekers in 1849, some of whom, noting the oppor- 
tunities of fruit-growing, at once began the importation of seeds and plants. 

Modern fruit-growing on the Pacific Coast, however, began in Oregon. 
The California Argonauts of ’49 were much too busily engaged in digging 
gold to think of getting it indirectly by tilling the soil, whereas the men 
who were then crossing the plains from Missouri or sailing around the 
Horn from New England to Oregon were home-makers and true tillers 
of the soil. These early Oregonians were the forerunners in the zeal and 
enterprise which have made horticulture on this coast the marvel of modern 
agriculture. But one of the several early horticulturists of Oregon can 
be mentioned here, he deserving special mention by virtue of his work 
with cherries. 

Until 1847 the few cultivated fruits to be found in Oregon were seed- 
lings mostly grown by employees of the Hudson Bay Fur Company. In 
that year there was a notable importation of cultivated fruits across the 
plains — a venture which quickly proved pregnant with results in fruit 
harvests which have not ceased and give promise long to continue. 
Henderson Lewelling crossed the plains from Henry County, Iowa, and 
brought with him a choice selection of grafted fruits. These he transported 
in boxes of soil which he hauled in a wagon drawn by oxen. Arriving 
in Oregon late in the fall of 1847 he found that he had 300 trees alive which 
he planted at what is now Milwaukee, a few miles south of Portland on 
the east side of the Willamette River. Later, seeds were brought for 


1 History of California 111. 1854. 


64 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


stocks, though for the cherry the wild species, Prunus emarginata and 
Prunus virginiana, were used and very successfully, until Mazzard and 
Mahaleb seeds could be obtained. In this travelling nursery, Lewelling 
brought to Oregon cherries of the Bigarreau, the English Morello and 
probably of several other types. The label of one of the cherries was lost 
and this unknown was renamed Royal Ann. Unfortunately, it was one of 
the best known of all cherries that for the time being lost its identity — 
the Napoleon, which probably has been cultivated for three centuries and 
since 1820 has borne the name of the great General. With dogged 
perseverance the West Coast fruit-growers continue the name ‘“ Royal 
Ann ”’ to the great confusion of systematic pomology. 

But of chief import to cherry culture were the subsequent operations in 
the Lewelling nursery at Milwaukee. Lacking proper stocks, Seth Lewell- 
ing, who had succeeded Henderson in the nursery business, grew a great 
many cherries from seeds. From these he afterward selected and dis- 
seminated varieties that have made Oregon famous not only for what 
are probably the finest sweet cherries in the world but for a long list of 
new and desirable varieties — as Republican, Lincoln, Willamette Seedling 
and Bing. We call to mind no greater success in bringing into being new 
fruits from a few lots of seedlings than in the case of Lewelling and his 
cherries. Lewelling’s work stimulated others to breed cherries and among 
many seedlings that have since been named in the Northwest the Lambert 
and Oregon are well worthy of mention. 

The facts of time and place in the beginning of cherry culture which 
we have tried to set forth in this chapter have, we think, some historical 
and narrative interest. Yet, the main value of the facts are not in history 
and story. Rather, at least so we hope they will be interpreted, these 
brief records show what the crude material was out of which our present 
cultivated cherry flora has been developed; what the steps were in the 
domestication and development of the cherry; what economic purposes 
they have served; and who the peoples are and what the methods were 
in bringing the cherry to its present state of development. In a word, 

the chapter will not have served the purpose for which it is mainly intended 
if it does not furnish facts and inspirations toward the further evolution 
of the cherry. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 65 


CHAPTER III 
CHERRY CULTURE 


The magnitude of the cherry industry in the United States is not 
generally appreciated. This is because cherries are very largely grown 
in small home plantations and the product is either consumed at home 
and in local markets, or is sent to canning factories and is therefore disposed 
of without the display attending the production and marketing of fruits sold 
in the general market. The following figures from the last census show the 
importance of the industry. There were in 1909, according to the census 
taken in I910, 11,822,044 bearing cherry trees in the United States and 
5,621,660 trees not of bearing age. The bearing trees bore 4,126,099 
bushels of fruit valued at $7,231,160. When this, the thirteenth census, 
was taken the cherry ranked fifth in commercial value among orchard fruits, 
being surpassed in the order named by the apple, peach, plum and pear. 

The yield of fruit was 43.6 per centum greater in 1909 than in 1899. 
This high percentage of increase has been brought about in several ways. 
The recent development of rapid transportation, refrigerator service and 
of marketing facilities has greatly stimulated the culture of this as of all 
other fruits in the United States. An increased demand for canned and 
preserved cherries has sprung up so that cherries are much more used 
now than formerly, the trade in preserved cherries for confections and 
various drinks in particular having greatly increased. Lastly, better care 
of orchards and better means of combating insects and fungi have increased 
the yields during the last decade. 

Cherries are grown in greater or less quantities in every state in the 
Union but commercially the industry is confined to a few states having 
especial advantages in climate, soil and markets. In but six states, accord- 
ing to the last census, was the value of the cherry crop more than a half- 
million dollars, the states being: California $951,654, Pennsylvania $909,975, 
Ohio $657,406, Michigan $590,829, New York $544,508, Indiana $508,516. 
In New York in particular, recent plantings of this fruit have been so 
great that at this writing, July, 1914, the figures given for this State could 
be increased by a quarter at the very least, and no doubt they could be 
largely increased also for California and Michigan. The great growth 
of the canning industry is most largely responsible for the large plantings 


of cherries in recent years in regions especially suited to this fruit. 
5 


66 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


In the several states named, the cherry industry is further localized. 
Thus, in the 61 counties in New York, the cherry is grown largely in but 
12, the number of trees in each of these being: Columbia 78,526, Niagara 
61,786, Monroe 49,831, Ontario 36,394, Wayne 35,385, Erie 29,483, Onon- 
daga 25,932, Seneca 27,063, Chautauqua 24,483, Steuben 15,412, Orleans 
14,682 and Cayuga 14,319. If the figures just given, the total number 
being 413,296, are compared with the number of trees in the State, 674,000, 
it will be seen that the industry is quite localized, two-thirds of the cherries 
being grown in 12 of the 61 counties, though the fact is brought out in the 
census that cherries are grown on 59,408 farms in New York, showing 
that this fruit is much grown for home use. Further figures of interest 
as regards New York are that the cherry crop in 1909 amounted to 271,597 
bushels which sold for $544,508. The plantings in the State cover in 
the neighborhood of 9,500 acres. 

A canvass of the leading cherry-growers and nurserymen in the United 
States shows that, in all parts of the country excepting California, Oregon 
and Washington, Sour Cherries are much more commonly grown than 
Sweet Cherries. In New York at least 90 per cent of the cherry trees are of 
sour varieties and this proportion will hold for the region east of the Rockies. 
The leading commercial varieties of Sour Cherries, in order named, are 
Montmorency, Early Richmond and English Morello. No other variety 
is nearly as commonly grown as is even the least well known of these three. 
No one of the Duke cherries is mentioned as of commercial importance, 
but May Duke, Late Duke and Reine Hortense are frequently grown in 
home plantations. 

Growers of Sweet Cherries are not nearly as closely in accord as to 
the best varieties as are those who grow sour sorts. The most popular 
Sweet Cherries in the East seem to be Windsor, Black Tartarian, Napoleon 
and Wood with a very insistent statement of the few who have tried it 
that Schmidt is better than any of these for the market. On the Pacific 
Coast honors go to Napoleon, which the Westerners continue to call Royal 
Ann despite the fact that it has been cultivated for three centuries and 
had been called Napoleon for nearly a half-century before Lewelling took 
it to Oregon in 1847. Other popular sorts on the Pacific seaboard are 
Bing, Lambert and Republican — all western productions. 

Rather more important. than the information obtained from growers 
of cherry trees as to varieties was that as to the stocks on which cherries 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 67 


are grown in America. This brings us to a discussion of the whole subject 
of stocks for cherries. 
STOCKS FOR CHERRIES 

Cherries have been grown in America for over 200 years and for 50 
years the crop has been important commercially. Yet despite the extent 
and the importance of the industry and the years it has been in existence, 
curiously enough so fundamental a question as the best stock upon which 
to grow cherries has not yet been settled; indeed, though cherries behave 
markedly different on the several stocks, interest as to which is the best 
seems but recently to have been aroused. Now there is a rather warm 
controversy as to which is the better of the two leading stocks, the Maz- 
zard or the Mahaleb. 

Fruit-growers on one side hold that the Mazzard is the best stock 
for all orchard varieties of this fruit while nurserymen controvert this 
view and say that the Mahaleb is at least a fit stock for sweet sorts and 
is the best one for Sour Cherries, and, moreover, that it is now impossible 
to grow cherries on Mazzard roots at prices that fruit-growers are willing 
to pay. Since no systematic attempts seem to have been made to deter- 
mine the peculiarities and values of these two and other cherry stocks 
both sides dispute without many facts. Meanwhile, a fine crop of mis- 
understandings has grown up about the whole matter of cherry stocks. 
It is worth while to attempt to clear up some of the misunderstandings. 
The first step toward this end is to describe and give the botanical and 
horticultural relationships of the Mazzard and Mahaleb cherries to orchard 
cherries. 

The Mazzard, as we have seen, is a common name, of uncertain origin, 
of the wild Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, from which has come all culti- 
vated Sweet Cherries. It is important to recall that the trees of the 
Mazzard reach a height of thirty or forty feet and the trunk often attains 
a diameter of eighteen or twenty inches. Other characters to be kept 
in mind are that the Mazzard lacks hardiness to cold but grows vigorously 
and is usually healthy, though susceptible to several fungi, one of which, 
the shot-hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi, makes it a most difficult plant 
to grow in the nursery. Trees and fruit coming from the Mazzard used as 
a stock are very uniform, a fact easy to ascertain in New York where this 
stock has been largely used for nearly a century. The Mazzard is almost 
always grown from seed for stocks though suckers are occasionally used — 
a poor practice. 


68 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


The Mazzard, or at least the Sweet Cherry, has probably been more 
or less used as a stock since the earliest cultivation of this fruit. The 
Greeks and Romans practiced budding and grafting centuries before Christ’s 
time and when the cherry came to them as a domesticated fruit, at least 
three or four centuries before Christ, they undoubtedly made use of bud- 
ding and grafting! to maintain varieties and in the case of the Sour Cherry, 
if they had it, and they probably did, to avoid the suckers that spring 
from the roots of the trees. The literature of fruit-growing is scant and 
fragmentary during the Middle Ages but beginning with the herbals in 
the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries there are many treatises on fruits 
and botany and in several of these the use of the wild Sweet Cherry, the 
Mazzard, is mentioned.’ 

In America the Mazzard as a stock probably came into use soon after 
the establishment of Prince’s nursery at Flushing, Long Island, about 1730, 
budding and grafting seeming to have been little practiced in the New 
World before the founding of this nursery.2 The use of the Mazzard 
as a stock is mentioned probably for the first in Coxe’s Fruit Trees,’ the 


1 Varro (B. C. 117-27), as we have seen on page 47, tells when to graft cherries and discusses the 
process as if grafting cherries were a common operation. 

°In The Country-Man's New Art of Planting and Grafting, written by Leonard Mascall, 1652, the 
writer says, ‘‘Sower Cherries . . . will grow of stones, but better it shall be to take of the small Cions 
which do come from the roots; then plant them. 

“Ye must have respect unto the Healme Cherry, [a sweet cherry of the timel which is graft on the 
wild Gomire [Mazzard] which is another kind of great Cherry, and whether you do prune them or not, 
it is not materiall; for they dure a long time.” 

R. A. Austen, in his Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1653, writes, ‘‘ Concerning Stocks fit for Cherry-trees, 
I account the black Cherry stock (Mazzard) the best to graft any kind of Cherry upon. Yet some say 
the red Cherry stock is best for May-Cherries. But the black Cherry stocks are goodly straight Plants 
full of sap and become greater trees than the red Cherry trees.” 

John Reid, The Scots Gard'ner, 1683, writes, ‘‘ Dwarfe Cherries on the Morella, or on the common 
Red Cherrie. Or on that Red geen which is more Dwarffish than the black.” 

John Lawrence, The Clergyman's Recreation, 1714, declared that, ‘‘ Black Cherries (Mazzard) are 
the only Stocks, whereon to raise all, the several sorts of Cherries.” 

3“ The practice of grafting and inoculating in America is but of modern date. It was introduced 
by Mr. Prince, a native of New York, who erected a Nursery in its neighborhood about forty years ago. 
But since the late American revolution, others have been instituted in this and some other parts of the 
United States. Mr. Livingston has lately established one, not far from the city of New York, which can 
vie with some of the most celebrated ones in Europe. May he, and others, who have undertaken in that 
useful branch of business, meet with encouragement and success. Nothing in the extensive field of Horti- 
culture can afford more agreeable amusement or yield more solid satisfaction and advantage.” Forsyth 
on Fruit Trees, Albany, N. Y., 1803:278. 

‘“The cherry is propagated by budding and ingrafting — from its disposition to throw out gum 
from wounds in the vessels of the bark, the former mode is most generally adopted. The heart cherries 
do not succeed well on any but the black Mazard stocks, but round or duke cherries do as well on Morello 


PRUNUS AVIUM (MAZZARD) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 69 


second American treatise on fruits, published in 1817, and again in 
Thacher’s American Orchardist, published in 1822.1 Both authors, as 
the footnotes show, speak of the use of this stock as if it were in common 
use in American nurseries. Neither mentions the Mahaleb. 

The Mahaleb, Prunus mahaleb, it will be remembered from the 
description previously given, is a bush or bush-like cherry, sometimes 
but not often attaining the height and port of a tree. The top is thick, 
with rather slender ramifying branches bearing small, green, smooth, 
glossy leaves, which resemble those of the apricot more than they do the 
leaves of either species of orchard cherries. The fruits are at first green, 
then yellowish, turning to red and at full maturity are shining, black and 
so hard, bitter and astringent as to be scarcely edible. This brief 
description of Prunus mahaleb shows that it is quite distinct from either our 
commonly cultivated Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium, or the Sour Cherry, 
Prunus cerasus, differing from either much more than the two edible species 
differ from each other. It is quite as far removed from the Sweet or the 
Sour Cherry botanically as the apple is from the pear, the quince, or the 
thorn and if anything more distantly related than orchard cherries are 
to plums. One would expect the wood structure of the Mahaleb to differ 
from that of Sweet or Sour Cherries very materially and that even if the 
union proved in budding or grafting wholly normal that there would 
be some difficulty in the proper passage of nutritive solutions between 
stock and cion. This cherry, as we have seen, is propagated almost entirely 
from seed though it may easily be grown from layers, cuttings and suckers. 
The American supply of Mahaleb stock comes from France. 

The Mahaleb seems to have come into use as a stock for other cherries 


stocks, which are often preferred from their being less liable to the cracks in the bark, from frost and sun 
on the south-west side; this injury may be almost effectually prevented by planting on the east side of 
board fences or buildings, or by fixing an upright board on the south-west side of each tree in open 
situations. 

“The best stocks are raised from stones planted in the nursery. Stocks raised from suckers of 
old trees, will always generate suckers, which are injurious and very troublesome in gardens: diseases of 
old or worn out varieties, are likewise perpetuated by the use of suckers for stocks.” Coxe Fruit 
Trees 18173253. 

1“ The cultivated cherry, when reared from the seed, is much disposed to deviate from the variety 
of the original fruit, and, of course, they are propagated by budding or grafting on cherry stocks: budding 
is most generally preferred, as the tree is less apt to suffer from oozing of the gum than when grafted. The 
stocks are obtained by planting the seeds in a nursery, and the seedlings are afterwards transplanted. 
Those kinds which are called heart cherries are said to succeed best on the black mazard stock; but for 
the round kind, the Morello stocks are preferred, on account of their being the least subject to worms, 
or to cracks in the bark, from frost and heat of the sun.” Thacher American Orchardist 1822:212. 


70 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


in France having been first mentioned for this purpose by Duhamel du 
Monceau in his Traite des Arbres Fruitiers in 1768." 

Miller in his Gardener’s Dictionary, 1754, describes the Mahaleb cherry 
and says it was ‘‘ Cultivated in 1714 by the Duchess of Beaufort.’’ This 
seems to be the first mention of its culture in England though Gerarde 
in The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes describes it. Neither mentions 
its use as a stock. In fact, it seems not to have been mentioned as a stock 
in England until 1824 when Loudon in the Encyclopedia of Gardening 
speaks of it as ‘‘ the most effectual dwarfing stock.”? 

It was not until after the middle of the Nineteenth Century that 
the Mahaleb came into use in America, none of the horticultural writers 
in the first half of the last century, as Cobbett, 1803; McMahon, 1806; 
Coxe, 1817; Thacher, 1822; Prince, 1828; Kenrick, 1833; Manning, 1838; 
Thomas, 1846; Floy, 1846, nor Cole, 1849, having mentioned the Mahaleb 
though nearly all speak of the Mazzard as the stock upon which cherries 
are budded. Downing, in 1845, makes first mention of the Mahaleb as 
a stock in the New World;? Thomas in his second edition, 1851, recom- 
mends it as a stock to dwarf cherries;* Barry, 1852, says that Mahaleb 
stock is imported from Europe;> while Elliott, in 1854, also speaks of it as 


1“So the good species and their varieties are perpetuated and multiplied by grafting upon the 
Merisier, upon the Cerisier with round fruit, and upon the Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie [Mahaleb]. All the 
Cerisiers succeed well upon the Merisier and it is the only subject which is suited to the high-headed trees. 
It has the advantage of not sending forth any or very few suckers. The Cerisier de Sainte-Lucie has the 
same advantage. It receives very well the graft of all species of cherries and adapts itself to the worst 
soils.”” 

2‘ Varieties of the cherry are continued by grafting or budding on stocks of the black or wild red 
cherries, which are strong shooters, and of a longer duration than any of the garden kinds. Some graft 
on the Morello for the purpose of dwarfing the tree, and rendering it more prolific; but the most effectual 
dwarfing stock is the mahaleb, which, however, will not succeed in the generality of soils in Britain. 
Dubreuil of Rouen recommends the wild cherry for clayey and light soils, and the mahaleb for soils of 
a light, sandy or chalky nature. The stones of the cultivated cherry are commonly, but improperly, 
substituted for those of the wild sort, as being more easily procured.” Loudon Enc. of Gard. 1824:924. 

3‘ When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as stocks; or when very dwarf trees 
are wished the Perfumed Cherry, (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed; but as standards are almost universally 
preferred, these are seldom seen here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in 
order to form lateral shoots near the ground.’ Downing Fruit Trees of America 1845:164. 

4“ The stocks used for this purpose (to dwarf cherries) are the ‘‘ Perfumed Cherry" or Prunus 
Mahaleb, which also possesses the advantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. The grafts will usually 
grow quite vigorously for two or three seasons, but they soon form dwarf, prolific bushes.'’’ Thomas 
Am. Fruit Cult. 1849:351. 

5 “ The principal stocks used for the cherry are the mazzard for standard orchard trees, and the mahaleb 
for garden pyramids and dwarfs. 

“ The Mahaleb (Cerasus mahaleb) is a small tree with glossy, deep green foliage. The fruit is black, 


Duhamel Traite des Arbres Fruitiers 1:197. 1768. 


cael 


PRUNUS MAWHALEB 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 71 


a dwarfing stock.! From this date on the Mahaleb is mentioned in all 
American works on pomo ogy in which stocks for cherries are discussed. 

Pains have been taken to show the exact date the Mahaleb began 
to be used as a stock in America. The quotations show that this was 
about 1850. They show, too, that at first and for a long time its only 
use was as a dwarfing stock. But now the Mahaleb has almost wholly 
superseded the Mazzard as a stock for all Sweet and Sour Cherries. Not 
many cherries were propagated on the new stock until after 1860 when 
its use, if we may judge from the accounts of fruit-growing, began to be 
general and it grew so rapidly in favor that by 1880 it was more popular 
than the Mazzard and in another decade had almost wholly taken the 
place of the latter. Probably 95 per centum of the cherries grown in 
this country are budded on the Mahaleb. Why has the Mahaleb sup- 
planted the Mazzard? This is the question that immediately comes to 
mind and to the discussion of which we proceed. 

There is no question but that it is much easier to grow cherry trees 
on Mahaleb stock in the nursery than on Mazzard and that usually a better 
looking tree can be delivered to the fruit-grower on the first-named stock. 
Seedlings of both stocks are imported from Europe and those of the 
Mahaleb are usually cheaper. These reasons are sufficient for the 
exclusive use of Mahaleb by nurserymen, and, were it certain that the 
Mahaleb is the best stock for the fruit-grower, all hands might forthwith 
renounce the Mazzard. In what respects is it easier to grow cherries on 
the Mahaleb in the nursery than on the Mazzard ? 

All know that the Sweet Cherry is a little difficult to grow — is capri- 
cious as to soils, climates, cultivation and pruning, and as to diseases 
and insects. The Mazzard now used for stocks has the faults of the species 
to which it belongs. The Mahaleb, on the other hand, is adapted to 
a greater diversity of soils; is hardier to either heat or cold; less particular 
about cultivation; will stand more cutting in the nursery if pruning be 
necessary; is less susceptible to aphids which in many parts of the United 


about the size of a marrow-fat pea, and quite bitter. It blossoms and bears fruit when about three years 
old. It is considerably cultivated in many parts of Europe, as an ornamental lawn tree. There are very 
few bearing trees in this country yet; consequently nearly all the stocks used are imported, or grown from 
imported seeds.’’ Barry The Fruit Garden 1851:115, 117. 

1" Dwarf Trees.— Are produced by propagating the Sweet or Duke varieties on the Mahaleb, or 
Morello roots. They should in all cases be worked just at the crown of the root, as it is there a union 
is best formed; and also, by means of pruning, (see page 30) they should be made to form heads branching 
immediately from the ground.” Elliott Fr. Book 1854:185. 


72 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


States trouble cherries in the nursery row; and, more to the point than all 
else, in New York at least, is not nearly as badly infested with the shot- 
hole fungus, Cylindrosporium padi, which often ruins plantations of Maz- 
zard stock. Mahaleb stock, too, is more easily ‘‘ worked” than the 
Mazzard both in the actual work of budding and in having a longer season 
for this nursery operation. Cherries on Mahaleb ripen their wood earlier 
than those on Mazzard and may thus be dug earlier in the fall. 

Nurserymen and fruit-growers alike agree to this statement of the 
superior merits of the Mahaleb as a nursery plant. The facts set forth 
are matters of common observation —so well known that it is not neces- 
sary to verify them experimentally. A half-century of experience in America 
on many soils, in many climates and under widely varied conditions has 
demonstrated that it is easier to grow cherries in the nursery on the Maha- 
leb than on the Mazzard stock. 

From experience in the orchard, fruit-growers have established several 
facts as to the relative value of Mazzard and Mahaleb stocks from their 
standpoint. These are: 

1. Cherries on Mahaleb are hardier to cold than those on Mazzard 
stocks. This hardiness is due, in part at least, to the fact that cherry 
wood on Mahaleb ripens sooner than on Mazzard. This superior hardi- 
ness of the Mahaleb is evident in the nursery-row as well as in the 
orchard and is a matter of great importance in northern nursery regions. 
In this connection it should be said that the Mahaleb is not as hardy as 
might be wished and that there are, as we shall later show, still hardier 
stocks. 

2. There is no question but that the Mahaleb is a dwarfing stock. 
It came into use and in Europe continues to serve almost the sole purpose 
of dwarfing varieties worked upon it. This retarding effect is not fully 
realized by American cherry-growers because for the first few years the 
diminution in size is not apparent and even at the close of a decade the 
difference in size is not as marked as it would be between standard and 
dwarf apples or pears of the same age. 

3. Cherry-growers who have tried both stocks agree that most varie- 
ties come in bearing earlier on Mahaleb than on Mazzard stocks. From 
the known effects of dwarfing on other fruit trees this would be expected. 

4. The size of the cherries is the same on trees grown on the two 
stocks. The claim is made that apples and pears are a little larger on 
dwarf trees and that when peaches and plums are dwarfed the fruit is 


PRUNUS AVIUM (MAZZARD) 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 73 


smaller. No one seems to have seen or to have thought that there are 
differences in the size of cherries grown on Mazzard or Mahaleb stock. 

5. Better unions are made with Mazzard than with the Mahaleb. 
This would be expected because of the close relationship of the Mazzard 
to orchard cherries. 

6. The Mahaleb is probably the more cosmopolitan stock — will thrive 
on a greater diversity of soils than the Mazzard stock. In particular it 
is somewhat better adapted to sandy, light, stony, and arid soils that are 
not well adapted to growing cherries. Its root system is much nearer 
the surface of the ground and it is, therefore, better adapted to shallow 
soils than the Mazzard. 

7. Though the evidence is somewhat conflicting on this point it is 
probable that cherries on Mazzard live longer than on Mahaleb. It may 
be that the frequent statements to this effect arise from the knowledge 
that dwarf fruit-trees are generally shorter lived than standard trees since 
there seem to be no records of actual comparisons. 

8. Lastly, in climates where the cherry can be grown with reasonable 
certainty and in soils to which this fruit is adapted, varieties on Mazzard 
are more productive and profitable than on the Mahaleb stock. This 
seems to be the concensus of opinion among growers in the great cherry 
regions of California, Oregon, Washington, Michigan and New York. 

Several other stocks have been more or less successfully used for 
cherries and a great number have never been tried that might make good 
stocks. In a country as diversified as ours and in a state as variable in 
soil and climate as New York and with the manifold varieties of Sweet 
and Sour Cherries, it is almost certain that under some conditions there 
are stocks more desirable than either Mazzard or Mahaleb. The resources 
of the cherry-grower in this direction are so great that in this account 
we can but briefly outline them, describing but a few of the many stocks 
that might be used. 

In the colder parts of New York and of the United States, undoubtedly 
seedlings of Russian cherries would make hardy and in most other respects 
very desirable stocks. These Russian cherries, too, as a rule, come nearly 
or quite true to seed, making very good orchard plants on their own roots. 
Some of them, if not most of them, sprout rather badly — not so serious 
a fault as one might think, especially in a cultivated orchard. For budding 
over to other varieties only sour sorts should be used, taking for trial such 
varieties as Bessarabian, Brusseler Braune, Double Natte, George Glass, 


74 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Lutovka, Early Morello, Ostheim and Vladimir. Probably most of these 
would dwarf standard varieties more or less but in no case is it to be sup- 
posed that they would have the dwarfing effect of Mahaleb. In the North 
Mississippi Valley some of these, especially of the Ostheim or Morello 
type, have been very successfully used as stocks. 

The small, wild, red cherry locally known as the Bird, Pin and as 
the Pigeon Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica, found from the Atlantic to 
the eastern slopes of the Coast Range on the Pacific in northern United 
States and southern Canada, is often used as a hardy stock. The writer 
has seen it so used in northern Michigan but from his observation can 
recommend it only for cold regions and as a makeshift since it dwarfs 
standard varieties and usually suckers badly. W.T. Macoun, Ottawa, 
Canada, Dominion Horticulturist, states that this stock is commonly 
used in the colder parts of Canada and with good results. This cherry 
is not as distantly related to orchard varieties as the Mahaleb and unites 
with Sour Cherries at least as readily as does the Mahaleb. 

In the West and Northwest the Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila, is used 
very successfully in cold, dry regions as a stock for Sour Cherries. The 
following is a very good account of its behavior from the pen of the late 
Professor J. L. Budd, a pioneer cherry grower in the Middle West.* 

‘Those who have seen acres of the Sandy Cherry in the northwest 
loaded with fruit have not been ready to believe it a good stock for the 
cherry on account of its sprawling bushy habits of growth. But those 
who have watched its growth when young under culture on rich soil can 
comprehend the fact that it is as easy to work as the Mahaleb. As with 
the Mahaleb the seedlings grown in seed bed will be large enough to set 
in nursery row the next spring, and of good size for August budding. To 
illustrate its rapidity and uprightness of growth I will state that we rooted 
a few cuttings in plant house last winter. When set in nursery they had 
made a show of growth of from two to four inches, yet at budding time, 
the middle of August, they were fully as large, stocky and upright as the 
Mahalebs, and in all respects in as perfect condition for budding. 

“This hardiest of all cherries is very closely related to our garden 


cherries, so nearly indeed that our botanists long ago decided that valu- 
able crosses on it might be made. 

‘As yet its use for stocks is somewhat experimental, but we can say 
positively that it united well with our hardy sorts in budding, and it does 
not dwarf the sorts worked upon it to a greater extent during the first 
five years of growth than does the Mahaleb.”’ 


1 Towa Sta. Bul. 10:425. 1890. 


PRUNUS MAHALEB 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 75 


There are records of the Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana,! and of the 
Rum, or wild Black Cherry, Prunus serotina, having been used as stocks 
but these long-bunch, or racemose, cherries are so distantly related to the 
short-bunch, or fascicled, orchard cherries that it would seem that their use 
would be desirable only under great stress. 

In Japan a horticultural variety of Prunus pseudocerasus is used 
as a stock. Of this cherry for this purpose, Professor Yugo Hoshino of 
the Tohoku Imperial University at Sapporo, Japan, writes as follows: 


“You wish to know about the cherry stocks used in this country. 
It is very rare to use our common wild cherry as a stock for European 
cherries. In Hokkaido (Yozo Island), we commonly use the seedlings of 
European Sweet and Sour Cherries as stocks. But in the northern part 
of Japan proper (Main Island), it is a common practice to graft European 
cherries on a special kind of our cherry. This cherry has particular char- 
acters which fit it for propagation; namely, it roots very easily either from 
cuttings or by layering (mound). Its botanical position is not certain, 
but it is probable that it is a cultural variety of Pseudocerasus, especially 
bred for stock purposes. It is grown by nurserymen only and called Dai- 
Sakura. (Dai means stock: Sakura means cherry.) It has a somewhat 
dwarfing influence on cions and hastens their fruiting age.” 


This stock ought to be tried in America if, indeed, it is not already 
under cultivation from introductions made by the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 

These are but a few of many cherries that have been or might be 
tried as stocks for orchard varieties. There are many species of cherries 
more closely related to the cultivated edible sorts than the Mahaleb. 
Many of the cherries from Asia, not now known to growers, will eventually 
find their way to America; a few have already been introduced by the 
United States Department of Agriculture; some of them can undoubtedly 
be used as stocks and from them we may hope to find a better stock than 
either the Mazzard or Mahaleb. 

Cherries are now grown almost wholly as budded trees but they can 
be more or less readily root-grafted, depending upon the variety. Under 
some circumstances it might be profitable to propagate them by grafting. 
Usually it is necessary to use a whole root and to graft at the crown of 
the stock. Budd recommends this practice for Iowa, using Mazzard stock 


1 Prunus virginiana was used as a stock in Oregon in 1850 as there were no other stocks available. 
The union was very good but the stock was condemned because of suckering. Seth Lewelling N. W. 
Horticulturist Nov. 1887. 


76 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


but with the expectation that the cion will take root and eventually the 
tree will stand on its own roots. We cannot believe, however, that graft- 
ing can ever take the place of budding as a nursery practice or that it can 
be profitably used except in very exceptional cases. 

Buds in propagating are usually taken from nursery stock, a practice 
of decades, and there is no wearing out of varieties. Old varieties have 
lost none of the characters accredited to them a century, or several 
centuries, ago by pomological writers. Nor does it seem to matter, in 
respect to trueness to type, whether the buds be taken from a vigorous, 
young stripling, a mature tree in the hey-day of life or some struggling, 
lichen-covered ancient — all alike reproduce the variety. The hypothesis 
that fruit-trees degenerate or, on the other hand, that they may be improved 
by bud-selection, finds no substantiation in this fruit. There seems to 
be no limit to the number of times its varieties can be propagated true 
to type from buds. 

CHERRY CLIMATES AND CHERRY SOILS 

Climate and soil have been the chief determinants of location for 
cherry-growing in New York. Both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries 
are profoundly influenced by the natural environment in which they are 
grown — Sweet Cherries rather more so than any other fruit, either climate 
or soil dictating whether they may or may not be grown. 

The Sour Cherry is at home in a great variety of climates, the vagaries 
of weather affecting it but little. It is probably the hardiest to cold, 
in some of its varieties at least, of all our tree fruits, thriving almost to 
the Arctic Circle and from there southward, in some of its forms, quite 
to the limits of the Temperate Zone. The blossoming season is relatively 
late so that fruit-setting is seldom prevented by spring frosts. Yet, even 
with this hardy fruit, it is necessary to take thought of heat and cold in 
growing commercial crops; for spring frosts may wither the bloom or 


1“ T will here say that one year with another we succeed as well in grafting on Mazzard roots as we 
do with pear on pear roots, and nearly as well as with apple on apple roots. In some cases since the 
appearance of the graft-box fungus our success has been more complete with the cherry than with the 
apple. This success is due to careful compliance with two main guiding rules, founded on the nature 
of cherry wood: (1) Keep the scions dry until used. If given an opportunity they will absorb water 
enough to start the buds and form a callus at the base. In this condition they will fail to unite with the 
root. (2) After grafting, pack in boxes with sand or moss and store in a root cave, kept uniformly cool 
by opening at night and keeping closed during the day. If the buds start prior to the time of planting 
in nursery they will usually fail to grow. It may prove useful to add, that the sprouts from deeply set 
trees on Mazzard root will always be true to the varieties planted, and the surface roots can be utilized 
for root cuttings, as noted on a future page.” Ja. Sta. Bul. 10:424. 1890. 


are aie ORS. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 77 


summer heat and wind blast the crop if the orchard site be not well selected 
as regards local weather. 

The Sweet Cherry, on the other hand, must be coddled in every turn 
of the season, in climatic requirements being particularly sensitive to 
heat and cold. This cherry stands with the peach in not being able to 
survive temperatures much below zero and in suffering greatly from spring 
frosts because of early blooming. It is even more susceptible to heat than 
the peach, and especially cannot endure long-continued heat, both fruit and 
foliage suffering. The Sweet Cherry is at its best in a warm, sunny, genial, 
equable climate. The Duke cherries, hybrids between the Sweet and the 
Sour species, in the matter of hardiness are midway between the hardy Sours 
and the tender Sweets though this is but a very general statement applying 
to the group as a whole and not to individual varieties. Some of these 
withstand cold and heat well while others are tender in either extreme. 

Cherries are more at the mercy of moisture than of temperature con- 
ditions. Continued rain at blossoming time will almost surely prevent 
a proper setting of fruit; and the cherries crack, and brown-rot becomés 
exceedingly aggressive if there is wet weather in harvest time. Late 
summer rainfall to supply moisture to the trees is a matter of small concern to 
the cherry-grower, for growth begins early and the crop is off the trees before 
summer droughts usually begin. Where irrigation is practiced water for 
the cherry is safely supplied at most seasons of the year except when har- 
vest is in swing at which time the cherries will swell and crack if there be 
too much water. 

As with all fruits the direction, temperature and humidity of winds 
are factors which decree whether or not cherries can be grown profitably 
either in a locality or a region. A pocket in the hills filled with dead air 
or a wind-swept highland would be unsatisfactory extremes; for, in the 
first case, fungi, especially the dreaded brown-rot, would take too great 
toll, and, in the second, blossoms would be blasted or foliage frazzled and 
the fruit whipped. The harsh, drying winds of winter, too, would be 
disastrous to Sweet Cherry culture and if extreme, as on the Great Plains, 
wood and buds of Sour Cherries would suffer. Artificial wind-breaks have 
not been found profitable in the hilly and wooded East, entailing too many 
disadvantages, but if cherries be planted at all in the prairies of the Middle 
West, some protection from the winds must usually be provided. 

The two species from which cultivated cherries come grow with proper 
vigor in quite different soils. The Sour Cherry and most of its hybrid 


78 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


offspring, the Dukes, may be made to grow in almost any arable soil, but 
the Sweet Cherry is fastidious — to be pleased only by particular soils. 

Sour Cherry orchards in New York most excel on strong, even-tem- 
pered, loamy soils, naturally or artificially well drained yet retentive of 
moisture. There is possibly a shade of difference in favor of clay loams 
and some thriving plantations may be found on stiff clays having good 
depth and good drainage. Wet, sticky clays underlaid with a cold, clammy 
subsoil — a combination all too common in Central New York — furnish 
conditions which defy the best of care and culture. 

Sweet Cherry orchards are found excelling on lighter, and less fertile 
soils than those we have described for the grosser feeding Sours. Growers 
of Sweet Cherries conceive a perfect soil for this fruit to be a naturally 
dry, warm, deep, free-working, gravelly or sandy loam. If the soil is not 
naturally dry, it must be made so by artificial drainage, for this fruit is 
most impatient of too much moisture or a root-run restricted by water. 
In Sweet Cherry soils, as will be surmised, it is difficult to supply humus 
yet this must be done either by cover crops or by manure to make the 
soil sufficiently retentive of moisture. Sweet Cherries can be grown on 
other soils than those under discussion but, for a large, firm, finely finished 
product for the markets, only the soils described are suitable. 

The conditions of soil and climate, as we have briefly defined them, that 
favor cherry culture are to be found in several parts of New York. Briefly 
we may name and describe the cherry regions of the State as follows: 

The undulating, maritime plains of Long Island, covered with a thick 
deposit of sand, are very well adapted to cherries where the soil is rich 
enough to come under the plow. The genial climate, with its rather heavy 
rainfall, is precisely that in which the cherry thrives, the region falling 
short in the poorness of the soil—a fault easily remedied, where there 
is good bottom, by manuring. Despite the fact that occasional trees and 
plantations show that this fruit thrives on Long Island the cherry is not 
much grown here, the industry needing some leader to show the way. 

The valley of the Hudson from where the river leaves the mountains 
on the north to its entrance into the highlands of its lower stretch is 
admirably adapted to cherry-growing, both climate and soil meeting the 
requirements of this fruit. In parts of the valley the industry has been 
developed, Columbia County taking first place among the counties of the 
State, with its 78,526 trees in 1909. The product of this region goes 
chiefly to the great city market near at hand. Unfortunately the standard 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 79 


of cultivation is low in the Hudson Valley and the handling and marketing 
of the crop is also on a lower level than westward in the State. The cherry 
harvest is earlier here than elsewhere in New York, if we except the small 
crop of Long Island, an advantage, for prices usually fall rather than 
stiffen as the season advances. 

The great basin in which lie the Central Lakes of New York is far 
famed for its Sour Cherry industry, the product going largely to canneries. 
Some Sweet Cherries are grown — more and more are being planted — 
about these lakes; but the rich, heavy soils which mostly prevail here- 
abouts are more fit for varieties of the Sour Cherry; though the equable 
climate makes almost certain the Sweet Cherry crop on soils suited to 
its culture. Here, as elsewhere in the State, the acreage at this writing 
is greatly on the increase though it is doubtful if the advance will much 
longer weather the present depression in prices. All through this region, 
as in that to the north, the Sweet Cherry grows wild, thriving like the 
Biblical bay — seemingly a sheer gift of the soil and, like other gifts, 
generally neglected. 

The high plain along the shore of Lake Ontario from the St. Lawrence 
River to the Niagara River, extending from the lake on the north from 
ten to fifteen miles inland, is the region of greatest possibilities for the 
cherry in New York. The climate of this great stretch of territory is 
nearly perfect for this fruit and the soils are sufficiently diversified to furnish 
a suitable habitat for any of the many varieties of either Sweet or Sour 
cherries. In the past there have been so many ups and downs in the 
cherry industry that fruit-growers in this favored belt have given more 
attention to other fruits but for the last decade, until the recent down- 
ward turn in the cherry market, the plantings have been greatly increased, 
both Sweet and Sour cherries finding favor. 

Not unlike the Ontario shore in climate, but quite unlike it in its 
soils, is the shore of Lake Erie, the most westward topographical division 
of New York in which cherries are grown. The mainstay of this region 
is the grape, but, in seeking for a more diversified agriculture, Sour Cherry 
culture was introduced some twenty years ago and has become a thriving 
industry with prospects of continued growth. Here, as is so often the 
case in agriculture, credit must be given to some one leader for the develop- 
ment of a crop and the cherry orchards that dot the landscape for miles 
about the home of the late John Spencer speak eloquently of his leader- 
ship in this region. 


80 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


A necessary accompaniment to a discussion of climate is a statement 
of the dates of blooming of the various sorts of cherries; for often, through 
selection with reference to this life event of the plant, injurious climatal 
influences may be escaped at blooming-time. In the accompanying table 
averages of the blooming dates of varieties of cherries for the years just 
past, 1912 to 1914, are given. 

In making use of these dates, consideration must be given to the 
environment of the orchards at Geneva. The latitude of the Smith 
Astronomical Observatory, a quarter of a mile from the Station orchards, 
is 42° 52’ 46.2”; the altitude of the orchards is from five hundred to five 
hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea level. The soil is a stiff and 
rather cold clay; the orchards lie about a mile west of Seneca Lake, a body 
of water forty miles in length and from one to three and one-half miles 
in width and more than six hundred feet deep. The lake has frozen over 
but a few times since the region was settled, over a hundred years ago, 
and has a very beneficial influence on the adjacent country in lessening 
the cold of winter and the heat of summer and in preventing early blooming. 

The dates are those of full bloom. They were taken from trees grown 
under normal conditions as to pruning, distance apart, and as to all other 
factors which might influence the blooming period. An inspection of 
the table shows that there is a variation of several days between the time 
of full bloom of the different varieties of the same species. These differ- 
ences can be utilized in selecting sorts to avoid injury from frost. 


TABLE SHOWING BLOOMING DATES AND SEASON OF RIPENING 


Beane e Season of ripening 
May 
Mid- 
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 eae season ae 
P. avium 

Binet veccaltuesbareeths * 
Black Tartarian.. ... * 
California Advance. . > * 
Centennial..... ... * - 
Cleveland.......... * * 
(Oo eee * * 
Dikeman ssacan. awa = * 
Downer............ * * 
Bagless: jos. ce tensa - * 
Early Purple....... * * 
Elkhorn............ ~ * 
BGO toortnanatesy e * 
Florence........... * * 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 81 


TABLE SHOWING BLOOMING DaTES AND SEASON OF RIPENING — Concluded 


Blooming date Season of ripening 


May 


Mid- 
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ely season 


Knight............ * i 


* * 8 


Napoleon.......... 
Republican......... 
Rockport.......... * . 


Brusseler Braune.. . . 
Carnation.......... 
Dyehouse.......... 
Early Morello...... 
Early Richmond..... * 
English Morello..... f * 
George Glass....... * * 
Heart-Shaped Weich- 


2 
* * # * 


King Amarelle...... * 
Large Montmorency. 
Louis Philippe...... * 


+ * * & 


Sudanese eaauneiae.cx od * 


P. avium X P. cerasus 
Abbesse d’Oignies. . . * 
Double Natte....... * 

Empress Eugenie... . 


May Duke......... * 
Nouvelle Royale. ... 
Reine Hortense..... * 

Royal Duke........ * 


+ * # 


82 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


THE POLLINATION OF CHERRIES 


We cannot complain in New York of much uncertainty in the setting 
of the cherry crop. Late spring frosts occasionally catch the blossoms 
of Sweet varieties but seldom those of the Sour sorts. Cold weather, 
especially if accompanied by wet weather, not unfrequently cuts 
short the cherry crop by preventing proper setting. There is, however, 
no general complaint of poor crops through self-sterility. In fact from 
the behavior of perfectly isolated trees in all parts of the State it would 
be premised that the cherry is most nearly self-fertile of all tree-fruits. 

Yet there may be orchards or seasons in which cross-pollination cuts 
a figure, for Gardner!, of the Oregon Station, found in experiments carried 
on by him in various parts of Oregon that many varieties of Sweet Cherries 
in the Pacific Coast environment are self-sterile. The work seems to 
have been very carefully done and the conclusions are worth reprinting 
in full, bearing in mind that they would be much modified under New 
York conditions. Gardener found: 


““y, All the varieties of the Sweet Cherry tested are self-sterile. This 
self-sterility is in no case due to a lack of germinability of the pollen pro- 
duced. On the other hand, the pollen of each of the varieties studied 
is capable of producing a set of fruit on the variety or varieties with which 
it is inter-fertile. The list includes Bing, Black Republican, Black Tar- 
tarian, Coe, Early Purple, Elton, Knight, Lambert, Major Francis, May 
Duke, Napoleon, Rockport, Waterhouse, Willamette, Windsor, Wood. 

‘2. Certain of these varieties — Bing, Lambert, and Napoleon are 
mentioned especially — are inter-sterile. Mixed plantings of these three 
varieties cannot be expected to set fruit unless the trees are within the 
range of influence of some other variety or varieties that are inter-fertile 
with them. 

‘* 3, Among those studied, Black Republican, Black Tartarian, and 
Waterhouse seem to be the most efficient pollenizers for this group of 
varieties. 

‘4. Other good pollenizers that may be mentioned are: Elton, Wood, 
Coe, Major Francis, Early Purple. These, however, proved somewhat 
variable in their pollenizing abilities. 

‘‘5. Some of the seedling trees found in and about cherry orchards 
are efficient pollenizers for the three varieties — Bing, Lambert, Napoleon. 
Probably many of these seedling trees are efficient pollenizers, though 
the value of any particular seedling can be determined only by experiment 
or very careful observation. 


1 Gardner, V. R. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry, Ore. Sta. Bul, 116:36. 1913 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 83 


“6, At least some members of the Duke group of cherries are capable 
of pollinating some of the Bigarreaus. 

““7. At least some of the varieties of the Sour Cherry (P. cerasus) are 
capable of pollinating some of the Bigarreaus. 

“8. Inter-sterility of Sweet Cherry varieties is apparently not corre- 
lated with their closeness of relationship. 

“9g. The ability of a variety of cherry to set fruit is not entirely 
dependent upon the kind of pollen available. Environmental factors are 
important.” 


It is doubtful if New York cherry-growers will need to pay much atten- 
tion to cross-pollination but, in case cherry trees are not setting full crops, 
and for no other apparent reason, the fertility of the blossoms may well 
receive attention. Should varieties be found self-sterile, sorts must be 
chosen which come into blossom at the same time, in which case the pre- 
ceding table shows the sorts which bloom together or nearly enough so to 
make cross-pollination possible. 


CHERRY ORCHARDS AND THEIR CARE 

It is patent to the eye of every passer-by that cherry trees are com- 
monly set too thickly in most of the orchards in New York. While close 
planting is a universal fault, the amount of room differs greatly in 
different cherry centers, depending mostly upon the custom in the com- 
munity, though, as all confess, it should depend upon the variety and 
the soil. The very erroneous notion seems to have prevailed in set- 
ting the plantations now reaching maturity that a large return could 
be skimmed from a small area by close setting, Sour Cherries often being 
put only twelve feet apart each way and Sweet Cherries, considering their 
great size, even closer, at sixteen feet. Experienced growers now put such 
dwarf kinds as the Morellos at from sixteen to eighteen, the Montmorencies 
and their kind at eighteen to twenty-two; and the large growing Sweet 
Cherries at from twenty-four to thirty feet. 

Cherries are usually planted two years from the bud. Spring is the 
season for setting, though the hardy Sour sorts might often be set 
advantageously in late autumn. The losses at setting time are greater 
with the cherry than with any other fruit, old hands in fruit-growing losing 
trees as well as beginners. An experiment at the Station shows that these 
losses are greatly mitigated by a change in the usual method of trans- 
planting. The custom is to shorten-in all branches of transplanted fruit- 
trees but this, with the cherry in particular, removes the largest and 


84. THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


presumably the best nourished buds — certainly those from which would 
soonest develop the leaves so necessary to sustain the breath of life in 
the young plant and to give it a start. In the experiment at this Station 
it was found that, if the top of the young tree was reduced by thinning 
the branches instead of cutting all back, a much larger proportion of the 
trees would strike root and live through our parching summers. 

Cherry trees in the past have been headed three or four feet above 
the ground but in new plantations they are now usually started lower — 
at half of the above distances. Two forms of top are in vogue, the spire- 
shape and the vase-shape. Sour Cherries are almost universally grown 
with closed centers but some growers prefer the form of the vase for Sweet 
varieties, though the majority hold to trees with central trunks and many 
subsidiary branches. Little pruning is done in cherry orchards after the 
first two or three years, by which time the sapling has been shaped. Sub- 
sequent pruning consists in removing dead, injured or crowded branches 
and an occasional superfluous one. Heading-in finds little favor with 
experienced growers. These few statements indicate that the cherry, as 
now grown, is pruned but little, and that that little must be done very care- 
fully, the pruning knife in the hands of a careless man being, with this 
fruit, ‘‘a sword in the hands of a child.” 

The general tuning-up in the cultivation of fruits during the past 
quarter-century has had its influence on cherry culture. Commercial 
orchards are no longer kept in sod and the clean, purposeful cultivation 
that has taken the place of grass has doubled the output of cherries, tree 
for tree, throughout the State, the difference in yield being especially 
noticeable in seasons when drought lies heavy on the land. Cultivation, 
as practiced by the best growers, consists of plowing the land in the spring 
and then frequently stirring the soil until the first of August, at which 
time a cover-crop is sown. If the soil is light, and therefore hungry and 
thirsty, the plowing should be done early and the cultivator kept con- 
stantly at work until cherry-picking. Cherry orchards often, without 
apparent cause, have an indefinable air of malaise —look dingy and 
unhappy — such require almost week-to-week cultivation to tide them over 
their period of indisposition. 

Grain, as well as grass, is discountenanced in cherry orchards, but 
cultivated truck and farm crops in young plantations, or, under some con- 
ditions, small fruits, are looked upon as permissible and often pay for 
the keep of the young trees until they come into profitable bearing. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 85 


Cover-crops are in common vogue in cherry orchards in New York and, 
since with this fruit they can be sown earlier in the season, are used to 
better advantage than in other orchards to furnish a full supply of humus 
and to provide nitrogen. Brown-rot, an annual scourge in most cherry 
orchards, takes less toll from trees cultivated and cover-cropped, these 
operations covering the mummied fruits and keeping the spores they carry 
from coming to light and life. 

Cherry growers as a rule are not now using fertilizers for their crops. 
It would seem that this is not doing duty by the land; but it must be 
remembered that the cherry grows vigorously and that over-feeding may 
stimulate the growth too much, laying the orchard open not only to unfruit- 
fulness but to winter injury of bud and tree. Among those who use 
fertilizers there is little accord as to what fertilizing compounds are best 
or as to what the results have been. There is common agreement, how- 
ever, that Sour Cherries respond more generally to fertilizers than the 
Sweet sorts. Until there are carefully carried out fertilizer experiments 
with this fruit the vexatious problems of fertilization cannot be solved. 
Nitrate of soda seems to be a great rejuvenator in orchards laid down to 
grass. Whatever the cause, when leaves lack color and hang limp, this 
fertilizer is a sovereign tonic. Heavy dressings of stable manure are much 
used in grassed-over orchards, as they are, also, in such as have had none 
or but scant crops. 


THE COMMERCIAL STATUS OF CHERRY-GROWING IN NEW YORK 

Cherry growing is a specialist’s business in which, under the best 
of conditions, there are more ups and downs than with other fruits. 
Because of the great profits that have come to a few in the years just past 
many growers have been drawn into the business in a small way or have 
planted an acreage beyond their means to manage. The inevitable depres- 
sion that follows over-planting is, at this writing, at hand and spells ruin 
to some and disgust and discouragement in the industry to others. 
Perhaps no fruit can better be left to men of reserve capital than the 
cherry, and even with men of substance cherry-growing should largely 
be incidental to the culture of other fruits — an industry to fit in to keep 
land, labor and machinery employed. 

Cherry trees begin to bear in the climate of New York when set from 
three to five years. The varieties of Prunus cerasus first produce profit- 
able crops but, at from six to eight years from setting, both Sweet and 


86 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Sour sorts are in full swing as money-making crops. The limits of profit- 
able age are not set by the life of the tree but, rather, by its size. Thus, 
cherry trees of either of the species commonly cultivated are not infre- 
quently centenarians but the profitable age of an orchard is not often 
more than from thirty to forty years. After this time the trees become 
large and the expense of caring for them and of picking the fruit becomes 
so great as to prevent profits. Moreover, disease, injuries and inevitable 
accidents will have thinned the ranks of trees until the orchard is below 
profit-making. 

Cherry-picking begins in New York about the first of July, following 
the rush in harvesting strawberries, and lasts, if the orchard contains both 
Sweet and Sour varieties, from four to six weeks. Workers may in this 
way fill in a gap between small-fruits and other tree-fruits and the crop 
becomes one in which the grower may often take small profits to keep 
his help employed; though, in the long run, if the more or less frequent 
depressions can be weathered, the cherry may prove as profitable as other 
fruits. 

The problem of labor is a most vexatious one under present conditions, 
it being impossible to obtain casual men laborers for cherry-picking and 
women and children are unsatisfactory, since the fruit must be carefully 
picked or both cherries and trees suffer. The problem is solved, unsatis- 
factorily in most cases, in various ways by different growers. Most of 
the crop is now picked by children in the teens under the eyes of men 
or women supervisors. In picking for the market the stem is left on 
and only the stem is touched by the fingers. Cherries for canning 
factories are less laboriously picked. The picking package is usually an 
eight-pound basket. The rate paid is one cent per pound. Pickers earn 
$1.50 to $2.00 per day in good seasons. Close watch is kept on pickers 
to prevent the breaking off of fruit-spurs, thereby destroying the succeeding 
year’s crop, varieties fruiting in clusters suffering especially from careless- 
ness in this respect. Cherries are picked a few days before full ripeness. 

Cherries are sent to canneries in various packages but chiefly in 
half-bushel baskets or paper-lined bushel crates, the container being often 
supplied by the cannery. The six- and eight-pound baskets are the favored 
receptacles for Sour Cherries in city markets but the Sweet sorts are rather 
oftener sent in four-pound baskets and still more frequently in quart boxes. 
In the larger packages not much effort is made to make the fruit attractive 
but in the smaller ones, stemless and bruised cherries are thrown out and 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 87 


the package filled, stem down, with the best fruits. In fancy grades all 
of the fruit in the box is layered. The demands of the market, of course, 
determine the package and the manner of packing. Cherries are seldom 
stored longer than a few days at most in common storage and a week or 
two weeks in cold storage. 

There is a marked difference in the shipping and keeping qualities 
of varieties of cherries, the sorts that keep longest and ship best, quite 
at the expense of quality, having the call of the markets. Undoubtedly 
this must remain so, though it is to be desired that local markets, at least, 
be supplied with the best, irrespective of handling qualities. A further 
factor that prevents the placing of choicely good cherries in distant 
markets at all times is brown-rot, to be discussed later, which more often 
attacks the juicy and usually the best-flavored varieties, oftentimes ruining 
the pack on the way to market — one of the most discouraging events 
incidental to cherry-growing. 

Marketing machinery for cherries is at present very costly, inadequate 
and frequently sadly out of gear. The fruit passes first from the grower 
to a local buyer who ships to a center of consumption, transportation 
companies taking heavy toll on the way. Jobbers or commission com- 
panies, who in some cases receive the fruit direct from the grower, then 
distribute the crop to retailers in the consuming centers. Lastly, the 
retailer parcels out the quantities and the qualities demanded by the 
housewife. The whole business of selling the crop is speculative and the 
grower is fortunate to receive half of what the consumer pays and not 
infrequently has all of his pains for nothing or may even be forced to 
dip into his pocket for transportation. The perishableness of the product 
and the present defects of distribution go far to make the crop the hazard- 
ous one it is but all look forward to better times coming under an improved 
system of marketing. 

Up to the present, it must be said, but little effort has been made 
in New York to ship far and to develop a trade in cherries other than at 
the canneries. The canners have until the last year or two taken the 
cream of the crop but with recent greatly increased plantings are now 
over-supplied. The average grower, possessing a mixture of mental inertia 
and business caution, has not sought other sources for the surplus fruit. 
Bolder and more energetic spirits are now developing new markets and 
opening up those to which other tree-fruits more generally go so that the 
present over-production may prove a blessing in disguise. The greatly 


88 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


increased demand, for Sour Cherries in particular, brought about by the 
development of markets in 1913-14, are most hopeful signs for the future 
of the cherry industry. 

CHERRY DISEASES 

Cherries, without preventive or remedial intervention, are at the mercy 
of two or three fungus diseases and sometimes several others are virulent, 
depending upon locality, season, weather and variety. One of these 
diseases, brown-rot, in spite of the great advances in plant pathology of 
recent years, is almost beyond the control of preventive or remedial 
measures. Happily, all the others yield better to treatment. 

Brown-rot! (Sclerotinia fructigena (Persoon) Schroeter), sometimes 
known as fruit-mold or ripe-rot, very frequently attacks flowers and shoots 
but is most conspicuous on the ripe or ripening cherries where its presence 
is quickly detected by a dark discoloration of the skin which is afterwards 
partly or wholly covered with pustule-like aggregations of gray spores. 
The decayed fruits usually fall to the ground but sometimes hang to the 
tree, becoming shriveled mummies, each mummy being a storehouse of 
fungus threads and spores from which infestation spreads to the next 
crop. The disease, in some seasons, like a withering blight, attacks twigs, 
flowers and leaves early in the spring doing great damage to the young 
growth and often wholly preventing the setting of fruit. The rot spreads 
with surprising rapidity on the fruits in warm, damp weather either before 
the fruit is picked or in baskets while being shipped or stored. Preventive 
remedies have so far met with but indifferent success; probably the best 
method of control is to destroy the mummy-like fruits and all other sources 
of infection either by picking them from the trees, or much better by 
plowing them under deeply. Varieties of cherries show various degrees 
of susceptibility to brown-rot. All Sweet Cherries are more subject to 
the disease than the Sour sorts. But with either of the two species there 
are great variations in the susceptibility of the varietal hosts — a matter 
specially noted in a later chapter in the discussion of varieties. 

Another serious disease of the cherry, and probably the most striking 
one in appearance, is the black-knot? (Plowrightia morbosa (Schweinitz) 
Saccardo), characterized by wart-like excrescences on shoots and branches. 


1Smith, E. F. Peach Rot and Peach Blight, Journ. Myc. 5:123-134. 1889. Quaintance, A. L. 
The Brown Rot, etc., Ga. Sta. Bul. 50:237-269, figs. I-9. 1900. 

? Farlow, W. G. The Black Knot, Bulletin Bussey Institution 440-453. 1876. Halsted, B. D. 
Destroy the Black Knot, etc., N. J. Sta. Bul. 78:1-14. 1891. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 89 


Black-knot looks more like the work of an insect than a fungus and was 
long supposed to be such even by those who were studying the trouble. 
The knots begin to form early in the summer and are of characteristic 
color and texture — dark green, soft and velvety, but in the fall, as the 
fungus ripens, the color changes to coal-black and the knots become hard 
and more or less brittle. The excrescences usually form on one side of 
a twig or branch so that death seldom follows quickly. The disease attacks 
both wild and cultivated plants in every part of this continent where 
cherries are grown but is epidemic only in the East, the cherry regions 
of the West being practically free from the disease. Up to the present 
time the fungus has not been found elsewhere than in America. Happily, 
black-knot may be controlled by cutting out the diseased wood. To 
completely eradicate the fungus, if it is especially virulent, however, the 
orchard must be gone over several times during a season. In New York 
the removal of black-knot is ordered by law, the results showing that 
when the law is obeyed, especially if there be hearty co-operation among 
growers, eradication is usually possible. Sweet Cherries are much less 
attacked by black-knot than the Sour sorts but the differences in immunity 
between varieties in either of the two species are not very marked — at 
least such is the case on the grounds of this Station where the disease 
is always present and is often very prevalent. 

Exoascus cerasi Fuckel! is the cause of a very striking deformity of 
the cherry in Europe, both Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus being 
attacked. The disease has been reported in America but has not yet 
become virulent. The fungus attacks the branches, causing a clustering 
of the twigs in the form of a broom, giving it the name witches’ broom. 
The leaves on the diseased twigs usually take on a crinkled shape and a 
reddish color. The malady may be readily prevented by the destruction 
of affected branches. 

In common with other species of Prunus the foliage of cherries is 
attacked by several fungi which produce diseased spots on the leaves, the 
dead areas usually dropping out leaving holes as if punctured by shot. 
Thus we have “shot-hole fungus,” ‘‘leaf-spot’”’ and ‘‘ leaf-blight”’ as 
effects of these diseases. Three fungi are in the main responsible for these 
leaf troubles; these are Cylindrosporium padi Karsten,? Mycospherella 


1Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 185, fig. 68. 1909. 
*Higgins, B. B. Contributions to the Life History and Physiology of Cylindrosporium on Stone 
Fruits, Am. Jour. Bot. 1:145-173. 1914. 


gO THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


cerasella Aderhold! and Cercospora circumscissa? Saccardo. The ravages of 
these fungi are prevented by the proper use of bordeaux mixture and lime 
and sulphur, remedies which, however, must be used with some care to 
avoid spray injury. With these, as with other fungi, cultivation has 
a salutary effect as it destroys diseased leaves which harbor the fungi 
during their resting period. 

Cherry leaves are often covered with a grayish powder which in 
severe cases causes them to curl and crinkle and sometimes to drop. This 
powdery substance consists of the spore-bearing organs of a mildew ® 
(Podosphera oxyacanthe De Bary). Powdery mildew is much more 
common on nursery stock than on fruiting trees and in New York is a 
serious pest on young cherry trees. In the nursery, injury may be pre- 
vented by the use of copper sprays or lime and sulphur, either of which 
is also an efficient preventive in the orchard but the mildew is seldom 
prevalent enough on orchard plants to require treatment. 

Wherever cherries are grown in either the nursery or orchard, crown 
gall? (Bacterium tumefaciens Smith and Townsend) has obtained a footing. 
In the North at least, it seldom greatly injures old trees, but if the galls 
girdle a nursery plant serious injury results. Therefore, badly infected 
young trees showing galls should not be planted. However, but little 
harm is liable to result under most conditions. When infected plants 
have been planted it has been found that galls vary greatly in duration, 
sometimes disappearing within a year or two and at other times persisting 
indefinitely. The tumor-like structures are usually at the collar of the 
plant and vary from the size of a pea to that of a man’s fist, forming at 
maturity rough, knotty, dark-colored masses. Neither prevention nor 
cure has been discovered, though it is known that soils may be inoculated 
with the disease from infected stock and that, therefore, diseased trees 
should not be planted in soils virgin to the galls. It is probable that there 
are differences in the susceptibility of Sweet and Sour cherries to the 
fungus and that the varieties of the two species vary in their resistance 


1 Aderhold, R. Mycosphaerella cerasella n. spec., die Perithecienform von Cercospora cerasella Sacc. 
und ihre Entwicklung, Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges. 18:246-249. 1900. 

2 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 314. 1909. Pierce, N. B. A Disease of Almond Trees, 
Jour. Myc. 7:66-67, Pls. 11-14. 1892. 

2 Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 226. 1909. 

4 Smith, E. F. and Townsend, C.O. A Plant Tumor of Bacterial Origin, Science 25:671-673. 1907. 
Toumey, J. W. Cause and Nature of Crown Gall, Ariz. Sta. Bul. 33:1-64, figs. 1-31. 1900. Hedgcock, 
G. C. Crown Gall, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bul. 90:15-17, Pls. 3-5. 1906. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK gI 


but as yet no one seems to have reported on the differences in suscepti- 
bility of cherries to the disease. 

The leaf-rust! (Puccinia pruni-spinose Persoon) of stone-fruits, occur- 
ring rarely on the fruit, sometimes attacks cultivated cherries and is a rather 
common disease of the wild Prunus serotina. Thisrust is troublesome only, 
however, in warm, moist climates. It is most apparent in the fall and is 
easily recognized through its numerous rust-colored sori on the underside 
of the leaves. Defoliation takes place in severe infestations. Either bor- 
deaux mixture or lime and sulphur may be used as a preventive. 

Old cherry trees are often attacked by a fleshy fungus or “ toadstool ’” 
(Polyporus sulphureus (Bulliard) Fries). This fungus is said to be world- 
wide in its distribution and to occur upon a large variety of trees. It is 
very striking in appearance, the clusters appearing during late summer 
or early autumn in large, shelving branches, the sporophores fleshy and of 
cheese-like consistency when young but becoming hard and woody with 
age. At first the ‘‘ toadstools”’ are all yellow but later only the under 
surfaces are yellow while the upper surface is orange-red. The plants 
are more or less odoriferous, the odor increasing with age. Happily, the 
fungus is not very virulent but is often the cause of decay in the tree-trunk— 
the brown-rot of the wood of this and other orchard and forest plants. 
In localities where the fungus thrives it may usually be controlled by 
covering all wounds with tar or other antiseptic materials. 

At least two other fleshy fungi have been found injuring cherries. 
These are Clitocybe parasitica Wilcox’? and Armillaria mellea Vahl.,* the 
latter the honey agaric, more or less abundant in both Europe and America. 
Both are associated with and are probably a cause of the root-rot of the 
cherry and other orchard fruits. Neither is a common enough pest in 
this country, however, to receive extensive description in texts on diseases 
of plants. Control measures are different in localities where fungi occur, 
consisting in the main of getting rid of stumps and roots in orchard lands 
and planting to field crops before using for orchard purposes. Infected 
trees should be removed or isolated by trenching about them. 


1Scribner, F. L. Leaf Rust of the Cherry, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 353-355, Pl. 3. 1887. 

2 Atkinson, Geo. F. Studies of Some Shade Tree and Timber Destroying Fungi, Cor. Agl. Exp. 
Sta. Bul. 193:208-214. 1901. Schrenk, H. von. Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agl. 25:40-52, 
Pls. 11 (in part), 13. 1900. 

3 Wilcox, E. M. A Rhizomorphic Root-Rot of Fruit Trees, Okla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 49:1-32, Pls. 
I-II. 1901. 

4Duggar, B. M. Fungous Diseases of Plants 473. 1909. 


Q2 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


All stone-fruits suffer more or less from an excessive flow of gum. 
The name gummosis! is generally applied to these troubles. Gumming 
is much more prevalent in the far West than in the East but is to be 
found wherever stone-fruits are grown. This excessive gumming is a 
secondary effect of injuries caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, frost, sun- 
scald, and mechanical agencies. There is a good deal of difference in the 
susceptibilities of varieties and species to this trouble, the Sweet Cherry 
suffering much more than the Sour sorts and varieties of other species 
having hard wood suffering less than those having softer wood. There is 
less gummosis, too, on trees in soils favoring the maturity of wood; under 
conditions where sun and frost are not injurious; and, obviously, in 
orchards where by good care the primary causes of the diseases are kept 
out. 

A number of diseases of the trunk arise from mechanical injuries 
from wind, sun, frost and hail. Few, indeed, are the fruit-growers whose 
trees are not occasionally damaged in one way or another in the vicissitudes 
of a trying climate. Very often these mechanical injuries are followed 
by fungal parasites or insects so as to make it difficult to distinguish the 
primary from the secondary trouble. There is a wide difference in the 
susceptibility of Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus to such injuries, the 
Sweet Cherry, with its softer wood, being much more easily injured by 
any and all stresses of weather than the Sour Cherry. In the main the 
elements cannot be combated but low heading of the trees is a preventive 
from sunscald, at least, and sometimes may have a favorable effect in 
preventing wind and frost injuries. 


CHERRY INSECTS 

Insects troubling cherries are numerous but hardly as destructive as 
with other tree-fruits. Entomologists list about 40 species of insects 
attacking cherries and about as many more occasionally attack the varie- 
ties of one or the other of the two cultivated species. The majority of 
these pests came with the tree from its habitat over the sea but several 
have come from the wild cherries of this continent. 

Of the pests peculiar to the cherry alone, possibly the cherry fruit 
maggot? (Rhagoletis cingulata Loew) is, the country over, as troublesome 
as any. The adult insect is a small fly with barred wings which lays eggs 


1 Hedrick, U. P. Gumming of the Prune Tree, Ore. Sta. Bul. 45:68-72. 1897. 
2Slingerland, M. V. Bul. Cor. Ag. Ex. Sta. 172: 1899. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 93 


under the skin of the cherry in mid-summer. From these eggs small, 
whitish maggots about one-third of an inch long hatch and eat out a cavity 
in the ripening fruit. These maggots when full grown pupate in the ground 
and remain there until the following season. The only effective pre- 
ventive or remedial measure to take against the pest in large orchards is 
to spray with a sweetened arsenical, but in small plantations chickens are 
fairly effective in scratching up and eating the pupating maggots. 

The cherry fruit maggot is probably responsible for most of the 
“wormy ’’ cherries in New York but the plum curculio is also a cause of 
““wormy ’’ fruits and in some seasons is a most formidable pest. This 
curculio’ (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst) is a rough, grayish snout-beetle 
somewhat less than a quarter of an inch in length, so familiar an insect 
as scarcely to need further description. The female beetle pierces the 
skin of the young cherries and places an egg in the puncture. About 
this cavity she gouges out a crescent-shaped trench, this cut or sting being 
a most discouraging sign to the cherry-grower, for he well knows that 
from the eggs come, within a week or two, white and footless grubs which 
burrow to the stone and make ‘‘ wormy fruit.” Some of the infested 
cherries drop but many remain eventually to distract the housewife and 
those who eat cherries out of hand. Jarring the beetles from the trees, 
a method employed by plum-growers, is quite too expensive and ineffective 
for the cherry-grower and poisoning with an arsenate is the only practical 
means of combating the pest. Rubbish and vegetation offer hiding places 
for the insects and, therefore, cultivated orchards are freer from curculio 
than those laid down to grass. There are no curculio-proof cherries but, 
as with plums, the thin-skinned varieties are damaged most by the insect. 

The grub of the plum curculio is easily distinguished from the cherry 
fruit maggot. This ‘‘ worm ”’ is the larva of a beetle, a true grub, footless 
and with a brownish, horny head while the cherry fruit maggot, the larva 
of a two-winged insect, is a true maggot like that which comes from the 
common house-fly and hardly to be distinguished from the apple maggot. 
It is important to be able to distinguish in wormy cherries the grub of 
the curculio from the cherry fruit maggot in order to know and understand 
the nature of the two enemies in combating them. 

Another pest of this fruit is the cherry leaf-beetle (Galerucella cavicollis 
Le Conte) the larvae of which sometimes do much damage to cherry 
foliage. The adult insect is an oval, reddish beetle about one-fourth of 


1Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 1:50-56. 1869; 3:11-29. 1871. 


94 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


an inch long with black legs and antennae. Both the adult and the larvae 
feed on the leaves and do much damage if abundant. Usually there are 
two broods, the insect pupating in the ground. Fortunately the pest is 
easily controlled with the arsenical sprays. 

The cherry scale (Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson) is commonly found on 
this fruit and occasionally on others as well. To the unaided eye it is 
very similar to the well-known San José scale, differing chiefly in being 
lighter in color. The remedy is the same as for the San José scale, which 
we next discuss. 

The dreaded San José scale! (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock) is 
rather less harmful to cherries than to other tree-fruits and yet is some- 
times a serious pest on Sweet Cherries. Sour Cherries are almost immune. 
The insect is now so well known in all fruit-growing regions that it needs 
no description. It is usually first recognized by its work, evidence of its 
presence being dead or dying twigs — oftentimes the whole tree is mori- 
bund. Examination shows the twigs or trees to be covered with myriads 
of minute scales, the size of a small pin-head, which give the infested bark 
a scurfy, ashy look. If the bark be cut or scraped a reddish discoloration 
is found. Leaves and fruit as well as bark are infested, the insidious pest, 
however, usually first gaining a foothold on the trunks or a large branch. 
Cherry-growers, in common with all fruit-growers, find the lime and sulphur 
solution the most effective spray in combating this insect. 

Several other scale insects feed on the cherries and, now and then, 
become pestiferous; among these the following may be named: The 
European fruit lecanium? (Lecanium corni Bouché) occasionally does a 
great deal of damage in New York and now and then destroys the whole 
crop in an orchard. The winter treatment for San José scale is used to 
control this pest, but usually such treatment is supplemented by a summer 
spray about July first with such contact sprays as whale oil soap and 
kerosene emulsion. The fruit pulvinaria (Pulvinaria amygdali Cockerell), 
the mealy bug (Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni), the scurfy scale 
(Chionaspis furfura Fitch), the West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pen- 
tagona Targioni), the Putnam scale (Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam), the 
walnut scale (Aspidiotus juglans-regie Comstock), Howard’s scale (A spid- 
totus howardii Cockerell), the European fruit scale (Aspidiotus ostreeformis 
Curtis), the red scale of California (Chrysomphalus aurantii Maskell), the 


1 Marlatt, C. L. The San José or Chinese Scale, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 62:1-89. 1906. 
2Lowe, V. H. The New York Plum Lecanium, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 1362583. 1897. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 95 


oyster-shell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linnaeus), and the soft scale (Coccus 
hesperidum Linnaeus), are all more or less common. 

Several borers occasionally infest cherry trees of which the peach 
borer! (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say.) is the most troublesome. Larvae of the 
peach borer are frequently found in both Sweet and Sour Cherries, more 
particularly in Sweet Cherries, in eastern orchards. Fortunately this 
pest is not as rife with the cherry as with peaches and plums. Its work 
may be prevented by thorough cultivation, by mounding the trees and, 
according to some, by the use of a covering of tar or of obnoxious or 
poisonous washes. Usually preventive measures are not effective, however, 
and the borer must be destroyed — best done by digging it out with a knife 
and wire. Since the pest is easily discovered through the exudation of 
gum mixed with sawdust or excreta, close to the surface or just beneath 
the ground, its presence can be detected in time to prevent its doing much 
damage. The lesser peach borer? (Sesia pictipes Grote & Robinson) often 
attacks old or weakened cherry trees, working in the growing tissues of 
the trunk anywhere from the ground to the main branches. The worm 
is much like the common peach borer, known by all, but is smaller, rarely 
reaching the length of four-fifths of an inch when full grown. The flat- 
headed apple tree borer* (Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius) is a common 
pest in wild cherries and sometimes seriously attacks the cultivated species. 
It is treated as is the peach borer. 

The shot-hole borer* (Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratzeburg), though 
seldom injuring healthy trees, is very often a serious menace in old or 
decrepit cherry trees. It may be looked upon, however, as an effect 
rather than a cause. The peach bark-beetle®’ (Phleotribus liminarts 
Harris) is very similar in its work to the shot-hole borer and like it attacks 
only diseased and decrepit trees. 

All cherry-growers are familiar with the small, dark green, slimy slugs 
which feed on the surface of the leaves of the cherry, possibly more com- 
mon on the foliage of pears, eating out the soft tissues and leaving but 
the skeleton of the leaf. If the slugs are numerous the tree may be 
defoliated or if the leaves remain the foliage looks as if scorched. The 
adult of this slug is a sawfly (Caliroa (Eriocampoides) cerasi Linnaeus) 


1Beutenmiiller, W. Sestidae of America, etc. 266-271. 1901. 

2 Ibid. 291-292. I901. 

3 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entoml. Mo. 1:46-47. 18609. 

4Lowe, V. H. WN. Y. Sta. Bul. 180:122-128. 1900. 

5 Wilson, W. F. The Peach-tree Bark-beetle, U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. Bul. 68:91-108. 1909. 


96 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


which lays its eggs within the tissue of the leaves. Despite the fact that 
it is easily destroyed by any of the arsenical sprays or by dusting with 
lime this slug everywhere does much damage to cherries. 

Wild cherries suffer severely from the tent caterpillar’ (Malacosoma 
americana Fabricius) and occasionally cultivated trees are attacked. The 
arsenical sprays are fatal to the pest. The spring canker-worm? (Palea- 
crita vernata Peck) and the fall canker-worm? (Alsophila pometaria Harris), 
the white-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma Smith and 
Abbot), the rusty tussock moth (Hemerocampa antiqua Linnaeus), and 
the definite-marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa definita Packard) are all 
occasional cherry pests and all succumb to poisonous sprays. The two 
now notorious European pests recently introduced into America, gypsy 
moth (Porthetria dispar Linnaeus) and the browntail moth (Euproctis 
chrysorrhea Linnaeus), attack cherry trees in common with other deciduous 
trees and may often do considerable damage. Sometimes, but not often, 
the buds of the cherry are attacked by the bud-moth (Spilonota (Tmetocera) 
ocellana Schiffermiiller), the caterpillars of which bind the young leaves 
together as they expand so that small, dead, brown clusters of foliage 
are to be seen here and there where the pests are at work. Spraying with 
arsenicals is effective if done just as the buds begin to open. 

In sandy soils the cherry is sometimes attacked by hordes of the 
common rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabricius), leaves, flowers 
and even the fruit suffering from the pest. It is a difficult insect to con- 
trol but a spray of arsenate of lead with molasses is fairly effective. It is 
important to know that the insect does not often breed in ground kept 
in clean cultivation. 


1Lowe, V. H. The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, N. Y. Sta. Bul. 152:279-293. 1898. 
2 Riley, C. V. An. Rpt. State Entom. Mo. 2:94-103. 1870. 
3 Ibid. 7383-90. 1875. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 97 


CHAPTER IV 
LEADING VARIETIES OF CHERRIES 
ABBESSE D’OIGNIES 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 
1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:182. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:161, 162 fig. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit 
Man. 276, 277. 1884. 4. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:284. 
1903. 6. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:62 fig. 1907. 7. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 385:307, 308, Pl. 1914. 

Abbesse d’Oignies has so many good characters that it is well worth 
trying commercially wherever cherries are grown in the United States. 
Curiously enough, it seems so far to have been tried only in the Middle 
West, Professor Budd having introduced it in Iowa from Russia in 1883. 
In the unfavorable soil and climatic conditions of the Mississippi 
Valley, Abbesse d’Oignies grows as well as any cherry of its class, if we 
may judge from the accounts of it. We do not know of its having been 
tried elsewhere in the East than on our grounds and here we find it, in 
competition with practically all of the varieties of its class, one of the 
best of the Dukes. At this Station it does so well that we described it, 
in the reference given, as one of the noteworthy fruits in our collection. 
The trees are large, vigorous, hardy, fruitful and very free from fungus 
diseases. The cherries are large, dark red, of most excellent quality, 
combining the flavor of the Dukes with a firmer and yet tenderer flesh 
than the Montmorency. The high quality, handsome appearance and 
good shipping qualities of the fruit, combined with the splendid characters 
of the tree, ought to make Abbesse d’Oignies a very good commercial 
variety. 

This cherry probably originated in Belgium about the middle of the 
Nineteenth Century. At least it was first listed in Belgian nursery cata- 
logs in 1854. It is now a greater or less favorite wherever cherries are 
grown in the Old World, Professor Budd having found it, as we have said, 
in 1883, in Russia and immediately transported it to America. 


Tree characteristically large and vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped but with 
drooping branchlets, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, with shaggy bark; branches thick, 
smooth, ash-gray over reddish-brown, with many lenticels; branchlets short, with short 
internodes, brownish, roughened by transverse wrinkles and by numerous conspicuous, 
small, raised lenticels. 

Leaves two and one-half inches wide, five and one-half inches long, folded upward, 

7 


98 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


obovate, thick; upper surface glossy, dark green; lower surface light green, slightly pubes- 
cent, distinctly ribbed by the larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin with 
small, black glands, coarsely and doubly serrate; petiole one and one-quarter inches long, 
thick, lightly tinged with red, grooved, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange 
glands. 

Buds rather long, pointed, free, arranged often in elongated clusters at the ends of 
long spurs; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom medium, averaging five days in 
length; flowers white, one and three-sixteenths inches across; borne in dense clusters at 
the ends of long spurs or spur-like branches, well distributed, varying from one to three; 
pedicels one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes tinged red, long, narrow, somewhat acuminate, glabrous within and without, 
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, nearly sessile, with a broad, shallow notch at the 
apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit late; three-fourths inch long, seven-eighths inch thick, roundish-oblate, slightly 
compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, regular; suture a line; apex roundish, slightly 
depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, light russet, conspicuous; stem slender, 
one and one-half inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin tough; flesh yellowish-white, with 
colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender and soft, sprightly subacid; of very good quality; 
stone free, about three-eighths inch in diameter, roundish, turgid, slightly pointed, with 
smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. 


ARCH DUKE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 


1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:135. 1832. 
4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 189, 190. 1845. 5. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 97, 98. 1846. 6. Mag. 
Hort. 13:398 fig. 1847. 7. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 8.U.S. D. A. Rpt. 135. 1867. 9. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 278, 279. 1884. 

Griotte de Portugal. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:190, 191, Pl. XIII. 1768. 12. Leroy Dict. 
Pom. 5:297, 298 fig. 1877. 

Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum. 13. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 16 fig. 1. 1792. 

Herzogskirsche. 14. Christ Handb. 670. 1797. 15. Christ Worterb, 282. 1802. 16. Truchsess- 
Heim Kirschensort. 371-376. 1819. 

Portugiesische Griotte. 17. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 

Cerise Royale de Hollande. 18. Ann. Pom. Belge. 1:81, Pl. 1853. 

Cerise de Portugal. 19. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:148 fig. 37, 1 49, 150. 1866. 


Parkinson, nearly three hundred years ago, thought the Arch Duke 
“one of the fairest and best ‘of cherries.’’ It is now, however, quite sur- 
passed by several others of the Dukes. The concensus of opinion of those 
who have known the true fruit of this name is that either May Duke or 
Late Duke is better. We give it prominence only because of its worthy 
past and that it may be better distinguished from May Duke with which 
it is often confused. As compared with the last-named variety it is two 
weeks later; the tree is more vigorous but not as productive; and the branches 


ABBESSE d’OIGNIES 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 99 


are larger, more divergent and more pendulous. The cherries are not as 
well flavored but are larger and have a shorter stalk. 

This old English variety was first mentioned by Parkinson in Paradisus 
Terrestris, 1629. For many years previous to the middle of the last century 
the true Arch Duke cherry was very scarce and was often confused with 
other varieties, some writers asserting that it was the May Duke; others, 
the Late Duke. In 1847, however, the true Arch Duke cherry was dis- 
covered in the nurseries of Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, 
having been grown there, according to Mr. Rivers, by his ancestors for 
nearly a century. It was then found that the fruit was quite unlike that 
of either May Duke or Late Duke, though the habit of the tree was similar. 
It is not known when Arch Duke was introduced into America but the 
American Pomological Society placed it upon its fruit list in 1871. 


Tree medium in size, vigorous, somewhat upright, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, 
smooth; branches slender, long, smooth, reddish-brown, marked with considerable scarf- 
skin, with numerous, rather large lenticels; branchlets of medium length, curved, with 
short internodes, brown mottled with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with few small, slightly 
raised, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, about two inches wide, three inches long, folded upward, short- 
oval to obovate, of medium thickness; upper surface dark green; lower surface light green, 
very slightly pubescent; apex acutely pointed; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; 
petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, slender, with one or two, rarely three small, 
globose, brownish glands at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters 
of variable size; leaf-scars rather prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers white, one 
and one-sixteenth inches across; borne in clusters of twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths 
inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic, 
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, of medium length and breadth, acute, serrate, 
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, the apex 
entire or with a shallow, wide notch; anthers yellowish; filaments three-sixteenths inch 
long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; one and one-eighth inches in diameter, obtuse-cordate, 
slightly compressed, flattened at the extremities; cavity of medium depth, narrow, some- 
what obtuse; suture distinct; apex flattened or depressed; color light red becoming dark 
red or almost black at full maturity; dots numerous, of medium size, russet, rather incon- 
spicuous; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, rather stout at its point of insertion 
in the fruit, adherent to the fruit; skin moderately thick; flesh light to dark red, firm, 
crisp, slightly astringent at first, becoming a very pleasant subacid at full maturity, juicy, 
good to very good in quality; stone semi-clinging, seven-sixteenths inch long, three-eighths 
inch wide, oval, compressed, with smooth surfaces. 


I0o THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


BALDWIN 


Prunus cerasus 
1. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23:81. 1898. 2. Kan. Hort. Soc. Cherry, The, 15,16, Pl. 1900. 3. Ia. Sia. 
Bul. 73:63. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Baldwin is supposed to have grown from a sprout of a stock on which 
Early Richmond had been budded on the farm of S. J. Baldwin, Seneca, 
Kansas. The Early Richmond bud was in some manner broken off and 
the sprout, springing from the stock, was allowed to grow and first fruited 
in 1891. On the grounds of this Station Baldwin trees which came fairly 
direct from the originator turned out to be Olivet. The published 
descriptions that can be found are so scant and fragmentary that we cannot 
make out whether the variety is really distinct or, as in the case of our 
trees, is Olivet renamed. The variety has been rather widely disseminated 
in the Middle West but has not shown much merit either for home or for 
commercial orchards in the rather lengthy probationary period it has had 
in the East. The American Pomological Society added Baldwin to its 
fruit list in 1909. The description we give is a compilation. 

Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; leaves large, broad; flowers white, changing 
to pink. 
Fruit ripens early; usually borne in pairs; large, round; stem of medium length, rather 


thick; color very dark red, yet almost transparent; flavor slightly acid, yet considered 
one of the sweetest and richest of the Morello class. 


BAUMANN MAY 
Prunus avium 


1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168 fig. 60. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Hogg Fruit 
Man. 279. 1884. 

Friihe Maiherzkirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:1, Tab. 1. 1792. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kiérschensort. 
140, 141, 142. 1819. 6. Ill. Handb. 49 fig., 50. 1860. 7. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 348, 349. 1889. 

Stisse Maiherzkirsche. 8. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 

May Bigarreau. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 10. Mag. Hort. '7:288. 1841. 11. Cultivator 
N. S. 4:280 fig. 1. 1847. 12. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:55, 56, Pl. 1851. 

Guigne Précoce de Mai. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:54 fig. 2, 55, 56. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 
II:51, 52, fig. 26. 1882. 

Bigarreau Baumann. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:176 fig., 177. 1877. 

Guigne de Mat. 16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 102 fig., 103. 1904. 


Baumann May is an early Sweet Cherry which at one time held high 
place among its kind but a century of culture proved that it had little 


value except for extreme earliness and it is now but sparingly or not at 
all grown either in America or abroad. If the variety could be obtained it 


ARCH DUKE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK IOI 


might be worth growing for breeding work because of its earliness and 
great productiveness. At one time this variety was rather largely grown 
in central and western New York and specimens of it must yet remain in 
this region. 

From the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, when we first find 
an account of this variety in Kraft’s Pomona Austriaca, to the last of the 
Nineteenth, writers have described Baumann May under many different 
names. From all accounts it originated toward the latter part of the 
Eighteenth Century, in Germany. From Germany it was introduced into 
Alsace where F. J. Baumann, a nurseryman at Bollweiler, grew it in his 
nursery under the name Bigarreau Baumann and disseminated it through- 
out the French provinces. The cherry was received in America, with 
several others, by Colonel M. P. Wilder of Boston, Massachusetts, from 
Messrs. Baumann, about the year 1838. The American Pomological 
Society listed the variety, in 1862, in its fruit catalog as Bauman’s May 
but dropped it again in 1871. The following description is a compilation: 

Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, regular in form, compact, very productive; 
branches stocky, nearly horizontal but often curved downward; branchlets with short 
internodes, reddish-brown nearly covered with silver-gray scarf-skin; leaves medium to 


large, dark green, ovate-oblong, coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole rather short, with 
two large, reniform glands near the base of the leaf; buds large, ovate; flowers of medium 


size, opening very early. 

Fruit matures very early; medium to rather small, ovate-cordate, angular, irregular 
in outline; color dark red becoming nearly black when fully ripe; stem one and three- 
quarters inches long, rather thick; flesh purplish-red, with abundant juice, soft and tender, 
sweet, well flavored; of good quality; stone medium in size, roundish-ovate. 


BESSARABIAN 
Prunus cerasus 


1. Ia. Agr. Col. Bul. 53- 1885. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:38. 1888. 3. Ibid. 19:549. 1892. 4. Can. 
Exp. Farm Bul. 17:6. 1892. 5- Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1894. 6. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39, 40. 
1895. 7- Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.17. 1897. 8. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 123122, 123 fig. 8,124. 1900. 9. Wash. 


Sta. Bul. 92:12. 1910. 

uae Bessarabian has a place in home orchards in the 
colder parts of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. It is very 
hardy and is said to thrive even under neglect — standing as much abuse 
as a forest tree. As compared with standard commercial cherries of the 
East the fruit is distinctly inferior in size and quality, being hardly fit to 
eat out of hand, and is sour and astringent even when cooked. The trees, 
though hardy and healthy, are dwarfish and not productive because of the 


102 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


smallness of the cherries. It is an early cherry but the fruit hangs long. 
The variety is said to root well from cuttings, which, if true, might make 
it worth while trying as a stock. Bessarabian is a variant of English 
Morello, the fruit of which sort greatly excels it wherever the trees can 
be equally well grown. 

This variety was brought to America from Russia about 1883, by 
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, who believed it to belong to a race 
of cherries originally found in central Asia. 


Tree of medium size, upright, becoming somewhat spreading, compact, healthy, 
unproductive, very hardy; branches somewhat drooping, long, slender; leaves abundant, 
medium to small, oval, coarsely serrate, dark green, broad, flat; glands few, usually on 
the stalk at the base of the leaf. 

Fruit matures medium early, remaining on the tree a long time in good condition, 
medium in size, roundish-oblate to cordate, irregular, bright red becoming dark red; 
stem long, varying from one and three-fourths to two inches in length, slender, curved; 
skin tender; flesh light to dark red, with abundant colored juice, variable in firmness, 
sprightly stb-acid becoming milder when fully ripe; fair in quality; stone variable in 
size, roundish-oval, semi-clinging. 

BIGARREAU PELISSIER 
Prunus avium 

1. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 92 fig., 93. 1904. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 30 fig. 1906. 

Pélissiers Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907. 

This variety originated in France as a chance seedling about 1883 and 
fruited first in 1891. It was introduced a few years later by M. Auguste 
Pélissier, a nurseryman at Chateau-Renard, Bouches-du-Rhéne, France. 
Although not yet well established even in France, this cherry is considered 
promising for market, because of its firm flesh, handsome appearance, 
high quality and good tree-characters. It is included among the major 
varieties in The Cherries of New York that the attention of American 
cherry-growers may be called to it. As yet it seems not to have been tried 
in this country. The following description is compiled: 


Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; branches rather long, large, bearing large, 
oval leaves; flowers large, semi-open; blooming season early. 

Fruit matures from early June to the last of June; large or very large, obtuse-cordate, 
slightly depressed at the apex, with a shallow yet distinct suture; stem short, thick; skin 
rather thick, firm, yellowish almost entirely overspread with vivid red which becomes 
darker at maturity but often showing streaks of clear red; flesh fine-grained, firm, juicy, 
red with streaks of white, sweet, aromatic; quality good to very good; stone of medium 
size, oval, with a pronounced suture. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 103 


BING 


Prunus avium 


1. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 4 fig.a. 1892. 2. Wash. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 126,128. 1893. 3. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 4. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 112. 1900. 5. Ibid. 26. 1904. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. 


Rpt. 192. 1907. 7. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 9. Wash. Sta. 
Bul. 92:23. IgIo. 


Bing is one of the best of the several very good cherries from the Pacific 
Northwest. But few Sweet Cherries equal it in size and attractiveness 
and none surpass it in quality, so that it may be said to be as good as any 
of the dessert cherries. It is, too, a very good shipping fruit, ranking with 
the best of the Bigarreaus, to which group it belongs, as a cherry for distant 
markets. Another quality commending the variety is that it hangs well on 
the trees and the crop ripens at one time so that the harvest consists of but 
one picking. While many cherry-growers speak well of the trees, unfortu- 
nately we cannot do so from their behavior on the grounds of this Station. 
They have not been as vigorous, as healthy or as productive as cherry trees 
should be in a commercial variety of first rank. The cause, however, may 
be in the location rather than in the variety, for in an orchard but a few 
miles distant Bing does much better than on these grounds. The variety, 
though comparatively new, is no longer on probation. It has a niche in 
the cherry flora of the country, deserving a place in the collection of every 
amateur by virtue of its splendid fruit. When it is happy in soil and 
climate, Bing is bound to be one of the leading commercial cherries. 

Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, the originator of several of our 
finest cherries, grew Bing from the seed of Republican in 1875. The variety 
was named after a Chinese workman. In 1899 the American Pomological 
Society placed the variety on its fruit list. 


Tree large, vigorous, erect becoming upright-spreading, rather open, productive; 
trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches brownish with numerous, small lenticels; 
branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, greenish-brown, smooth, pubescent, with 
small, raised, conspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves abundant, large, folded upward, ovate to obovate of medium thickness; 
upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent; apex abruptly 
pointed, or acute, base abrupt; margin slightly serrate, glandular; petiole long, pubescent, 
thickish, tinged red, with from one to three large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. 

Fruit matures in mid-season or later; very large, one inch in diameter, broadly cor- 
date, somewhat compressed, slightly angular; cavity deep, of medium width, abrupt, 
regular; suture a dark line; apex roundish or slightly depressed; color very dark red, 


104 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


almost black; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem variable in thickness, one and one- 
fourth inches long; skin of medium thickness, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh purplish- 
ted with dark purple juice, rather coarse, firm, very meaty, brittle, sweet; of very good 
quality; stone semi-free, large, ovate to oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces. 


BLACK GUIGNE 


Prunus avium 


1. Prince Pom. Man, 2:112. 1832. 

Scheur-Kers. 2. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771. 

Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Christ Worterb. 274. 1802. 

Guigne Bigaudelle. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832. 

Coburger Maiherzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 51 fig., 52. 1860. 6. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 377. 1881. 
7. Lauche Deut. Pom. II:No. 1, Pl. 1882. 

Guigne Noire Commune. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:328, 329 fig., 330. 1877. 

Noire Hative de Cobourg. 9. Mas Pom. Gen. 113123, 124, fig. 62. 1882. 

There is much confusion in the history of this old cherry. It 
undoubtedly originated in France and in that part of the country later con- 
quered by the Germans, though Mas, in his Pomologie Générale, mentioned 
it as probably of German origin. In the time of Louis XIII this variety 
was known as the Guigne Noire Commune and was cultivated quite 
extensively in France and northern Italy. It was esteemed both for its 
earliness and its fine quality and was known as Guigne Guindoulle by the 
peasants of central France and by the Tuscans in Italy as Corbini because 
of the color of its skin. Black Guigne, Black Heart, and Early Purple, 
which, while similar in many characters, are entirely distinct, have been 
badly confused by both French and German writers and it is only with 
the greatest difficulty that the three can be separated. While this cherry 
was formerly considered of worth in Continental Europe, it is scarcely 
recognized there now and was probably never brought to America. The 
following description is compiled from European fruit-books : 


Tree very large, round-topped, spreading, irregular in outline, productive; branches 
long, large, straight, brownish, mottled with gray scarf-skin; internodes long and unequal; 
leaves large, oval or oblong, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate; petiole long, slender, 
with large glands; blooming season late; flowers small. 

Fruit matures the last of June to the middle of July, usually attached in pairs but 
sometimes in threes; medium to large in size, obtuse-cordate; color bright reddish-black 
changing to deep purple; suture indistinct; stem slender, inserted in a deep, broad cavity; 
skin thin, tender; flesh dark purple, with abundant colored juice, half-tender, somewhat 
stringy, sweet yet sprightly, pleasantly flavored; quality good; stone small, oval. 


BING 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 105 


BLACK HAWK 


Prunus avium 


1. Horticulturist 6:360, 361 fig. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45, 235. 1854. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 
190 fig. 1854. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 258, 270, 271. 1857. 5. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 382. 1875. 
Epervier Noir. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:41, 42, fig. 21. 1882. 


Despite the fact that Black Hawk was lauded by the horticulturists 
in the middle of the last century as one of the best of all black Sweet 
Cherries, it is now almost unknown. According to the older pomologists 
it was unsurpassed for eating out of hand but was only mediocre in all other 
characters of either fruit or tree. In particular it was surpassed in many 
ways by the better-known Eagle which fills about the same place in cherry 
culture. The variety was very popular in southern Ohio about Cincinnati 
where many trees may still be found and where it is still more or less planted. 
Possibly because of the excellent quality of the fruit, the amateur might 
well try a tree or two. The description is compiled. 

Black Hawk originated with Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, 
Ohio, sometime previous to 1845. It is one of the best of the many seed- 
lings fruited by him. The American Pomological Society in 1854 named 
this sort as one of the promising new fruits and it still remains on the fruit- 
list of this organization. 

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, round-topped, resembling Yellow Spanish in habit, 
productive, healthy; branches stout, smooth, dark reddish-brown, straight; branchlets 
slender, with short internodes. 

Leaves large, folded upward, obovate, rather thick; upper surface dark green; lower 
surface pale green; apex abruptly pointed; margin coarsely and deeply serrate; petiole 
short, stout, bright red, with two or more orange-red, reniform glands. 

Buds of medium size, rather short, free; flowers small or medium in size; pedicels 
long, very slender; calyx-lobes straight, finely serrate, obtuse; petals roundish, broadly 
and deeply notched at the tip. 

Fruit matures about the middle of June, a few days later than Black Tartarian; 
medium to large, obtuse-cordate, surface uneven, sides compressed; cavity deep, broad, 
abrupt, nearly regular; color glossy, dark purplish-black changing to almost black at com- 
plete maturity; stem usually thick but often variable, of medium length; skin thick, 
adhering to the pulp; flesh purplish-black, tender, with abundant colored juice, aromatic, 
well flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone of medium size, with uneven surfaces. 


BLACK HEART 


Prunus avium 


1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:115. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169 fig. 
1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1854. 5. Thompson Gard. Ass't 526. 1859. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. 
Cat. 74. 1862. 


106 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Guignier a Fruit Noir. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:158, 159, 160, Pl. 1 fig. 1. 1768. 

Frihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 116-119. 1819. 9. Mathieu Nom. 
Pom. 340, 349. 1889. 

Guigne Noire Ancienne. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:66 fig. 7, 67, 68. 1866. 

Bigarreau Noir d’Espagne. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:223 fig., 224. 1877. 

Although one of the oldest cherries under cultivation, Black Heart is 
still largely grown the world over. Prince, in 1832, said that it was more 
widely cultivated in the United States than any other variety and Downing, 
in 1845, said Black Heart was then better known than any other cherry 
in the country. While neither of these two statements would hold for 
Black Heart now, it having long since passed its heyday of popularity, it 
is still, because of the fruitfulness of the tree and the high quality and 
beauty of the fruit, a variety of much merit. Black Heart fails in the 
commercial fruit growing of nowadays, as compared with the cherry culture 
of the fruit connoisseurs of a generation ago, because it does not meet 
market demands, failing to do so through two defects: it does not ship 
‘well and when brown-rot is rife it quickly succumbs to this fungus. It is, 
too, now difficult to obtain the variety true to name, the trees at this Sta- 
tion, as an example, in several attempts, turning out untrue, which forces 
the use of a compiled description in this text. 

This cherry was mentioned by John Rea in 1676 but there can be no 
doubt but that it originated many years previous to this date. Probably 
it is the cherry mentioned by Robert Dodonée, a naturalist of Malines, 
Belgium, in 1552. When or by whom it was introduced to America is not 
known but it was being grown here very early in the Nineteenth Century 
and ever since has been considered a valuable variety for general planting. 
Nearly every nurseryman throughout the United States lists Black Heart, 
a fact attesting its popularity. The American Pomological Society placed 
Black Heart on its catalog of fruits in 1862, a place which it has since 
retained. 

Tree large, very vigorous, tall, wide-spreading, productive; branches stout, brownish, 
mingled with yellow, mottled with gray scarf-skin; lenticels numerous, small. 

Leaves very large, oblong, waved, acuminate, nearly flat; upper surface dark green; 
margin deeply and coarsely serrate; petiole of medium length, lightly tinged with red, 
with greenish glands. 

Buds large, oval, pointed; season of bloom early or very early; flowers medium in 
size; petals roundish, imbricated. 

Fruit matures early, season long; large, obtuse-cordate, somewhat compressed; cavity 


broad; suture deep; surface somewhat irregular; color dark purple becoming black; stem 
one and three-fourths inches long, siender; skin slightly shrivelled; flesh dark red, firm 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 107 


to very firm becoming tender at full maturity, with abundant colored juice, sweet; good 
in quality; stone large, roundish-ovate; dorsal suture deep. 


BLACK TARTARIAN 


Prunus avium 


1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 130-132. 1819. 2. Pom. Mag. 1:44, Pl. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. 
Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man, 2:113, 114. 1832. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 
6. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:21. 1858. 7. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1860. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. . 
5:228, 229 fig., 230. 1877. 9. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377, 378. 1889. 10. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 37. 


1906. 

° Ronald’s Large Black Heart. 11. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42, 43. 1803. 
Guigne Noire a Gros Fruit. 12. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 36. 1906. 
Tartarian. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Black Tartarian is probably the favorite dooryard and roadside Sweet 
Cherry in New York and ranks second or third among commercial cherries 
in the State, as it probably does for the whole region east of the Mississippi. 
It is known by all who grow or eat cherries. The preeminently meritorious 
characters which give it so high a place in cherry culture are: first, and 
most important, the elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself 
to widely different soils and climates; second, the fruitfulness, healthfulness 
and robustness of the trees which also bear regularly, live to an old age 
and grow toa prodigious size, oftentimes attaining a diameter of two feet; 
third, this variety is comparatively free from the worst of cherry diseases, 
brown-rot; lastly, the cherries, though not as large as some similar sorts, 
are tempting to the eye through their rotund form and glossy black color 
and are a delight to the palate, the handsome purplish-red flesh being firm 
and crisp, yet juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor which all agree gives the quality 
the rank of ‘‘very good to best.”” It is a virile variety and from it have 
come several promising seedlings and it is one of the parents of a number 
of cross-bred cherries. Black Tartarian is earlier than most of the Sweet 
Cherries with which it must compete — under most conditions a help in 
marketing. Unfortunately it is a little too soft to handle well in harvesting 
and marketing or to hold its shape as a canned product. Its small size 
is also against it for the canner’s trade. The several defects noted prevent 
Black Tartarian from taking first rank in commercial orchards but for the 
home plantation it is one of the best. 

Black Tartarian came originally from Russia. It was introduced into 
England in 1794 from Circassia, by Hugh Ronalds of Brentford, Middlesex, 
as Ronald’s Large Black Heart. Two years later, John Fraser introduced 
a variety, a native of Crimea, which he purchased in St. Petersburg, as 


108 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Fraser’s Black Tartarian. This turned out to be the same as the cherry 
from Circassia. Some go farther back and say that Black Tartarian was 
carried to Russia from Spain, thence to England. It owes its introduction 
into this country to William Prince of Flushing, Long Island, probably 
in the early part of the Nineteenth Century. It was recognized in 1848 
and placed on the schedule of fruits at the National Convention of Fruit 
Growers which later became the present American Pomological Society. 
The variety still retains a place among the recommended cherries but 
under the name Tartarian. The variety quickly became popular in America, 
finding a place in every orchard and in the lists of all nurserymen. Some 
nurserymen claim to have superior strains of the old variety; as, Green’s 
Tartarian and Black Tartarian Improved. Comparisons show no dif- 
ferences. Black Russian, listed by some firms, is probably Black Tar- 
tarian as it is used many times as a synonym by foreign writers. 


Tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, productive; trunk of medium 
thickness, smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown, slightly overspread with ash-gray, 
with large lenticels; branchlets rather long, brown almost entirely overspread with ash- 
gray, smooth, glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded 
upward, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light 
green, slightly pubsecent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin varies from serrate to crenate; 
petiole two inches long, thick, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from one to three 
reniform, reddish glands of medium size usually on the stalk. 

Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small 
clusters on spurs of variable length; leaf-scars very prominent; season of bloom medium; 
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across, borne in scattering well-distributed clusters 
in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube faintly 
tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, long, broad, 
obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short, blunt 
claws; anthers yellowish; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than 
the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; less than one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity 
intermediate in depth and width, flaring; suture indistinct; apex pointed and slightly 
depressed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem slender, one 
and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating readily from the 
pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, firm, meaty, crisp, pleasant flavored, 
mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened and oblique, with 
smooth surfaces. 

BLEEDING HEART 


Prunus avium 


1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 
104. 1846. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1854. 


BLACK TARTARIAN 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 109 


Gascoigne. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571, 572. 1629. 6. Gerarde Herball 1504. 1636. 7. Hogg 


Fruit Man. 298. 1884. 
Red Heart. 8. Rea Flora 206. 1676. 9. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:183, Pl. 96 fig. 1. 1823. 


Blutherzkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 224, 225, 226. 1819. 
Gascoigne’s Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 174. 1845. 

Blutrothe Molkenkirsche. 12. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858. 
Guigne Rouge Hative. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:338 fig., 339. 1877. 

Bleeding Heart goes back almost as far as the history of cultivated 
cherries. It is only of historical interest now and this chiefly because it 
has been the parent of many sorts of present worth. According to the old 
writers it took highest rank in the cherry lists of a century and more ago 
by virtue of its high quality and handsome appearance, the name being 
indicative of color and form. So far as can be made out at this late date 
the variety has been grown but little or not at all in America, the description 
here given coming from old pomologies. 

This, like the preceding sort, is a cherry of several names, having been 
mentioned first by Parkinson in 1629 as the Gascoign Cherry. In England 
three different names have been applied to this variety, Gascoigne, Red 
Heart and Bleeding Heart. At least there seems to be little doubt that 
the Bleeding Heart and Red Heart listed by John Rea in 1676 were the 


Gascoign of Parkinson and Gerarde. 


Tree of largest size, very vigorous, not very productive; branches numerous, large, 
long, diverging, brownish-red, mottled with gray scarf-skin; leaves very large, oblong, 
acuminate; margin crenate; petiole thick, long, reddish, with well-developed glands; bloom- 
ing season early. 

Fruit matures the latter half of July; usually in pairs, large, elongated heart-shaped, 
ed apex; color bright red changing to dark red, somewhat mottled; stem two 
slender; flesh reddish, rather tender although firm, with abundant juice, highly 
tish; good in quality; stone large, oblong. 


with point 
inches long, 
flavored, swee 


BOURGUEIL 


Prunus cerasus 


Cerise de Bourguetl. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866. 
Montmorency de Bourgueil. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:123, 124, fig. 60. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom 


51364, 365 fig. 1877- 

Bourgueil is a variant form of Montmorency hardly differing enough 
in fruit from Large Montmorency to be distinguished from it and yet 
since it seems to be more productive than the last-named sort it is possibly 
worth adding to the cherry flora of the country. The variety, it must be 
remembered, is still on probation, but if trees true to name can be obtained 


IIo THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


it is worth planting in small numbers where growers want a cherry of the 
Montmorency type. 

This variety was found by a Doctor Bretonneau about 1844 in Bour- 
gueil, Indre-et-Loire, France. It is known by the name of the finder as 
well as that of the locality in which it originated and through having the 
same place of origin is often confused with Cerise Rouge Pale. The United 
States Department of Agriculture received this variety in 1905 from Fer- 
dinand Jamin, Bourg-la-Reine, Seine, France, and in turn forwarded it to 
this Station where it has been fruiting for the past few seasons. Nursery- 
men do not as yet offer it for sale and it is doubtful if it is known in more 
than a few places in America. 


Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, vasiform, productive; branches slender, smooth, 
reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, 
long, brown, with some ash-gray, smooth, with numerous inconspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to ovate, 
thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, pubescent along the 
veins; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate; petiole one inch long, 
thick, with a dull tinge of red, pubescent, with none or with from one to three globose, 
yellow or brownish glands on the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds 
and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; 
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering, well-distributed 
clusters, usually in threes; pedicels short, one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx- 
tube faintly tinged with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, broad, 
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals crinkled, roundish, entire, sessile, 
with apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens 
in length. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths inch long, one inch wide, nearly oblate, 
somewhat compressed; cavity deep, wide, medium flaring, regular; suture indistinct; 
apex roundish to flattened; color bright red; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem stout, 
one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, free; flesh yellowish- 
white with colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of good quality; stone free, 
large, roundish-ovate, pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red, with a prominent 
ventral suture. 

BRUSSELER BRAUNE 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 2. Christ Wéorterb, 288. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
533-536. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:63, 64. 1858. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333, 341. 
1889. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 7. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:124, 125, fig. 8. 1900. 

Briisselsche Bruyn. 8. Krianitz Enc. 75, 76. 1790. 

Zweite Grosser Herzkirschweichsel. 9. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 22 fig. 1. 1792. 

Ratafia. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 309, 310. 1884. 


BOURGUEIL 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK IT] 


From the standpoint of commercial cherry culture, Brusseler Braune 
has little value. The trees are uncertain in bearing; the cherries are small, 
sour, and astringent; and, worse than the faults named, the crop ripens 
very unevenly. It is of the English Morello type but in New York, at 
least, is far inferior to this well-known sort. Brusseler Braune has been 
much advertised for cold climates but there are many better cherries that 
stand cold nearly or quite as well and are better in both tree and fruit 
characters and, in particular, that will not vex the souls of growers by ripen- 
ing so unevenly. The variety has two marked peculiarities: the leaves on the 
two-year-old wood are very small and the fruit-stems bear a small leaflet 
at their base. These leaflets on the fruit-stem would have to be removed 
in marketing the crop — another serious defect. 

No doubt Brusseler Braune originated in Holland but there is nothing 
definite as to the time though Truchsess, a German, writes of having 
received it in 1785 as Briisselsche Bruyn. The synonyms of this variety 
are more or less confused with those of English Morello. This cherry was 
brought to America in 1883 by the late J. L. Budd with several other 
varieties. In the collection of trees sent out from the original importation, 
of which this was one, or from trees budded from them, were Griotte du 
Nord, Large Long Late, Shadow Amarelle, Lutovka, George Glass, Orel 
No. 27, or Gibb, and Bessarabian. Unfortunately the varieties were badly 
mixed and much confusion has resulted. It is not impossible that the 
first three are synonyms but the Lutovka, George Glass, Bessarabian and 
possibly the Gibb are distinct varieties. In 1895, this Station recommended 
a new cherry for trial for home and market and distributed buds throughout 
the state under the name Lutovka. Later it was found that an error had 
been made regarding the trees sent us as Lutovka, they being the Brusse- 
ler Braune. The American Pomological Society added Brusseler Braune 
to its fruit catalog list in 1899 but dropped it in 1909. 

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading but with drooping branchlets, 
dense, round-topped, unproductive; trunk and branches smooth, stout; branches brownish, 
overspread with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, with short 
internodes, nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, lightly raised, 
inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded 
upward, obovate, thick, grooved along the midrib; upper surface very dark, dull green; 
lower surface light green, pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin finely and 
doubly serrate; petiole one and one-eighth inches long, tinged with dull, dark red, grooved 
along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose, yellowish-green glands. 


II2 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in clusters on scattering, 
short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; 
borne in scattering clusters in threes and fours; pedicels one and one-eighth inches long, 
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube furrowed, tinted with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx- 
lobes with a trace of red, acuminate, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals 
oval to obovate, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments 
one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures very late; nearly one inch in diameter, although variable in size, 
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture 
very shallow, indistinct; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color light 
red changing to dark red as the season advances; dots numerous, small, dark russet, 
inconspicuous; stem two and one-fourth inches long, with small leaflets at the base, 
strongly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates readily from the pulp; flesh 
dark red, with dark colored juice, tender and melting, somewhat astringent, sour; of fair 
quality; stone nearly free when fully mature, fifteen-thirty-seconds inch long, roundish- 
oval, rather plump, blunt-pointed; surfaces smooth; ventral suture slightly enlarged near 
the base. 

BUNTE AMARELLE 
Prunus cerasus 


1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 652-655. 1819. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 3. Ja. Sta. 
Bul. 2:40. 1888. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:272. 1903. 

So far Bunte Amarelle has found a place only in the trying cherry 
climate of Iowa and neighboring States. It is not attractive enough in 
appearance, good enough in quality, or certain and fruitful enough in bear- 
ing to compete with other Amarelles, to which group this variety belongs. 
Its saving grace is extreme hardiness of tree, though vigor and health help 
make it somewhat desirable in cold, prairie regions of the Mid-West where 
cherry growing is more or less precarious. There has been much uncer- 
tainty as to the true variety and we have had to discard the trees on the 
Station grounds and compile a description. 

This variety probably originated in Germany in the latter part of the 
Eighteenth Century. Truchsess, a German, in 1819, called the cherry 
Bunte Amarelle because of its variegated color before full maturity. The 
variety was introduced from Poland to America sometime previous to 1885 
and has usually gone under the name of Amarelle Bunte. From all accounts 
Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, the authority on these hardy cherries 
during his time, had two different cherries under the name Amarelle Bunte; 
for in his report at the Iowa Horticultural Society in 1885, he mentioned 
a variety under that name as being a large, dark purple and nearly sweet 
sort which could not have been the true Bunte Amarelle of Truchsess. 


BRUSSELER BRAUNE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK II3 


Budd and Hansen in 1903 described a variety which agrees very closely 
with the true variety of Truchsess which we herewith describe. 


Tree vigorous, upright, hardy; foliage large, coarse. 

Fruit matures the second week in June; medium to large, roundish, flattened at the 
base; cavity variable in depth; suture shallow, indistinct; apex depressed; color yellow 
overspread with light red; stem green, straight, rather slender, one and one-half to two 
inches long; flesh slightly colored, juicy, firm but tender, pleasantly subacid; very good 
in quality; stone variable in size, broad. 


CALIFORNIA ADVANCE 


Prunus avium 


1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289, 292. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:25. 1910. 
Advance. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897. 
Ulatis. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177:32. 1899. 


California Advance is a Sweet Cherry, one of the ‘‘ Hearts ”’ of common 
parlance, distinguished and worth growing only because it is extra early, 
though when fully ripe it is of very good quality. It is usually described 
as a cherry of “ large size” but on the grounds of this Station the cherries 
run small, as they are occasionally reported elsewhere to do, suggesting 
that the variety requires good care and a choice cherry soil for a finely 
finished product. On these grounds the variety seems to be preeminently 
free from fungus diseases but the robin and other birds take greater toll 
from it than from almost any other cherry, beginning their harvest long 
before the fruit is fit for human fare. California Advance might well be 
planted in a small way for a local market in New York, or a tree or two 
for home use, but it has no place in large numbers in this State. 

California Advance came from a seed of Early Purple sown by W. H. 
Chapman of Napa, California, the seedling being saved because the cherries 
were larger and ripened earlier than those of its parent. It has sometimes 
been confused with the Chapman cherry, of somewhat similar character- 
istics, which also originated in Napa, but the two are quite distinct. 

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and branches stout, 
smooth; branchlets of medium thickness, brownish-bronze partly covered with ash-gray, 
glabrous; leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, 
long-obovate to elliptical, thin, medium green, slightly rugose; margin serrate, glandular; 
petiole nearly two inches long, slender, tinged with red, pubescent along the upper side 
and with a shallow groove, with from two to four large, reniform, reddish glands, usually 
on the stalk; buds large, obtuse or pointed, plump, arranged singly as lateral buds or in 
clusters of variable size on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom 


early; flowers one and one-eighth inches across; pistil equal to the stamens in length. 
8 


II4 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Fruit ripens very early, season averaging eleven days; about three-fourths inch in 
diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed; color purplish-black; stem of medium thickness, 
often one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separates from 
the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark red juice, meaty, tender, mild, sweet; of very good quality; 
stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch by eleven-thirty-seconds inch in size, roundish- 
oval, compressed, oblique, with smooth surfaces. 


CARNATION 
Prunus cerasus 


1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 16 fig. 3. 1729. 3. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 
42. 1803. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:138, 139. 1832. 6. Downing 
Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig. 83. 1845. '7- Thompson Gard. Ass’t 529. 1859. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 
1862. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:91, 92, fig. 44. 1866-73. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 289. 1884. 

Cerise d'Orange. 11. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41. 1771. 

Rothe Oranienkirsche. 12. Kranitz Enc. 55,56. 1790. 13. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 456-463- 
1819. 14. Ill. Handb. 175 fig., 176. 1860. 

Carnation is a conspicuous cherry because of its beautiful color — red, 
a little variegated with white or yellow, hence the name. It is one of the 
Amarelles, similar to Montmorency except in color in which character it 
is more pleasing than the better-known sort. The stone separates from 
the pulp very readily leaving the flesh unusually bright and clean. Because 
of their sprightly refreshing flavor, the cherries are pleasing to the palate, 
as well as attractive to the eye. Unfortunately the trees are but 
moderately vigorous and fruitful and these qualities count so heavily 
against it as a commercial cherry that Carnation cannot be more than 
a fruit for amateurs unless under exceptional conditions. For a home 
plantation, however, it would be hard to name a better cherry of its kind. 
Carnation is another of the choicely good, old cherries, being first 

mentioned by John Rea in 1676 and later by Langley in 1729. Having 
been cultivated for so long and disseminated among so many growers who 
kept meagre records in early days, this sort became badly confused with 
other varieties, especially with the ‘‘Cerisier a gros fruit rouge-pale,’’ men- 
tioned by Duhamel in 1768. How old the variety truly is or where it 
originated cannot be said. Carnation seems to have been first mentioned 
in America by William Coxe in 1817 and a few years later it was growing 
on the grounds of William Prince, Flushing, New York. Since that time 
it has been quite widely disseminated throughout the United States but is 
grown less extensively now than formerly. The American Pomological 
Society, in 1862, placed Carnation on its list of recommended fruits where 


it still holds a place. 


CARNATION 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK II5 


Tree medium in size, spreading, becoming drooping, not very productive; trunk inter- 
mediate in thickness; branches reddish-brown overspread with ash-gray, with numerous 
lenticels variable in size; branchlets brown or ash-gray, smooth, with numerous con- 
spicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves very numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, oval to 
obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, roughened; lower surface dull, light green, thinly 
pubescent; apex acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches 
long, slender, dull red on the upper surface, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands 
on the stalk. 

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds, or in small 
clusters on numerous, short spurs; season of bloom late; flowers white, one and one-fourth 
inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, of 
medium thickness, glabrous, green; calyx-tube light reddish-green, campanulate, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes tinged with red, of medium length, broad, acute, glabrous within and without, 
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, entire, with short, broad claws, the apex notched; filaments 
in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil glabrous, shorter than 
the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season or later; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch in thick- 
ness, roundish-oblate, compressed; cavity deep, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened 
or with a deep depression; color medium to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, incon- 
spicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender, separating 
readily from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant colorless juice, tender and 
melting, sprightly; of very good quality; stone free, nearly one-half inch in diameter, 
roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces. 


CENTENNIAL 


Prunus avium 
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17, 159. 1885. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat- 
24. 1899. 

In California, Centennial is passing from the period of probation to 
one of general acceptance as a standard variety. Unfortunately it has not 
been well tested in the East but trees growing in a commercial orchard at 
Geneva show the variety to be a close competitor, in this instance at least, 
with its parent, Napoleon, the mainstay of Sweet Cherry growers in New 
York. In some respects it quite surpasses Napoleon. It is larger, sweeter 
and better flavored and has a smaller pit. The trees fall short of those 
of its well-known parent, however, in being less fruitful. Even more 
serious defects are, in the orchard under observation, that Centennial 
cracks and is less successful in resisting brown-rot than Napoleon though 
it surpasses many other well-known sorts in these respects. The two 
varieties under comparison may be further distinguished by the more 


116 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


oblate fruits of Centennial, by a more mottled color and by the pits which 
are longer and more pointed in the newer variety. Centennial is recom- 
mended for home orchards and experimentally for commercial plantations. 

Centennial is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Henry Chapman, 
Napa, California. It came in fruit in 1876 but was not introduced until 
1885, Leonard Coates of Napa, California, being the introducer. Despite 
its many merits, Centennial did not win a place on the fruit list of the 
American Pomological Society until 1899. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk thick, roughish; 
branches stout, smooth, brownish, with many large lenticels; branchlets thick, with inter- 
nodes of medium length. 

Leaves numerous, large, flattened, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface dark 
green, rugose; lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent; apex taper-pointed; margin 
coarsely serrate, with small and inconspicuous glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches 
long, pubescent, tinged with red, with from two to four large, reniform, greenish-red, 
flattened glands, usually on the stalk. 

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in small 
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; blooming season about the middle of May; 
flowers one and one-fourth inches across, usually arranged in twos and threes; pedicels 
variable in length averaging one and one-eighth inches, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx- 
tube faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, acute, glabrous on both 
surfaces, reflexed; petals oval, entire, tapering to short, narrow claws, with a slightly crenate 
apex; anthers greenish; filaments one-eighth inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil 
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures the last week in June, length of season rather short; very large, short- 
cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; suture distinct, broad, shallow; apex roundish or 
slightly depressed; color amber-yellow, speckled and overlaid with crimson; dots whitish, 
inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the pulp; skin thin, 
tender, cracks badly, adherent to the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, meaty, 
crackling, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, three-eighths inch 
in length, eleven-thirty-seconds inch in width, ovate, plump, oblique, with smooth surfaces; 


ridged on the ventral suture. 
CHOISY 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 


Cerisier a Fruit Ambré, a Fruit Blanc. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:185, 186, 187, Pl. XI. 1768. 

Schéne von Choisy. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 452-455. 1819. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333, 
334, 376. 1889. 

Belle de Choisy. 4. Pom. Mag. 1:42, Pl. 1828. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137. 1832. 6. Cultivator 
10:150 fig. 1843. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190 fig. 79. 1845. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 27, Pl. 
1846. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 37, 38, 102. 1852. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:63, fig. 2. 1853. 11. Elliott 
Fr. Book 189. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:169, 170 fig. 45, 
171,172. 1866, 14. MasLe Verger 8:113, 114, fig. 55. 1866-73. 15. Hogg Fruit Man. 276,280. 1884. 
16. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 80 fig., 81. 1904. 17. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 18. 1906. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 117 


It seems to be the consensus of opinion of a score or more of European 
and American pomologists who have known Choisy that it is the hand- 
somest and most delicious of all Duke cherries — one of the very best of 
all dessert cherries. In it are delicately combined the richness of the 
Sweet Cherry and the sprightliness of the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately, 
while it bears early and regularly, the trees are seldom fruitful. As an 
offset to unfruitfulness, however, the trees are vigorous, hardy and healthy. 
The cherries keep and stand the wear and tear of marketing as well as those 
of any other Duke. Its qualities all commend it for the home orchard 
and for a local market. In particular it may be recommended for cold 
climates where a true Sweet Cherry is not quite hardy, this hybrid being 
nearly as hardy as the other parent, the Sour Cherry. Unfortunately 
suitable specimens of this beautiful cherry could not be obtained for a 
color-plate and the description has had to be compiled in part. 

Duhamel describes two amber-colored cherries, one of which is listed 
by Leroy as Belle de Choisy. The Cerise Blanche, or Cerise Ambrée 
(Grosse), according to Leroy, was cultivated in Central France as early 
as 1628 and in 1667 Merlet wrote of it as the most curious and rare of all 
cherries. Kenrick, American Orchardist, 1832, lists a variety, Ambrée, 
which according to Floy-Lindley’s and Duhamel’s descriptions must be 
Choisy. Some writers, however, say that Choisy was first grown by M. 
Gondouin, a gardener for Louis XV, in 1760, at the village of Choisy near 
Paris. The American Pomological Society, in its report for 1852, mentioned 
this variety as having promise and ten years later listed it in the Society’s 
fruit catalog where it has since remained. 


Tree large, vigorous, spreading, somewhat open, hardy, but moderately productive; 
branches thick, of a clear grayish color with brownish-red tips; lenticels very numerous, 
large, roundish. 

Leaves numerous, very broad, obovate, rather abruptly pointed; upper surface shining 
dark green, deeply and regularly serrate to rather dentate. 

Buds large, thick, conical, clear brown somewhat covered with gray; season of bloom 
rather early; flowers white, large, numerous, borne in large clusters; petioles short, scarcely 
an inch in length; petals broadly round, edges dentate; calyx-lobes short, large; pistil 
longer than the stamens, 

Fruit matures in some localities just before May Duke, in others just after that variety, 
ordinarily ripe, however, at the end of June; usually attached in pairs, large, roundish to 
somewhat oval, flattened toward the base; cavity shallow, wide; suture shallow, indistinct; 
apex depressed; color attractive bright red mottled with yellow and amber; stem thick 
at the base, one and one-half to two inches long, generally forking at about one-half 


118 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


inch from the base; skin thin, somewhat firm, semi-transparent showing the netted texture 
of the pulp beneath; flesh pale amber, with abundant colorless juice, tender, melting, sweet, 
pleasant flavor; very good in quality; stone medium to small, roundish, pointed at the 
apex; dorsal suture indistinct; surfaces nearly smooth. 


CLEVELAND 
Prunus avium 


1. Horticulturist 2:60 fig. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191 fig., 192. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 
74. 1862. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:131. 1866. 
Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland. 5. Ill. Handb. 45 fig., 46. 1867. 


Cleveland is a Bigarreau which falls so far short of its near kin, as it 
grows in New York at least, as not to be worth planting except as an early 
cherry of its type—earliness being its one saving asset. The cherries closely 
resemble Rockport in size, color, shape and flavor, are in no way better 
than that somewhat mediocre sort and are even more subject to brown-rot. 
It ripens with Black Tartarian and can never compete in orchard or market 
with that sort. Possibly Cleveland has too much merit to be wholly 
neglected yet it certainly is not worth planting in New York unless in a 
locality where it does exceptionally well and when an early cherry of its 
kind is wanted. 

Cleveland is said by its introducer, Professor J. P. Kirtland, to be a 
seedling from Yellow Spanish. Its close similarity to Rockport suggests 
that it may have come from a pit of that variety. It was brought out in 
1842 but was not adopted by the American Pomological Society for its 
fruit list until 1862. Despite rapidly passing popularity it is still on this 
list. 


Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk of 
medium diameter and smoothness; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread 
with ash-gray, with many small lenticels; branchlets slender, brown partly overspread 
with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous small, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, 
obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium green, slightly rugose; lower surface 
light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, 
glandular; petiole often two inches long, reddish, rather slender, hairy, grooved, glandless 
or with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk. 

Buds small, short, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters 
of variable size on rather short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white, one and one- 
fourth inches across; borne in scattered clusters, usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths 
inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, tinged with red, light green within, broadly 
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, acute, glabrous within and 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK II9Q 


without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, with short, broad claws, notched and crinkled 
at the apex; filaments in four series, the longest averaging one-half inch in length; pistil 
glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, compressed, 
with an irregular surface; cavity wide, flaring, irregular; suture shallow, indistinct; apex 
somewhat obtusely-pointed; color light red overspreading yellow; dots numerous, small, 
yellowish, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; 
skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with colorless juice, 
tender and melting, sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, large, one-half inch long, oval, 
flattened at the base, plump, with smooth surfaces. 


CLUSTER 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572, fig. 10. 1629. 2. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 6. 1636. 3. Prince Pom. 


Man. 2:132, 133. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 194 fig., 195. 1845. 5- Hogg Fruit Man. 290. 
1884. 


Flanders Cluster. 6. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688. 

Cerisier 4 Bouquet. 7. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:176, 177, 178, Pl. VI. 1768. 8. Poiteau Pom. 
Franc. 2: No. 16, Pl. 1846. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:47, 48, fig. 22. 1866-73. 

Tros- Kers. 10. Knoop Fructologie 2:43. 1771. 

Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle. 11. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 621-629. 1819. 12. Dochnahl 
Fihr. Obstkunde 3:70, 71. 1858. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 340. 1889. 

Griotte 4 Bouquet. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:278, 279 fig., 280, 281. 1877. 


Cluster is a curiosity, characterized by fruits borne in clusters at the 
extremity of a single peduncle. The pistils vary from one to a dozen, 
setting from one to five perfect fruits in the cluster or from eight to twelve 
as the trees become older. The variety is little known in America but is 
well known in Europe, having first been described by Daléchamp in 1586, 
according to Leroy. Its origin is uncertain. Parkinson speaks of it as 
Flanders Cluster, in 1629, and as it was cultivated in Germany before 
1613 and nearly as soon in Switzerland it may be assumed that either 
South Germany or Flanders is its native home. It appears under several 
names in European fruit books, the terms trochet, bouquet, buschel, and 
trauben all signifying that the fruits are borne in clusters and usually refer- 
ring to this variety. The Cerisier 4 Trochet of Duhamel is probably a 
distinct variety. The fruit has little value and is cultivated chiefly as a 
curiosity. The following description is compiled: 


Tree small and bushy, moderately vigorous, dense, productive; branches numerous, 
long, slender, somewhat curved, drooping and often breaking under a load of fruit; inter- 
nodes long; leaves small, oblong, acuminate; margin doubly serrate; petiole thick, short, 
rigid, with small, roundish, conspicuous glands; blooming season late; flowers small. 


120 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Fruit matures the last of June, attached in twos or threes, with from two to eight 
fruits per cluster; variable in size, roundish, flattened at the extremities; suture prominent; 
color clear red becoming darker at maturity; skin tough, transparent; stem long, inserted 
in a deep cavity; flesh nearly white, transparent, with abundant juice which is usually 
uncolored but sometimes tinged red, very tender, sour, yet agreeable; quality fair; stone 
small, roundish, compressed. 

COE 


Prunus avium 


1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Coe’s Transparent. 2. Horticulturist 2:71, 72 fig. 1847-48. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 
4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:87 fig., 88. 1866. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 36:326. 1871. 6. Thomas Guide 
Prat. 15, 206. 1876. 

Guigne Coé. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:319 fig., 320. 1877. 

Coe’s Bunte Transparent. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343. 1889. 

Even earlier and certainly better than Cleveland, which we have just 
discussed, is Coe, long known as Coe’s Transparent. This is the first of 
the light-colored cherries to ripen and is a splendid fruit in quality and 
appearance. The color-plate shows this variety very well — possibly too 
well, since one of its defects is variability in color, the variant usually being 
very light colored and not as attractive as the type. A second defect is 
that the fruit runs rather small. The tree-characters are in the main very 
good. The variety can be distinguished, as a rule, by the large, spreading 
tree and to a lesser extent by its hardiness, vigor, healthfulness and fruit- 
fulness. Coe is worthy of a place in every home plantation, in orchards 
for local markets and in favored localities as an early cherry for the general 
market. 

Curtis Coe of Middletown, Connecticut, grew this variety early in the 
Nineteenth Century from a pit of what he supposed to be Ox Heart. The 
American Pomological Society included Coe in its list of recommended 
fruits in 1856. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, very productive; trunk stocky, shaggy; 
branches thick, smooth, dark reddish-brown overlaid with ash-gray, with many raised 
lenticels; branchlets stout, short, brown nearly covered with gray, smooth, glabrous, with 
numerous small, conspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, 
folded upward or flattened, long-elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green; 
lower surface light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely 
serrate, with small, black glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, thick, tinged 
with red, grooved, hairy, with from one to three large, reniform, greenish-yellow or reddish 
glands on the stalk. 


COE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I21I 


Buds large, long, conical, plump, free, in clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf- 
scars very prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches 
across, white; borne in dense clusters, thickly distributed over the tree in twos and threes; 
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green, broadly campanulate, 
glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; 
petals roundish, entire, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments one-quarter inch long; 
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures early; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly com- 
pressed; cavity regular, abrupt; suture indistinct; apex blunt-pointed or slightly depressed; 
color pale amber faintly mottled with red; dots small, light yellow, inconspicuous; stem 
slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, of medium tough- 
ness, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, 
sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free or free, one-half inch long, less than 
one-half inch wide, roundish, somewhat flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; ridged 
along the ventral suture. 

DIKEMAN 


Prunus avium 
1. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16, 17 fig. 1897. 


Dikeman has some merit as a very late Sweet Cherry but here its use- 
fulness ends. The cherries are too small and the pits too large for this 
variety to have great worth. The tree is somewhat remarkable for its 
spreading habit and stout branches. Plant-breeders seeking for a very 
late sort might well choose Dikeman as a parent. 

Two very similar cherries, with a variation in the spelling, pass under 
this name. Late in the Eighteenth Century there appeared a cherry on 
the Dyckman farm near New York City. Some thought it to be identical 
with Black Tartarian; others said it was distinct and called it Dyckman. 
It was never more than of local note. Some few years ago the late S. D. 
Willard of Geneva introduced the Dikeman cherry from the farm of George 
B. Dikeman, Oceana County, Michigan. This variety often goes under 
the name Dykeman but from the information at hand we feel certain that 
Dikeman is the correct spelling. On our grounds this variety and Black 
Tartarian, although similar, are two distinct sorts, the Dikeman being 
later, firmer and a clingstone. 


Tree large, vigorous, broadly-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches 
thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels 
which are variable in size; branchlets short, brown, partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, 
glabrous, with inconspicuous, slightly raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, 
folded upward, obovate to long-elliptical, thin; upper surface medium green, slightly rugose; 


122 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


lower surface light green, faintly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely 
and doubly serrate; petiole about one and one-half inches long, tinged with red, with a few 
hairs, with from one to four reniform, reddish glands, usually on the stalk. 

Buds large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in clusters 
variable in size on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers 
white, one and three-eighths inches across; borne in scattering clusters, in ones, twos or 
threes; pedicels one and one-fourth inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube tinged 
with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with reddish tinge, broad, acute, glabrous 
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch 
at the apex; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate; cavity wide, 
flaring; suture shallow, indistinct; apex slightly pointed, with a small depression at the 
center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, 
one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, adherent to the 
pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, mild, somewhat aromatic, 
sweet; of good quality; stone clinging, longer than wide, ovate, flattened, with smooth 
surfaces, somewhat marked with a reddish tinge. 


DOUBLE GLASS 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 
1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 440-451, 487-490, 689. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:51. 
52. 1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 163 fig., 164. 1860. 4. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. §. Ia. Hort. Soc. 
Rpt. 80. 1890. 6. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:7. 1892. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:274. 1903. 
Amarelle Double de Verre. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:197-201, fig. 55. 1866. 
Great Cornelian. 9. Hogg Fruit Man. 299. 1884. 
Glass. 10. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903. 

Double Glass is a Duke, a hybrid more nearly resembling the Sweet 
Cherry than the Sour Cherry. The trees grow remarkably well in nursery 
and orchard and their behavior so pleased growers when the variety was 
brought to notice that it became for a time quite the vogue. But the 
trees turned out to be unproductive and the cherries so mediocre that 
the variety rapidly passed through its heyday of popularity. The fruits 
are curiously marked, the suture being so deep as to make them appear 
double — hence the name. The variety has no value where sweet sorts 
are hardy but possibly might find a niche somewhere in regions where a 
more tender Sweet Cherry cannot be grown. 

This variety, of ancient and unknown origin, dates back at least to 
1792 when Truchsess received it from Christ under the names Grosse 
Frihkirsche and Englische Erzherzogskirsche, both of which were incorrect, 
the first because it was not characteristic since the fruit did not ripen early, 
and the second because it denoted a class of dark-fleshed cherries. In 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 123 


France, Double Glass has long been cultivated under the name Amarelle 
Double de Verre. The variety was brought to America from Russia in 
1883 by Professor J. L. Budd. While grown for a time in the Central 
States it was never highly regarded and has now nearly passed from 
cultivation. The following description is a compilation: 

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading becoming divergent with age, usually hardy, 
rather unproductive; branchlets thick, reddish-brown; leaves healthy, small to medium, 
ovate, with serrated margins; buds large, prominent. 

Fruit matures the latter part of June; usually large, roundish-oblate, with a very 
deep suture; color light red becoming much darker at maturity; stem long, thick; skin 
thin, tough, translucent; flesh yellowish, with abundant uncolored juice, firm, tender, 
sprightly; good in quality; stone medium in size, roundish. 


DOUBLE NATTE 


Prunus cerasus 

1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 538, 539. 1819. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 292. 1884. 3. Mich. Hort. 
Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:67. 1903. 

Cerise van der Nat. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:41. 1771. 

Kirsche von der Natte. 6. Krainitz Enc. 69, 70. 1790. '7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 539-542. 
1819. 8. Ill. Handb. 509 fig., 510. 1861. 

Budd’s importations of Russian cherries, to which reference is so often 
made in this text, brought forth almost universal praise for any and all 
of the foreign sorts. Cultural tests soon demonstrated, however, that most 
of the varieties were comparatively worthless; Double Natte is one of 
these. It is a very mediocre cherry of the Morello group in nowise equal 
to English Morello except when earliness is a prime requisite, this sort 
being one of the earliest of the Morellos. In flavor it is equal to English 
Morello but is no better. At Geneva the trees are seldom very fruitful. 
From the eulogistic reports of its behavior in the Middle West it would 
seem that it was better adapted to lowa, for instance, than for New York. 

This variety was first mentioned by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, 
in 1771 — origin not given. Some years ago Professor J. L. Budd also 
imported from Russia a cherry under the name Riga No. 18. This cherry 
has been grown as a separate variety under the name Riga but the 
descriptions of it are all identical with those of Double Natte and there 
can be no doubt but that they are one and the same. . 

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, productive; 
trunk and branches smooth; branches brown nearly covered with ash-gray, with a few 
large lenticels; branchlets long, with short internodes, brown partly covered with ash-gray, 
smooth, with a few very large, raised lenticels. 


124 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Leaves numerous, three and three-eighths inches long, one and three-fourths inches 
wide, folded upward, short-obovate, thick, stiff; upper surface glossy, slightly rugose; 
lower surface pale green, thinly pubescent; apex sharp-pointed, tapering toward the base; 
margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole thick, dull red, grooved on the upper surface, 
nearly one inch long, glandless or with one or two small glands at the base of the blade. 

Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small 
clusters on spurs; leaf-scars inconspicuous; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, 
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels 
one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint reddish tinge, cam- 
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged red, long, acute, glabrous within and without, 
reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to short, narrow claws, with a broad but shallow 
notch at the apex; filaments about one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than 
the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical, com- 
pressed; cavity somewhat abrupt, regular; suture deep, distinct, often extending entirely 
around the fruit; apex depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, brownish, obscure; 
stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long, adheres strongly to the fruit; skin thin, 
tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, tender and 
melting, sprightly, sour; good to very good in quality; stone nearly free, longer than wide, 
nearly round, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral 
suture. 

DOWNER 


Prunus avnum 
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835. 2. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:93, 94, Pl. 1851. 
Downer’s Red Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 276. 1832. 
Downer’s Late. 4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:65, Pl. 1854. 
Guigne Tardive de Downer. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:95 fig., 96,97. 1866. 

Downer is a Sweet Cherry, one of the so-called ‘‘ Hearts ’’ much prized 
by those who know it as a late cherry delicately and richly flavored. Pos- 
sibly it is the best of the late Sweet Cherries. Several defects keep it from 
being of any considerable worth; it thrives only in the choicest soils; the 
trees are often unhealthy as well as lacking in vigor; the flesh is thin and 
the stone is large; and, though the cherries set abundantly, the yield is small 
because the fruits are small. So, while the variety is almost indispensable 
in a home orchard, ripening after almost all of the dessert cherries have 
gone, Downer has small place in a commercial plantation. It should be 
said further in its favor, however, as a commercial fruit, that it stands 
harvesting and shipping very well. 

Downer takes the name of Samuel Downer, Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
who grew it some time before 1832 when it first found a place in pomological 
works. It was included by the American Pomological Society in its 


DOUBLE NATTE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 125 


schedule of fruits in 1848 as Downer’s Late. It now appears as Downer 
with Downer’s Late Red as a synonym in accordance with the rules of 
the Society. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive; trunk thick, with 
shaggy bark; branches thick, roughened, dark brown overspread with dark gray, with 
numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, 
smooth, with inconspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, 
obovate, rather stiff; upper surface dark green; lower surface light green, hairy along 
the veins; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one inch 
long, thick, dark red, grooved, glandless or with from one to three large, globose or reni- 
form glands on the stalk. 

Buds small, except the terminals which are large, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly 
as lateral buds, or in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; flowers white, 
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in thin clusters in ones and in twos; pedicels 
variable in length often one inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube faintly tinged with red, cam- 
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, acuminate, glabrous within and without, 
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, somewhat sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; pistil 
glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length, often defective. 

Fruit matures among the latest; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish- 
cordate, slightly compressed; cavity very shallow, flaring; suture obscure; apex variable 
in shape usually somewhat pointed; color light to dark red frequently showing an amber 
background on the shaded side; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one 
and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; 
flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, somewhat stringy, tender, with soft flesh, mild and 
pleasant, sweet when fully ripe; good to very good in quality; stone large, free, ovate, 
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture. 


DYEHOUSE 
Prunus cerasus 
1. Horticulturist 25:176,177. 1870. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 161. 1881. 3. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 

Dyehouse is conspicuous among cherries for its earliness and for the 
beauty of its fruit. Early Richmond is the standard early cherry yet 
Dyehouse is a week earlier, just as attractive in appearance and equally 
well flavored. It is near of kin to Early Richmond but the two may be 
distinguished by the difference in time of ripening and by its brighter, 
clearer color, greater opaqueness, more highly colored juice and slightly 
smaller size. Possibly this cherry would supersede the better-known Early 
Richmond were it not for the defect in size and for the further faults of 
being less productive and more capricious to environment, as it fails to 


126 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


thrive in localities where the older sort is quite at home. It is a worthy 
rival of Early Richmond, however, and ought to be grown both for home 
and commercial purposes far more than it is. 

To H. T. Harris of Stamford, Kentucky, belongs the honor of intro- 
ducing this well-known cherry. Although its parentage is unknown, it is 
almost certain that a Mr. Dyehouse, Lincoln County, Kentucky, raised 
the tree from a pit sixty or more years ago. At the time of its introduction 
its characteristics were not clearly drawn and many believed it to be the 
Early Richmond. In time, however, differences were shown, as we have 
set forth in the preceding paragraph. It was added to the fruit list of the 
American Pomological Society in 1897. 


Tree small, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense, round-topped, 
productive; trunk and branches slightly roughened; branches reddish-brown covered 
with dark ash-gray, with large, elongated, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, 
variable in length, brown overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, incon- 
spicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, slightly folded 
upward, obovate to long-oval; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface light 
green, with a few hairs along the midrib; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely 
serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red, with 
a few hairs along the grooved upper surface, with from one to three small, globose, green- 
ish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters on short spurs; 
leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one inch across, white; borne 
in dense but well-distributed clusters, usually at the ends of spur-like branches, in twos, 
threes or fours; pedicels one and one-half inches long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, 
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, serrate, glabrous within and without, 
reflexed; petals roundish-obovate, entire, almost sessile, with entire apex; filaments one- 
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, nearly equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures early; more than one-half inch in diameter, oblate, slightly compressed; 
cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with 
a small depression at the center; color dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; stem one 
inch long, adhering to the pulp; skin thin, tough; flesh light yellowish-white, with pinkish 
juice, tender, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone nearly free, ovate, slightly 
flattened, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture. 


EAGLE 
Prunus avium 


1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 104:84. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 
Black Eagle. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828. 4. Pom. Mag. 3:127, Pl. 127. 1830. 5. Kenrick 
Am. Orch. 274, 275. 1832. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 170 fig. 62. 1845. 7 Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. 


DOWNER 


DYEHOUSE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 127 


Gard. 102. 1846. 8. Mag. Hort. 14:386, 387 fig. 37. 1848. 9. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 
to. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:85, Pl. 1851. 11. Horticulturist N. S. 4:287. 1854. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 
108, 186. 1856. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:77-79, fig. 12. 1866. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:83, 84, fig. 
42. 1882. 15. Hogg Fruit Man. 285, 286. 1884. 16. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:491 fig. 86. 1895. 

We hesitatingly follow the American Pomological Society in calling 
this variety Eagle when it has so long been known as Black Eagle, the 
name given it by the great pomologist, Knight. Were this choicely good 
cherry larger in size, it would still be a prime favorite with growers for in 
many respects it is one of the best varieties of its species. Its flavor is 
excellent; the trees are usually fruitful; it ripens at a good time in the 
cherry season, just after Black Tartarian; the cherries are less liable to 
crack than many of its rivals; and the trees are as hardy, healthy and 
vigorous as those of any Sweet Cherry. Some complain that the trees do 
not bear well at first but are productive only with age. But, after all, it 
is its high quality that gives Eagle so much merit that it ought not to be 
forgotten — makes it worth a place in every home orchard and commends 
it highly to commercial growers of cherries who want a finely finished 
product for either local or general market. The fruit-stems of this variety 
are characteristically long. 

Eagle was grown about 1806 by Sir Thomas Andrew Knight at Down- 
ton Castle, Wiltshire, England, by fertilizing the Bigarreau of the old 
writers, our Yellow Spanish, with pollen of the May Duke. The correct- 
ness of the parentage as given has been questioned because of its inherited 
characteristics. But if the May Duke is a hybrid between a Sweet and a 
Sour, a pure Sweet offspring is not an impossibility. In 1823, Honorable 
John Lowell of Massachusetts received Eagle from Knight. Prince men- 
tioned this cherry in his Treatise of Horticulture, 1828, but the exact date 
of its introduction into New York is unknown. In 1848 it was placed on 
the list of fruits adopted by the National Convention of Fruit Growers 
and since then it has been retained on the fruit list of the American Pomo- 
logical Society. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, unproductive at first but improv- 
ing with age; trunk and branches thick, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly covered 
with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets thick, brownish partly covered 
with light ash-gray, the surface slightly ribbed and with small, raised, inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, 
long, obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light 
green,‘thinly pubescent; apex variable in shape; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with 


128 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


dark glands; petiole nearly two inches long, tinged with red, with a few hairs, with from 
two to four reniform, brownish glands usually on the stalk. 

Buds large, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in 
clusters on spurs of medium length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers 
white, one and one-eighth inches across; borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; 
pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green faintly tinged with 
red, campanulate; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, glabrous within and without, 
reflexed; petals irregular-oval, crenate, with short, blunt claws and with a crenate apex; 
anthers yellowish; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens 
in length. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate, somewhat cordate, 
compressed; cavity regular, flaring; suture a faint groove; apex pointed or slightly 
depressed; color dark red almost black; dots small, russet, medium in number, obscure; 
stem slender, two inches long; skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, with wine-colored juice, 
meaty, tender, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; very good to best in quality; stone 
free except along the ventral suture, rather small, ovate, slightly flattened, blunt, with 
smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. 


EARLY MAY 


Prunus fruticosa 


1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig. 2. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 479. 1869. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884. 

May. 5. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629. 

Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond Précoce. 6. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:168, 169, 170, Pl. III. 1768. 

Friihe Zwergweichsel. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 492-498. 1819. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 
349, 350, 372. 1889. 

Amarell-Weichsel. 9. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:57, 58. 1858. 

Précoce de Montreuil. 10. Mas Le Verger 8:141, 142, fig. 69. 1866-73. 

Griottier Nain Précoce. 11. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:293 fig., 294. 1877. 


As the only cultivated representative of the European Dwarf Cherry, 
Early May should be of especial interest to cherry-growers. It is a true 
dwarf variety, the trees seldom attaining a height of more than six or seven 
feet. Both tree and branches are very flexible so that Early May is well 
adapted to the wall-training of European countries. It has further value 
in its earliness, being the earliest of all cherries. It is doubtful whether 
the variety can now be obtained in America but it ought to be reintroduced 
both for the fruit and because it is a handsome ornamental. Early May 
has several characters to recommend it to plant-breeders. The description 
herewith given is compiled from European fruit-books. 

Pliny in his Natural History mentions the Macedonian and the Cha- 
maecerasus cherries, both of which we now believe to have been Prunus 
fruticosa, the European Dwarf Cherry. Early May, according to European 


EAGLE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 129 


botanists, is a variety of this dwarf species and may be the identical cherry 
that Pliny described. Following Pliny it was mentioned by Estienne, a 
Frenchman, in 1540, by Knoop, the Dutch pomologist, in 1771, by Parkin- 
son, the English herbalist, in 1629, and, as the references show, by most 
pomologists since. The names May and Early May have been applied to 
several varieties, and especially in the West to the Early Richmond but 
all are distinct and ought not to be confused with this, the true variety. 

Tree very small, rather weak; branches numerous, slender, somewhat curved, flexible, 
branchlets slender, pendant; leaves abundant, very small, obovate or oblong, acuminate; 
margin irregularly and deeply serrate; petiole short, slender, without glands; blooming 
season very early; flowers small; petals oval. 

Fruit matures very early, usually attached in pairs; small, roundish, slightly flattened; 
suture indistinct; color bright red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one inch long, 
slender, set in a small, regular cavity; skin thin; flesh yellowish-white, sometimes tinged 
red under the skin, tender, juicy, brisk but pleasant subacid; quality fair; stone very small, 
roundish. 

EARLY MORELLO 
Prunus cerasus 


1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:118. 1900. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:275. 1903. 
Orel No. 23. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:68, 77 fig. 17. 1903. 


This, which we think is the true Early Morello, is worthy an extended 
description in The Cherries of New York chiefly because there are several 
cherries of this name. The confusion results in much vexation to cherry- 
growers in the West where, only, these cherries have been planted. The 
full description should make clear at least the character of the variety 
which is being grown at this Station as Early Morello. About all that 
can be said of the variety as it grows here is that the trees are hardy, healthy, 
vigorous, fruitful and regular in bearing. The cherries show the variety to 
be of the Amarelle group but are such as to make it far inferior to Mont- 
morency and other well-known Amarelles. The name is misleading, as 
the variety has little in common, in tree or fruit, with the true Morellos. 

The cherry described here as Early Morello was introduced by 
Professor J. L. Budd from Orel, Russia, as Orel No. 23. It has proved 
very productive and hardy throughout the West and resembles Early 
Richmond, though smaller, a trifle darker, less acid and a week later. A 
dark-fleshed variety from Erfurt, Prussia, was sent out from Rosedale, 
Kansas, where it is known as Early Morello. This, and one by D. U. 
Reed, Blue Springs, Nebraska, appear to be very similar to the Northwest, 


or Wier No. 29. 
9 


130 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive; trunk rather 
thick, shaggy; branches with numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, short; leaves 
two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, thick, stiff, dark green, 
rather glossy, smooth; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole 
glandless or with from one to three small, globose, brown or yellowish glands variable 
in position; buds small, short, obtuse, in small clusters at the ends of slender, branch- 
like spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across; pistil equal 
to or slightly longer than the stamens, sometimes defective. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, 
compressed; color attractive dark red; stem one inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin 
thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh light yellow, with pinkish juice, tender and 
melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed, 
with smooth surfaces, somewhat tinged with red. 


EARLY PURPLE 


Prunus avium 

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Purple Cherry. 2. Ray Hist. Plant. 1540. 1688. 

Early Purple Guigne. 3. Cultivator N.S. 4:280 fig. 2. 1847. 4. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:93, 94, Pl. 1851. 
5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1852. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 7 Mas Le Verger 8:129, 130, 
fig. 63. 1866~73. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:57 fig. 3, 58, 59. 1866. 9. Horticulturist 25:71 fig. 1870. 
10. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:334, 335 fig., 336. 1877. 11. Hogg Fruit Man. 295. 1884. 12. Guide Prat. 
6, 193. 1895. 

Purple Guigne. 13. Elliott Fr. Book 195 fig. 1854. 

Early Purple is a valuable cherry on account of its earliness, its attrac- 
tive color and high quality. The trees bear well and regularly after having 
become established in the orchard. The variety has the reputation of 
being a poor grower in the nursery and as a young tree in the orchard but 
with age it takes on vigor and at all times is as healthy as those of any 
Sweet Cherry. More than most cherries, this variety responds to good 
care and a choice cherry soil—a warm, free-working loam being best. A 
rather unusual and serious defect of this variety is that the fruit-spurs 
are easily broken during picking and the crop of the next season thereby 
cut short. Another fault is that it is the favorite food of the robin where 
this, the worst of all cherry pests, abounds. The cherries of this variety 
do not attain their rich purple color until full maturity is reached. Hogg, 
the English pomologist, maintains that Early Purple does better on the 
Mahaleb than on the Mazzard stock. No home collection should be 
without this variety and it can often be profitably grown as an early cherry 
for the local market. 


Early Purple is the Early Purple Guigne of most fruit-books, the 


EARLY PURPLE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 131 


name having been shortened by the American Pomological Society, though, 
since the variety goes back to the Early Purple of Ray in 1688, the name 
here used has the right of precedence. As to what the origin and history 
of the variety were before Ray mentioned it, we can find no record. Early 
Purple was brought to America over a hundred years ago. According to 
Elliott, eastern growers received it directly from England, while in the 
West it was brought over by a party of German emigrants, under the name 
“German May Duke” and as such it is still much grown in localities in 
the Central West. In 1852, the American Pomological Society listed 
Early Purple as one of the promising new fruits and later, in 1856, it was 
given a place, which it has since retained, on the Society’s catalog of fruits 
recommended for general cultivation. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, 
smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with large lenticels; 
branchlets short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughened, with a few small, incon- 
spicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded 
upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, 
very lightly pubescent; apex and base acute; margin finely serrate, with small, dark 
colored glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, with 
few hairs, with two or three small, globose, reddish glands on the stalk. 

Buds variable in size and shape, rather long, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral 
buds and in small clusters on spurs variable in length; season of bloom early; flowers 
white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos; 
pedicels characteristically long, often one and one-fourth inches, slender, glabrous; calyx- 
tube with a faint tinge of red, campanulate; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, acute, 
serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broadly oval, serrate, with short, 
blunt claws and a shallow, notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, 
shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures very early; one inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed; cavity 
regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, 
grayish, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, nearly two inches long, adhering to the 
fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp; flesh dark reddish-purple, with 
dark colored juice, tender, melting, mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free except 
along the ventral suture, rather large, broadly oval, compressed near the apex, with smooth 
surfaces. 

EARLY RICHMOND 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:142. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 194, 


195 fig. 1854. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:115 fig., 116. 1900. 
Flanders. 6. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629. 


132 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Kentish. 7. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 660, 661. 1819. 
9. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 196 fig., 197. 1845. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 11. Mas Le Verger 
8:25, 26, fig. 11. 1866-73. 

Cerisier Hatif. 12. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:170, 171, Pl. IV. 1768. 13. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 657, 658, 691. 1819. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 13, Pl. 1846. 15. Leroy Dict. 


Pom. 5:343, 344 fig., 345. 1877. 

Cerise de Volger. 16. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 43. 1771. 

Frihzeitige Amarelle. 17. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 616-618. 1819. 18. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obst- 
Runde 3:70. 1858. 

Early Griotte. 19. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131, 132. 1832. 

French. 20. Quebec Pom. & Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 122, 123. 1906. 


Early Richmond has long been the leading Sour Cherry of its season 
— the first of its kind in the markets. It is not a remarkable variety in 
its fruit-characters, the cherries being but medium in size, mediocre in 
quality and not handsomer than other Amarelles with which it belongs. 
It is, however, a very good culinary fruit and when well ripened may be 
eaten out of hand with relish by those who like the refreshing acidity of 
a Sour Cherry. Though not in nearly as great demand for canning as 
Montmorency it still makes a very good canned product, being used more 
than it otherwise would be to prolong the canning season because of its 
earliness. Before cherries were largely canned for the markets, Early 
Richmond was much used in making dried cherries, the product, rightly 
cured, making a delicious sweetmeat which would keep for several months. 
The cherries are remarkable for the tenacity with which the stone clings 
to the stem. It is the tree in which the Early Richmond particularly 
surpasses. It thrives in varied soils and climates from the St. Lawrence 
to the Carolinas and from the Atlantic to the Pacific — possibly the most 
cosmopolitan of all cherries — and everywhere vigorous, healthy and fruit- 
ful. For the many purposes for which it may be used and because of the 
characters of the tree, Early Richmond is indispensable in every home and 
commercial orchard for an early cherry. After Montmorency it is more 
largely grown than any other cherry, Sweet or Sour, in New York. 

Early Richmond is the old Kentish of English writers, confused more 
or less with the different Montmorencies. Whether or not this variety 
was introduced into Kent, England, by the Romans and became thus 
early the Kentish or whether it came from Flanders or Holland where it 
was called Cerise de Volger, is not now certain. Probably, however, it is 
one of the many seedlings of the Cerise Commune, as are the Montmoren- 
cies, and was first known as Cerisier Hatif. Early in the Sixteenth 
Century the gardener of Henry VIII made extensive plantings in Kent 


EARLY RICHMOND 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 133 


with trees supposed to have come from Flanders, and Parkinson, in 1629, 
mentions a variety as Flanders which was probably this cherry. The 
variety, soon known by many English writers as Kentish, was confused by 
the French who seem to have had two Kentish cherries. In English nur- 
series Kentish was soon confused with Montmorency. In this way the 
terms Kentish, Flanders, Flemish and Montmorency came into use for this 
sort. It was early brought to America where it became known as Early 
Richmond but even here it has several names. The belief that it origi- 
nated at Richmond, Virginia, was due to the fact that William Prince 
secured his first trees from that source. By whom the variety was intro- 
duced into this country is unknown, although Thacher speaks of it as early 
as 1822. In the South it became known as Virginia May, while in the 
West it has been called Early May. The variety appeared on the fruit list 
of the American Pomological Society as Kentish in 1862 but in 1871 the 
name was changed to Early Richmond. It is listed by all prominent nur- 
series in this country as Richmond or Early Richmond while in England 
it is still known as Kentish. The French cherry, often spoken of as 
“the common French cherry,” introduced into the lower St. Lawrence 
region, is very similar to Early Richmond. This strain, propagated from 
seed or sprouts, seems to be somewhat hardier than Early Richmond and 
varies slightly from it in size and quality. 


Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, round-topped, productive: 
trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-brown lightly overspread with dull gray, 
with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, grayish, smooth, with numerous small, 
inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, 
folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface pale 
green; apex variable in shape, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; 
petiole glandless or with one or two globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the 
blade. 

Buds small, short, obtuse, very plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters on very 
short spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, 
white; borne in scattering clusters, usually in twos and threes: pedicels five-eighths inch 
long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes 
with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, 
entire, sessile, with a shallow, wide notch at the apex; filaments over one-fourth inch long; 
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, compressed; 
cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish or flattened, with a slight depres- 
sion at the center; color light red changing to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, 


134 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


inconspicuous; stem slender, one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather tough, 
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with light pinkish juice, stringy, tender and 
melting, sprightly, pleasant flavored; good to very good in quality; stone free, small, 
roundish-ovate, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces; somewhat roughened along the 
ventral suture. 

ELKHORN 

Prunus avium 


1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 213. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 
1899. 

John Tradescantes Cherrie. 4. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. 

Hertogs- Kers. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771. 

Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 180-192. 1819. 7. Dochnahl 
Fihr. Obstkunde 3:36. 1858. 8. Ill. Handb. 89 fig., 90. 1860. 9. Lauche Deut. Pom. ILI: No. 6, Pl. 
1882. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357, 358. 1889. 

Tradescant's Black Heart. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188 fig., 189. 1845. 12. Thompson Gard. 
Ass't 526. 1859. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 

Gros Bigarreau Noir. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:108-111, fig. 24. 1866. 15. Leroy Dict. Pom. 
53224, 225 fig., 226. 1877. 

St. Margaret's Cherry. 16. Flor. & Pom. 105, Pl. 542. 1881. 

Elkhorn has served its day and is now being rapidly superseded by 
other cherries of the Bigarreau group to which it belongs. It was valued 
by the old pomologists because of the large size of the fruit, the firm flesh, 
late ripening, rich flavor, and because it hangs well on the tree long after 
maturity. But it fails in competition with other Bigarreaus in bearing 
cherries quite variable in size, in the diminishing size of the fruit as the 
trees attain age and more than all else in being but moderately productive. 
The bark of the trunk and main branches is so heavily overspread with 
gray as to make this a distinguishing mark. The fruit, too, is distinct in 
appearance by reason of the irregular surface of the skin. The variety 
possesses no characters, as it usually grows, to make it worth planting 
either for home or market. 

The history of this old cherry was almost hopelessly confused by 
the early horticulturists by the vast number of names they used for it, 
many of which belonged to other varieties. Elkhorn is supposed to have 
been raised by John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I of England, under 
the name Tradescant’s Black Heart. Of this cherry, John Parkinson in 
1629 says: ‘‘ John Tradescantes Cherrie is most usually sold by our 
Nursery Gardiners, for the Archdukes cherrie, because they have more 
plenty thereof, and will better be increased, and because it is so faire and 
good a cherrie that it may be obtruded without much discontent: it is a 


reasonably good bearer, a faire great berrie, deepe coloured, and a little 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 135 


pointed.’”’ Itis not known when or how Elkhorn got to America. The first 
cherry-grower in this country to mention it was William Prince, in 1832, 
who says that his father noticed the variety growing in a garden next to 
a hotel in Maryland about 1797 and brought cions of it to New York after- 
wards propagating and selling it under the name Elkhorn given to the 
cherry by the hotel proprietor. Elkhorn was at one time very popular 
and well disseminated throughout the United States and is sold now by a 
large number of nurserymen either under the name Tradescant’s Black 
Heart or as Elkhorn. In 1862, the American Pomological Society listed 
in its fruit catalog Tradescant’s Black Heart but dropped it in 1877. In 
1899 this Society placed the variety in its catalog under the name Elkhorn 
and it still remains on its list of recommended fruits. From its history 
it is apparent that this cherry is rightly called Tradescant or Black Heart 
or by some combination of these terms but Elkhorn has been adopted by 
the American Pomological Society, is everywhere in common use on this 
continent and is so distinctive that we choose for this text the newer name. 


Tree large, very vigorous, upright, open-topped, moderately productive; trunk stocky, 
smooth; branches stout, smooth, with numerous small lenticels, reddish-brown heavily 
overspread with ash-gray; branchlets thick. 

Leaves numerous, three and three-fourths inches long, two and one-fourth inches 
wide, short-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, roughish; lower surface 
dull, light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute; margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole 
with from one to three raised glands of medium size, variable in shape, usually on the 
stalk. 

Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to 
conical, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture indistinct; apex roundish 
or pointed, with a slight depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, 
small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-eighths inches long, adhering to 
the fruit; skin thin, tender, adhering somewhat to the pulp; flesh a characteristically dark 
purplish-red, with very dark colored juice, meaty, firm, crisp, mild, sweet; of good quality; 
stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. 


ELTON 
Prunus avium 


1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 2. Prince Pom. Man, 2:121,122. 1832. 3. Pom. Mag.2:92, P; 
1839. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig. 77. 1845. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 6. Am. Pom, 
Soc. Rpt. 75. 1850. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 8. Elliott Fr. Book 194 fig. 1854. 9. Thompson 
Gard. Ass’t 528. 1859. to. Ill. Handb. 105 fig., 106. 1860. 11. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:91 fig. 17, 92, 
93. 1866. 12. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 463 fig. 1869. 13. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:196, 197 fig. 1877. 

Flesh Coloured Bigarreau. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128. 1832. 15. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 182 
fig. 74. 1845. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:192, 193 fig. 1877. 


136 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Elton has been freely recommended and widely cultivated in Europe 
and America for the past century and probably no cherry has given more 
general satisfaction. The variety is distinguished by the form, color, flesh 
and flavor of its fruit. The cherries are oblong-heart-shaped — possibly 
too much drawn out for best appearance and often too oblique; the color, 
very well shown in the color-plate, is most attractive and makes up for 
any defect in shape —a dark red mottled with amber, very bright, clear 
and glossy; the flesh, a little too soft to ship well, is delicate and most 
pleasing to the palate; the flavor is peculiarly rich and luscious being hardly 
surpassed by that of any other cherry. The trees may be as readily told 
as the fruit, by the unusually dark red color of the petioles of the leaves. 
The branches are stout and bear the crop thickly placed close to the wood and 
in prodigious quantities. Unfortunately it has a fault which in America, at 
least, makes it almost unfit for a commercial plantation. Brown-rot, the 
scourge of the Sweet Cherry, attacks this variety more aggressively than 
almost any other sort and for this reason, while its merits can hardly be 
too highly spoken of, Elton must remain for most part a variety for the 
home orchard. The tree, perfect in most respects, is a little tender to 
cold. Leroy, the French pomologist, thinks it does betteron Mahaleb than 
on the Mazzard stock. 

This is another cherry from Thomas Andrew Knight, the great English 
pomologist. Knight fruited it first about 1806, the tree coming from a pit 
of Yellow Spanish, the paternal parent being White Heart. From the 
first it took a high place in English and continental pomology as it did 
also in America upon being brought here in 1823. The variety is every- 
where known and grown in America and is for sale by many nurserymen. 
Elton was one of the fruits to receive attention at the first meeting of the 
American Pomological Society in 1848, and in 1852 was put on the list of 
recommended fruits where it still remains. 

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, 
smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with small lenticels; 
branchlets long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised 
lenticels, intermediate in number and size. 

Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded 
upward, long-obovate to elliptical, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface 
light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, 
dark glands; petiole two inches long, heavily tinged with red, with a few scattering hairs 


along the upper surface, with from two to four reniform or globose, reddish-brown glands 
on the stalk. 


ELTON 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 137 


Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on very 
short spurs variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; mid-season in blooming; flowers one 
and one-half inches across, white; borne in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, 
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with 
red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, 
entire, nearly sessile, with a shallow notch at the apex; filaments about one-half inch long; 
pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; about one inch long, three-fourths inch wide, cordate to conical, 
somewhat compressed and oblique; cavity rather abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex 
distinctly pointed; color dark red with an amber tinge, faintly mottled; dots numerous, 
small, light yellow, obscure; stem slender, one and three-fourths inches long; skin thin, ten- 
der, separating from the pulp; flesh white with a tinge of yellow, with colorless juice, slightly 
stringy, tender, very mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free except along the ventral 
suture, one-half inch long, long-ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces; some- 
what ridged along the ventral suture. 


EMPRESS EUGENIE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 


1. Gard. Mon. 7:277. 1865. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:159 fig. 41, 160. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 
8:5, 6, fig. 1. 1866-73. 4. Pom. France 7: No. 10, Pl. 10. 1871. 5. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 383. 1875. 
6G. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1877. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:348 fig., 349. 1877. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 
296, 297. 1884. 9. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 78, Pl. 29. 1894. 

Eugenie. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1883. 


This old French cherry, for many years largely advertised and widely 
sold in America, does not thrive in the New World as well as the reports 
say it does in the Old World. The two faults that condemn it, as it grows 
here, are that the cherries ripen very unevenly making several pickings 
necessary and the trees are so small that, though loaded with fruit, the 
total yield is not large. Lesser faults are that the cherries are not uniform 
in shape and are borne thickly in close clusters so that when brown-rot is 
rife this variety suffers greatly. The short stem, too, prevents easy picking. 
To offset these faults Empress Eugenie has to its credit the reputation of 
being about the most refreshing and delicious Duke. Ina home plantation 
where the unevenness in ripening can be utilized to prolong the season and 
where dwarfness may not be undesirable, Empress Eugenie may well find 
a place. 

This cherry appeared in 1845 as a chance seedling on the grounds of 
M. Varenne at Belleville, near Paris, France. It first fruited about 1850 
and four years later the Horticultural Society of Paris placed it, under 
the name Impératrice Eugénie, on its list of recommended fruits. M. A. 
Gontier, a nurseryman at Fontenay-aux-Roses introduced it to commerce 


138 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


in 1855. Empress Eugenie soon became quite generally disseminated 
throughout Europe and was considered nearly as good as May Duke, with 
which it has occasionally been confused. It must have been brought to 
America towards the beginning of the last quarter of the Nineteenth Cen- 
tury and here it gradually became widely distributed until today it is 
found in all the leading cherry plantations and is propagated by a large 
number of nurserymen throughout the United States. The American 
Pomological Society added this cherry to its fruit catalog list in 1877 under 
the name Empress Eugenie. In 1883 this name was shortened to Eugenie 
under which term it has since appeared in the Society’s catalog. In The 
Cherries of New York we have not adopted the shortened name as, by such 
a change, all trace is lost of the person after whom the cherry was christened. 


Tree small, not very vigorous, upright, becoming round-topped, very productive; 
trunk slender, roughish; branches slender, much roughened, reddish-brown partly covered 
with ash-gray, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets with short internodes, brown 
slightly covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous small, conspicuous, much- 
raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches lony, one and three-fourths inches wide, 
folded upward, obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface 
light green, thinly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin doubly 
serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged with red, 
with a few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small, globose, 
greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on long or short spurs, 
in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; blooming in mid-season; flowers one and 
one-fourth inches across, white; borne in very dense clusters, in threes and fours; pedicels 
one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a faint tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, 
entire, with short but distinct claws; apex nearly entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; 
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-conic 
to oblate-conic, compressed; cavity narrow; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex flattened 
or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem one and 
one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh 
pale red, with pinkish juice, tender, meaty, sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of good 
quality; stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, somewhat oblique, with smooth 


surfaces. 
ENGLISH MORELLO 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Langley Pomona 85. 1729. 3. Christ Handb. 677. 1797. 
4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 197, 198 fig. 1845. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. 
Cat. 74. 1862. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 306, 307. 1884. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 


EMPRESS EUGENIE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 139 


Grosse Cerise a Ratafia. 9. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:189. 1768. 

Grosse Lange Lothkirsche. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 599, 600, 601. 1819. 11. Mich. Hort. 
Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 12. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 356, 357. 1889. 

Large Morello. 13. Prince Pom. Man. 2:144. 1832. 

Ratafia Griotte. 14. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832. 15. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 17, Pl. 
1846. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:299, 300 fig., 301. 1877. 

Northern Griotte. 17. Prince Pom. Man. 2:146. 1832. 18. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 18, Pl. 
1846. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:188 fig., 189, 190. 1866. 20. Pom. France 7: No. 15, Pl. 15. 1871. 
21. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 195. 1876. 22. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885. 

Colorado Morello. 23. Rogers Cat. 18. 1900. 


English Morello is the best of all its group and is the standard late 
Sour Cherry in North America, occupying at the close of the season the 
place held by Montmorency in mid-season for home, market and cannery. 
It is not a table fruit and can hardly be eaten out of hand until it loses 
some of its astringency and acidity by thorough ripening. In any way 
the cherries are prepared by cooking, however, it is one of the best, cul- 
inary processes giving the fruits a rich, dark wine color, very attractive in 
appearance, and a most pleasant, sprightly, aromatic flavor. The fruit is 
handsome in appearance, bears harvesting and shipping. well, is resistant 
to brown-rot and hangs long on the trees after ripening, often until the last 
of August if robins can be kept away. Once seen, one may always know 
the trees. They are small, round-headed, with branches that distinctly 
droop. To be sufficiently productive an English Morello orchard must be 
closely set; for, though the trees are vigorous and productive for their 
size, they are too dwarf to yield heavily. The trees are hardy but not 
always healthy and are not adapted to as great a diversity of soils as might 
be wished. The variety distinctly fails in its tree-characters. The demand 
for English Morello has recently decreased and it is doubtful if it ever 
regains its popularity of a decade ago. There is a place for a late cherry 
which English Morello now fills but not sufficiently well. 

All of the early pomologists describe a Morello or a Morella but no 
one of them definitely gives its place of origin. The concensus of opinion 
is that it originated in either Holland or Germany from whence it was 
introduced into England and later into France. The early German writers 
listed a Grosse Lange Lothkirsche which is English Morello. Preceding 
them, Duhamel described the Grosse Cerise 4 Ratafia ‘‘as one praised for 
confitures and preserving,’’ which is probably this cherry. Leroy believed 
English Morello to be the cherry that Mortillet brought to Paris from 
Holland calling it Griotte du Nord though he thought the variety had 
been grown in France for many years previous but under another name. 


140 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


It is possible that the term Du Nord originated through its being widely 
grown as an espalier demanding a northern exposure, rather than as some 
have thought, because it came from northern Germany. In 1862 English 
Morello was put on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society 
where it still remains. Wragg is thought to be identical with this cherry 
by some and, if not, it differs but little. Northern Griotte and Grosse 
Lange Lothkirsche, introduced by Budd from Russia, are English Morello. 
Morris, or Colorado Morello, put out by John Morris of Golden, Colorado, 
once thought to be distinct, is also English Morello. 


Tree small, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, dense-topped, productive; 
trunk slender, rough; branches slender, smooth, dark brown overlaid with dark ash-gray, 
with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, with short internodes, brownish, 
smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, slightly raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, 
folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light 
green; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; 
petiole one-half inch long, tinged with dull red, grooved, with from one to three smail, 
globose or reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds; leaf-scars 
obscure; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in scattering clusters 
in twos and threes; pedicels nearly one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with 
a faint tinge of red, somewhat campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, 
obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals distinctly veined, roundish, 
crenate, sessile, with crenate apex; filaments one-fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous, 
shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures very late; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, sometimes running 
larger, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring, regular; 
suture a shallow groove; apex roundish, with a small depression at the center; color very 
dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, conspicuous; stem 
slender, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the 
pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of good 
quality; stone free, small, ovate, slightly flattened and pointed, with smooth surfaces, 
slightly tinged with red. 

FLORENCE 


Prunus avinm 


1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 277. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
187. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885. 

Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831. 

Bigarreau de Florence. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:204 fig., 205. 1877. 

Florence Heart. 8. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904. 


Florence is a Bigarreau so similar to Yellow Spanish as to be hardly 
worth planting, since it is, all and all, surpassed by its better-known rival. 


ENGLISH MORELLO 


FLORENCE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I4I 


The fruit hangs on the tree in edible condition an almost phenomenal length 
of time which has given rise to much divergence of opinion as to its season, 
some pomologists rating it as early, others as mid-season and still others 
as late. At Geneva the trees of this variety are not as healthful, vigorous 
or as fruitful as those of Yellow Spanish, with which it must compete, 
nor are the cherries quite as fine in appearance or quality. 

This variety was found in Florence, Italy, early in the Nineteenth 
Century by John Houblon, who took it to England from whence it was 
brought to America. It found a place in 1885 on the fruit list of the Amer- 
ican Pomological Society where it remained until 1891, when it was 
discarded, with quite sufficient reason. 


Tree vigorous, upright, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches thick, smooth; 
branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branch- 
lets thick, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, smooth, with inconspicuous, raised 
lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-fourth inches long, two 
and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, long-oval to obovate, thin; upper surface 
rather dark green, rugose; lower surface dull light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, 
base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and three-fourths 
inches long, thick, pubescent, dull red, with from two to four large, reniform, reddish 
glands on the stalk. 

Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and grouped in large clusters 
on numerous short spurs; season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches 
across, white; borne in dense clusters in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch 
long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish, 
acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-obovate to oval, entire, with 
very short, blunt claws, distinctly notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; 
pistil glabrous, usually shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity deep, wide; 
suture very shallow; apex somewhat pointed; color reddish over an amber background, 
marked with indistinct, whitish spots and streaks; dots numerous, small, whitish, incon- 
spicuous; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, separating 
from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, sprightly, 
sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, cordate, flattened, blunt, with roughish 
surfaces; enlarged along the ventral suture. 


GEORGE GLASS 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328, 329. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1890. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. 
Rpt. 245. 1894. 4. Ia. Sia, Bul. 312341. 1895. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:125. 1900. 6. Budd-Hansen 
Am. Hort. Man, 2:276, 277. 1903. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903. 


142 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


George Glass has been widely heralded as a desirable variety in the 
Middle West but in New York, where it has passed through a rather 
lengthy probationary period, practically all who have tried it are ready to 
declare it worthless. It is of the Amarelle group and cannot compete 
with the many good varieties of its kinship, as the Early Richmond or 
the several Montmorencies. Its season is between Early Richmond and 
Montmorency. As compared with the last-named variety, the standard 
Sour Cherry, the fruit of George Glass is smaller, sourer, less attractive in 
appearance and the trees are far less fruitful. Possibly the trees are more 
hardy, this character commending it for the colder parts of the Mississippi 
Valley. 

The origin of this variety is uncertain but it is supposed to have been 
introduced into Iowa by immigrants from northeastern Germany. In 
American collections it has often been confused with Brusseler Braune 
and Bessarabian and by some is declared to be identical with the latter 
sort. It is supposed to be a cross between a Duke and a Morello cherry. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open, hardy, appears unproductive; 
trunk thick; branches thick, roughened, with numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels; 
leaves numerous, four inches long, two inches wide, obovate, thick, stiff, dark green; 
petiole three-fourths of an inch long, tinged with red, with a few hairs along the upper 
surface, with one or two small, globose, reddish-orange glands, usually at the base of the 
blade; buds intermediate in size and length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom inter- 
mediate; flowers one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch long, one inch wide, oblate, 
compressed; cavity deep; color light red changing to dark red; stem one and one-eighth 
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh yellowish-white, 
with abundant colorless juice, stringy, tender and melting, rather mild for a sour cherry; 
good to very good in quality; stone free, roundish or slightly oblate, plump, blunt, with 
smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent. 


HEART-SHAPED WEICHSEL 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 573-577. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:60, 61. 1858. 
3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 4. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910. 

Herzférmige Sauerkirsche. 5. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802. 

Heart-Shaped Griotte. 6. Prince Pom. Man, 2:149. 1832. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:103, 104, fig. 50. 
1866-73. 


This Sour Cherry, of the Morello group, is too poor in quality to 
recommend it forany purpose. The fruit is scarcely edible until dead ripe 
and even then is too puckering to eat out of hand with relish. The cherries 


GEORGE GLASS 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 143 


are very attractive, being large for the kind, heart-shaped, of a handsome, 
clear, glossy dark purple color and very uniform in all characters. The 
tree is conspicuous because of its symmetrical shape, large size, round head 
and its many branches and branchlets. The leaves are characteristically 
small, as are the flowers, which are further distinguished by very narrow 
petals. The tree is hardy and productive and quite worth a place on a 
lawn as an ornamental if not in the garden for its fruit. The variety has 
several characters to commend it to plant-breeders. 

This variety came to light in written records in the early part of the 
Nineteenth Century in German fruit-books under the name Saure Herz- 
kirsche or Herzkirschweichsel and was highly recommended for its fine 
flavor. Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in one of his European trips, was 
impressed with its symmetrical habit of growth and its abundant foliage 
where he found it growing in eastern Europe as a lawn tree. He 
included it among his importations but it has not proved valuable in the 
New World. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, unproductive; branches rather 
slender, smooth except for the large, conspicuous lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves 
numerous, two and three-fourths inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, obovate 
to oval, thin, dark green, smooth; petiole over one-half inch long, tinged with red, with 
from one to three small, globose, greenish-yellow or brownish glands at the base of the 
blade; buds intermediate in size and length, usually obtuse; season of bloom late; flowers 
one inch across; borne in scattered clusters; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil slightly 
shorter than the stamens, often defective. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish- 
conic, slightly compressed; color very dark, dull red; stem slender, one and one-fourth 
inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tough; flesh very dark red, with dark wine- 
colored juice, tender, rather meaty, very astringent, sour; of poor quality; stone nearly 
free, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with roughish and colored surfaces. 


HILDESHEIM 
Prunus avium 


1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:131. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196. 1854. 

Guignier 4 Fruit Rouge Tardif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 12162. 1768. 

Agathe. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771. 

Doppelitragende Kleine Rothe Spatkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 281, 282, 283. 1819. 
Hildesheimer Ganz Spate Knorpelkirsche. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 321, 322, 323. I8I9. 
Late Red Guigne. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832. 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 184. 1845. 

Merveille de September. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854. 

Belle Agathe de Novembre. 10. Ann. Pom. Belge 3:9, Pl. 1855. 


144 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Hildesheimer Spate Knorpelkirsche. 11. Ill. Handb. 139 fig., 140. 1860. 
Kratos Knorpelkirsche. 12. Ill. Handb. 59 fig., 60. 1867. 

Schine Agathe. 13. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1867. 

Bigarreau de Fer. 14. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:199, 200 fig. 1877. 

Belle Agathe. 15. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:99, 100, fig. 50. 1882. 

Bigarreau de Hildesheim. 16. Hogg Fruit Man. 282. 1884. 

This variety, one of the oldest, has been called by a great number of 
names by European writers. The cherry mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, 
as a late Guigne with red fruit, otherwise known as Guigne de Fer, can 
be no other than Hildesheim. The exact origin of the variety has never 
been known, though it is supposed to have sprung up in the neighborhood 
of Hildesheim, Prussia. It was brought to America early in the Nine- 
teenth Century, probably by William Prince. With it came some of 
the numerous foreign names. It seems certain that Late Red Guigne 
mentioned by Prince was Hildesheim. Ripening late and being small 
and of rather undersirable texture, Hildesheim did not meet with much 
favor in America, never being widely disseminated, and has long since 
passed from cultivation. This variety, under the name Belle Agathe, was 
propagated in Belgium by M. Thiery about 1852 and for some time was 
supposed to be a separate sort. The following description is compiled: 


Tree very large, vigorous, upright, hardy, an annual bearer, unproductive while 
young producing good crops later; branches thick, large, long, straight; leaves numerous, 
of medium size, oval or elongated-oval, acuminate; margin finely and regularly serrate; 
petiole slender, rather short, tinged red, with large, flattened glands; blooming season 
early. 

Fruit matures very late, usually attached in fives but sometimes in threes and fours; 
small to medium, roundish-cordate, flattened on one side, somewhat irregular; color 
yellowish, mottled and marbled with dark red; stem two inches long, slender, somewhat 
curved; skin thick; flesh pale yellow, slightly tinged with red at the pit, firm, somewhat 
stringy, rather dry, with uncolored juice, pleasant flavored, sweet; quality good; stone 
medium to large, with reddish surface, long, compressed. 


IDA 
Prunus avium 
1. Gard. Mon. 20:270, 271. 1878. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 3. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Ida is a handsome, large, light red cherry resembling Napoleon in shape 
and Rockport in color, but differing from both in having soft flesh which 
places it among the Hearts rather than the Bigarreaus. Because of beauty 
of the fruit, earliness and good tree-characters, Ida promises to become a 


IDA 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 145 


rather general favorite in home orchards though it falls short of several 
others of its near of kin in flavor and flesh-characters. It can never take 
a high place among commercial kinds because the cherries are too soft to 
handle well, show bruises plainly, are somewhat susceptible to brown-rot 
and come when better cherries are plentiful. The trees are vigorous, 
hardy and bear full crops regularly and in various environments. The 
variety is readily told by the upright habit of growth and by the large 
lenticels on trunk and branches. Ida has been very well tried as a com- 
mercial variety in this State but in the ups and downs of the industry has 
not held its own with other sorts and can be recommended only for home 
plantations. 


E. H. Cocklin of Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, grew this variety as 
a seedling of Cocklin’s Favorite, another of his cherries. The cherry was 
named after his daughter, Ida. It seems to have proved worthy of general 
culture, as it is now listed by many nurserymen. The American Pomo- 
logical Society placed Ida on its fruit list in 1909. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, somewhat vasiform, very productive; 
trunk stout; branches very stocky, smooth, light ash-gray over brown, with large, much- 
raised lenticels; branchlets very stout, short, brown partly covered with ash-gray, roughish, 
with a few raised lenticels. 

Leaves five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, 
elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, 
pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly 
crenate, with small, black glands; petiole two and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged 
with red, somewhat hairy along the grooved upper surface, usually with two large, 
reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. 

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in dense 
clusters on numerous short spurs, also with many small, round, lateral leaf-buds on the 
secondary growth; leaf-scars not prominent; blooming in mid-season; flowers white, one 
and one-fourth inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths 
of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, whitish within, campanulate, 
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a tinge of red, acute, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate 
at the apex, nearly sessile; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter 
than the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, slightly compressed; 
cavity deep, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line; apex variable in shape; color amber 
overspread with light red, mottled; dots numerous, rather large, yellowish, somewhat 
conspicuous; stem one and one-half inches long; skin thin, separating readily from the 
pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender and melting, mild, sweet; of good quality; 
stone free or semi-free, roundish, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with 
distinct ridges along the ventral suture. 


Io 


146 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


JEFFREY DUKE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 


1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 190, 
191. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.74. 1862. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:119, 120, fig. 60. 1882, 6. Hogg 
Fruit Man. 302. 1884. 

Royale. 7. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 12193, 194, Pl. XV. 1768. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
482-484. 1819. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:386, 387 fig., 388. 1877. 

Kénigliche Stissweichsel. 10. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 427-429. 1819. 11. Ill. Handb. 73 
fig., 74. 1867. 

Jeffrey's Royal. 12. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 99. 1846. 

Royale Hétive. 13. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:134-138, fig. 32. 1866. 

This old variety, which has almost passed from cultivation, may have 
had its origin in France about the middle of the Eighteenth Century, 
though more likely it originated in England much earlier. Leroy men- 
tions a Royale cherry which was introduced from England to France about 
1730 and was first grown by M. le Normand in the garden of Louis XV. 
The name Royale was first used by the French about 1735 from the fact 
that it was grown in the royal gardens and since that time this name has 
clung to the variety in most of the French plantations. According to 
English writers, the variety was brought to notice in England by Jeffrey, 
proprietor of the Brompton Nursery at Brompton Park, England, and 
from that time it was known as Jeffrey’s Duke. English pomologists main- 
tain that Jeffrey renamed the old Cherry Duke of England, giving it 
his name. Jeffrey Duke appeared on the American Pomological Society’s 
fruit catalog list in 1862 but was dropped in 1871. It is doubtful if the 
variety can now be found in America. The following description is com- 
piled from the authors given in the references: 


Tree large, vigorous, very upright, unusually compact, slow-growing, productive; 
branches very numerous, stocky, straight, thickly set with fruit-spurs; internodes short; 
branchlets very short; buds closely set; leaves numerous, medium in size, oval or obovate, 
acuminate; margin finely and irregularly serrate; petiole short, slender, with small, flattened 
or globose glands; blooming season late; flowers small, very open. 

Fruit matures in mid-season, usually attached in pairs; medium in size, roundish, 
slightly flattened at the apex and base; suture a well-marked line; color lively red becoming 
dark red or almost black when fully ripe; stem slender, inserted in a moderately broad, 
deep cavity; skin thin; flesh firm but tender, yellowish-amber, with abundant colored 
juice, slightly stringy, highly flavored; good in quality; stone small, roundish, tinged 
with red. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 147 


KING AMARELLE 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Christ Wérterb. 293. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 610-615. 1819. 3. Liegel Syst. 
Anleit. 174. 1825. 4. Ill. Handb. 533 fig., 534. 1861. 5. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 23, Pl. 1882. 
6. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 7. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser 3:62. 1900. 8. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:72. 1903. 
9g. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 


King’s Cherry. 10. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 

King Amarelle is an old European cherry that has taken on new life 
in America. It is of the Early Richmond type, differing from this standard 
Amarelle in bearing fruit a little earlier, lighter in color and with a longer 
stem. The fault which all but condemns the variety as a commercial cherry 
is the small size of the fruit, the cherries running smaller than those of 
Early Richmond which, in its turn, is rather too small. The tree is very 
like that of Early Richmond — quite as vigorous and productive, the 
same in size and shape and, if anything, alittle more hardy. The variety is 
told from afar in blossoming-time by the peculiar distribution of the flower- 
clusters, which are numerous and dense but always separated by several 
inches or a foot of bare wood. King Amarelle can never displace Early 
Richmond but might be tried where a somewhat hardier cherry is wanted 
or it might be planted as a substitute where the better-known sort fails. 

This variety, of old and uncertain origin, sprang up in France about 
the same time as the Montmorencies and became confused with them. 
In both fruit and tree-characters, however, King Amarelle is very different 
from the Montmorencies, being more like Early May but ripening later 
and making a larger tree. The cultivation of King Amarelle never became 
extended in Europe because of the inferior quality of the fruit and poor 
tree-characters. Professor J. L. Budd brought the variety to America 
from Russia about 1883. The Royal Amarelle, grown on the Canadian 
Experiment Station grounds in 1900, is undoubtedly King Amarelle. The 


American Pomological Society placed it on its list of recommended 
fruits in 1909. 


Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; 
trunk roughish; branches rather slender, smooth, reddish-brown overlaid with dark ash- 
gray; branchlets slender, of medium length, with short internodes, brown partly covered 
with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels. 

Leaves three and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward, 
obovate, somewhat glossy, thick; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light 
green, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute, base abrupt; margin finely and doubly 


148 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one inch long, somewhat slender, lightly tinged 
with red, with a few hairs on the grooved upper surface and with from one to three small, 
globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, obtuse, very free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters 
on few, short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, 
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels over 
one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes faintly tinged with red, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; 
petals somewhat obovate, entire, with an entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; 
pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, compressed; 
cavity regular, somewhat abrupt; suture indistinct; apex roundish or flattened; color 
bright red; dots numerous, small, light russet, rather conspicuous; stem one inch long, 
adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with 
colorless juice, tender and melting, sprightly; fair to good in quality; stone free, ovate, 
somewhat flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ridged along 
the ventral suture. 


KIRTLAND 


Prunus avium 

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 22. 1904-05. 

Kirtland’s Mary. 2. Horticulturist 2:123, 124 fig. 21. 1847-48. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 
1849. 4. Cole Am. Fr. Book 231. 1849. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1852. 6. Ibid. 235. 1854. 
7. Elliott Fr. Book 198 fig. 1854. 8. Hooper W. Fr. Book 262, 263. 1857. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:55, 
56, fig. 26. 1866-73. 

Mary. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 86, 87. 1866. 

In the collection of cherries at this Station, Kirtland stands among 
the best of the Bigarreaus in quality of fruit —in fact is hardly surpassed 
in richness and delicacy of flavor. The fruit, too, as may be seen from 
the color-plate, is handsome, the cherries resembling the well-known 
Napoleon but being a little darker in color. The flesh is firm and meaty 
and stands handling well and also resists the brown-rot as well as any 
other cherry. With these splendid qualities of fruit, Kirtland would long 
ago have been one of the standard commercial cherries were its tree-char- 
acters better. Wherever tried, the complaint comes that the trees lack 
vigor and can be grown successfully only on choice cherry soils and under 
the best of care. With these faults the variety can be recommended only for 
home orchards and for local markets where there is demand for a very early 
Bigarreau, since this variety ripens before most other cherries of its kind. 

Kirtland was grown in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleve- 
land, Ohio, and ranks foremost in quality and appearance of all the seedlings 
raised by this well-known cherry-breeder. The American Pomological 


KIRTLAND 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 149 


Society, in 1852, mentioned this sort as deserving of further trial and, in 
1854, listed it among the varieties of promising fruits. Elliott, in his 
Fruit Book, noted this cherry under the name Kirtland’s Mary, in honor 
of Professor Kirtland’s daughter, and classed it as a variety worthy of 
general cultivation. Hogg, in 1866, dropped the name Kirtland and listed 
it as Mary, while in the American Pomological Society's Special Report 
for 1905 it is called Kirtland. According to the rules of pomological 
nomenclature, Hogg was correct in holding the name Mary but, since 
there is another Mary and no worthy sort bearing the name of so eminent 
a horticulturist as Professor Kirtland, this Station follows the American 
Pomological Society in the use of Kirtland. 


Tree small, rather weak, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and 
branches slender, smooth; branches reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, 
with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick, brown almost entirely overspread with ash- 
gray, smooth except for the longitudinal, conspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward, elliptical 
to obovate, thin; upper surface medium green, somewhat glossy, smooth; lower surface 
light green, thinly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, with small, 
dark glands; petiole one and three-fourths inches long, slender, tinged with red, lightly 
pubescent along the upper side, with two or three reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. 

Buds pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or on numerous, very 
short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars prominent; blooming in mid-season; 
flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters; pedicels one inch 
long, pubescent, reddish-green; calyx-tube tinged with red, light green within, campanu- 
late, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals 
roundish-oval, entire, with short, broad claws and a notched apex; filaments in four series, 
the iongest one-half inch; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate, com- 
pressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture a more or less distinct line; apex roundish or pointed, 
with a small depression at the center; color amber overspread with bright red; dots 
numerous, small, grayish, conspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches long, adhering 
to the fruit; skin tough; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, with a pleasant 
and refreshing flavor; very good to best in quality; stone free, small, roundish-ovate, with 
smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. 


KNIGHT 


Prunus avium 
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 
Knight's Early Black. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:120. 1832. 
4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr.Gr. 52. 1848. 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:19. 1858. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 
2:83. 1866. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:85, 86, fig. 43. 1882. 
Knights Frithe Herzkirsche. 8. Ill. Handb. 3 fig., 4. 1867. 


I50 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This old English variety has long been popular in America, where it 
is generally known as Knight’s Early Black, this name having been short- 
ened by the American Pomological Society to Knight. Possibly Knight is 
to be found in dooryards and home gardens in Eastern United States as 
often as any other Sweet Cherry with the exception of Black Tartarian. 
The characters which give it popularity are excellent quality, handsome 
appearance because of its glossy, dark purple color and uniformity in color, 
shape and size, and its earliness, it being the earliest good Sweet Cherry. 
Unfortunately, even in the best soil and under the most painstaking treat- 
ment, the cherries run small, a defect for American markets. The small 
size also leads to comparatively low yields even though the fruits are often 
borne in prodigious numbers. Knight, in size, color and flavor, is much 
like Black Tartarian but the cherries are smaller and ripen earlier. As 
the trees grow on the grounds of this Station they are about all that could 
be desired in a Sweet Cherry. The trees are characteristically marked by 
smooth bark which is dotted with large lenticels. There are now 
better sweet varieties than Knight for most purposes but still this old 
variety has too many merits, especially for home grounds, to be wholly 
forgotten. 

Knight comes from a seed of May Duke crossed with Yellow Spanish 
by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, about 1810. The 
new variety sprang into prominence almost immediately, being mentioned 
by French, German and English writers. Knight is still one of the well- 
recognized sorts in Europe and America and has appeared continuously 
on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society since 1848. Mathieu 
has included several synonyms under this head which we question as we 
believe they belong to the Guigne Noir Hative, a distinct variety though 
very similar. 

Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk stocky, 
variable in smoothness; branches smooth, light reddish-brown nearly overspread with 
ash-gray, with small lenticels; branchlets thick, brown lightly covered with ash-gray, 
variable in smoothness, with small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded 
upward, obovate to long-oval, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light 
green, thinly pubescent; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, with 
small, dark glands; petiole two inches long, slender, tinged with red, with a shallow groove 
and with few hairs, with two or three large, reniform, reddish glands, usually on the 
stalk. 

Buds long, conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in 


KNIGHT 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK I51 


small clusters on spurs variable in length; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom inter- 
mediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters, usually 
in twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes lightly tinged with red, long, acute, glabrous within and without, reflexed; 
petals oval, entire, deeply notched at the apex; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil 
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures early; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, cordate to conical; cavity 
wide, rather abrupt; suture indistinct; apex flattened, with a small depression at the 
center; color dark reddish-black, obscurely mottled; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; 
stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, 
separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, mild, 
sweet; of good quality; stone free except along the ventral suture, small, roundish-ovate, 
with smooth surfaces. 

LAMBERT 
Prunus avium 

1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. U.S. D. A. Yearbook 
307-309, Pl. 31. 1907. 

Nowhere else in America, possibly nowhere else in the world, can the 
Sweet Cherry be grown as well as in Oregon and Washington. From these 
States, more particularly Oregon, several meritorious cherries have been 
added to pomology. One of the best of these is Lambert, now a standard 
sort in its native State but still on probation in Eastern America. Lam- 
bert is a Bigarreau, a seedling of Napoleon by Black Heart, and a worthy 
rival of its parents in most respects and superior in some. In appearance, 
Lambert is more like its male than its female parent, having much the 
same shape and color, but it is larger, more rotund, smoother, clearer 
and brighter — one of the handsomest of the dark-colored Sweets. The 
flesh and flavor leave little to be desired; the flesh is purplish-red marbled 
with lighter red, firm, meaty and juicy, with a sweet, rich flavor that at 
the first taste one marks very good. The tree is strong, vigorous, healthy 
and usually fruitful and regular in bearing. The fruit sets in great, loose 
clusters — often a dozen or more cherries to the fruit-spur. The leaves 
are remarkably large and dark green, the foliage betokening the vigor of 
the variety. Lambert is well worthy thorough testing for either home or 
market wherever the Sweet Cherry can be grown. 

Lambert originated as a seedling under a Napoleon tree which was 
planted by the late Henderson Lewelling! about 1848 in the orchard of 


pee edie eet 
1 Little is known of the early life of Seth and Henderson Lewelling. They were of Welsh ancestry 


and both were born in Salem, North Carolina, Henderson on the 25th of April, 1809, and Seth on the 6th 
day of March, 1819. Henderson died in California December 28th, 1878, while Seth died in Milwaukee, 


152 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


J. H. Lambert, Milwaukee, Oregon. This seedling, supposed to have been 
a cross between Napoleon and Black Heart, was grafted to May Duke 
and later transplanted. About 1880, the top died and a sprout from the 
seedling stock formed a new top. Mr. Lambert gave the new variety his 
name and in 1895 turned over his stock to the Oregon Horticultural Society 
with the exclusive right to propagate. The variety was placed on the 
fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1899 where it still remains. 


Tree medium to large in size and vigor, upright-spreading, very productive; branches 
smooth, dull reddish-brown, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, dark 
reddish-brown nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves four and one-fourth inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded upward, 
oval to obovate, thin; wpper surface medium green, smooth; lower surface light green, 
lightly pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 
one and one-half inches long, dull red, glandless, or with from one to three rather small, 
globose, reddish glands on the stalk. 

Buds large, pointed or conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in small 
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate, short; flowers 


Oregon, February 21st, 1897. When the boys were still very young their parents moved from North 
Carolina to Ohio and founded the town of Salem in Ross County; later they moved to Indiana where their 
father established a nursery and became one of the pioneer fruit-growers of what was then the West and 
here again they founded a town of Salem. We next hear of Henderson Lewelling in Salem, Henry County, 
Iowa, the town of his naming, with the statement that in 1837 he planted a small nursery of 35 varieties 
of apples and some peach, plum and cherry trees. 

The history of the Lewellings now becomes more definite for we have it from Seth Lewelling! 
(we spell the name as does he and not “ Luelling ” as do many in writing of him) that in March, 1847, 
Henderson Lewelling planted an assortment of apples, pears, peaches, plums and cherries and loaded 
them into two wagons and started to Oregon. This traveling nursery was on the road from March to 
November and one can imagine the labor of watering and caring for the trees in this trip across mountains 
and plains. Henderson Lewelling formed a partnership with William Meek under the firm name of 
Meek & Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. Seth joined his brother in the fall of 1850 bringing with him 
from the East a considerable quantity of fruit seed. For the next few years their nursery operations were 
on a large scale, over 100,000 grafts being planted in 1853. From time to time they made new importa- 
tions of plants and fruit seeds from the East. Seth says that his brother quit the business and moved to 
California in 1853 and we hear no more of him until his death in 1878. In 1857, the partnership between 
Meek and Seth Lewelling was dissolved leaving the latter the owner of the Milwaukee nurseries. It was 
in 1860 that Seth Lewelling raised his first seedling cherry, the Republican, called by him Black 
Republican, which was sold to George Walling of Oswego and Mr. Hanson of East Portland, the proceeds 
bringing Lewelling $500. Mr. Lewelling counts the Republican and Bing cherries and the Golden Prune 
as his most notable contributions to pomology. 

The Lewellings are types of fruit-breeders who have done noble work for pomology in the settlement 
of all our states — men of indominable courage and will who have bred and grown fruits throughout their 
lives in spite of every adversity. Few other men labored longer and more devotedly to improve the 
cherry than Seth Lewelling. 


1 Oregon St. Bd. Hort. An, Rpt. 2:242. 1893. 


LAMBERT 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 153 


one and one-fourth inches across, white; borne usually in twos; pedicels three-fourths 
of an inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes 
long, broad, obtuse, finely serrate; petals roundish, entire, with short claws and with 
dentate apex; filaments one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, compressed ; 
cavity rather deep, slightly flaring; suture shallow, often a mere line; apex roundish, 
depressed at the center; color very dark red changing to reddish-black; dots numerous, 
small, russet, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, one and one-fourth inches long, 
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, with scant dark red 
juice, meaty, firm, pleasant flavored, sweet; of very good quality; stone clinging, large, 
wide, ovate, flattened, blunt, oblique, with smooth surfaces; prominently ridged along 
the ventral suture. 


LARGE MONTMORENCY 


Prunus cerasus 

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1885. 2. Ibid. 25. 1899. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110, 114. 1900. 
4. Am. Gard. 223266, 267. Ig0l. 

Flemish. 5. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 7. Thompson Gard. 
Ass’t 530. 1859. 

Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 465-470. 1819. 8. Dochnahl 
Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:54, 55. 1858. 10. Jil. Handb. 165 fig., 166. 1860. 

Short Stem Montmorency. 11. Prince Pom. Man. 2:139, 140. 1832. 12. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:75. 1903. 

Grosser Gobet. 13. Ill. Handb. 543 fig., 544. 1861. 

Montmorency. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:195 fig. 54, 196, 197. 1866. 

As its synonyms show, Large Montmorency has been grown under 
various names in Europe and America — a testimony to its merits. Were 
it not that the true Montmorency is so much more fruitful than this larger- 
fruited offshoot of the same race of Amarelle cherries, Large Montmorency 
would be a leading commercial Sour Cherry, for it is equal to the smaller- 
fruited strain in all other characters with the advantage of size. The 
relationship between this and the other Montmorencies is apparent but 
Large Montmorency is easily distinguished by several marked characters 
from the common Montmorency, known by all, with which it is most 
often confused. Its fruits are more often borne singly, are larger, have a 
shorter, thicker stem, are more oblate and ripen a little earlier. The trees 
are more upright, with stouter branches and are far less fruitful. The 
flesh-characters of the two kinds are much the same — excellent in both, 
the flavor being particularly refreshing to those who like the acidity of the 
Sour Cherry. Large Montmorency has been tried and found so wanting 
in productiveness that it can rarely be recommended as a commercial 
variety but it is much too good a fruit to be wholly lost and should be 
grown by connoisseurs who want a large, finely flavored Sour Cherry. 


154 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This variety has been much confused with other cherries, particularly 
Montmorency, Early Richmond and Short Stem Montmorency. Bradley, 
in 1739, mentioned a Flemish cherry which undoubtedly was the Large 
Montmorency of today, for the name Flemish has rather commonly been 
applied to this sort since Bradley’s time. There is no doubt but that 
Large Montmorency sprang up about the same time as the true Mont- 
morency, in the Montmorency Valley in France. It may have been a 
seedling of the Cerise Hative, afterwards known as Early Richmond, though 
some writers are of the opinion that the Montmorencies and Cerise Hative 
were all seedlings of the old Cerise Commune. At any rate, there have 
come to be at least three distinct types of Montmorency: the true Mont- 
morency with long stems and moderate-sized fruit, called Montmorency a 
Longue Queue or, in America, Montmorency Ordinaire; the Large Mont- 
morency with its large fruit and shorter, thicker stems, commonly known 
by the French and German writers as Montmorency A Gros Fruit, Gros 
Gobet, Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency and sometimes as Mont- 
morency 4 Courte Queue; and the Short-Stem Montmorency, often called 
Montmorency 4 Courte Queue and sometimes Gros Gobet. Large Mont- 
morency has often been sold for Montmorency, or for Early Richmond, 
hence the three varieties are more or less confused. Large Montmo- 
rency probably came to America about the same time as Montmorency 
and Early Richmond, early in the Nineteenth Century. In 1875, 
Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York, disseminated this sort quite 
extensively but later it proved too unproductive for commercial use. It 
was soon replaced by the true Montmorency but often the names were 
interchanged and large forms of the Montmorency were thought to be 
this variety. The unproductiveness of this cherry has been consistently 
mentioned by nearly every writer from Duhamel’s time to the present. 
Large Montmorency was added to the American Pomological Society’s 
catalog list of fruits in 1885 as Montmorency Large but in 1899 this name 
was changed to Large Montmorency. 


Tree rather large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive; trunk thick, roughened; 
branches stocky, nearly smooth, reddish-brown overspread with dark ash-gray, with 
numerous large, raised, conspicuous lenticels; branchlets thick, short, brown tinged 
with bronze, smooth except for the large, numerous yellowish, conspicuous, raised 
lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, 
folded upward, broad-oval to obovate, thick, stiff; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; 


LARGE MONTMORENCY 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 155 


apex acute, base variable in shape; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged 
with dull red, glandless or with from one to three globose, yellow or brownish glands, 
usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small clusters 
on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one 
inch across; borne in scattering clusters, usually in threes; pedicels five-eighths inch long, 
glabrous, green; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace 
of red, long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, 
entire or slightly crenate, sessile, with a crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; 
pistil glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens, often defective. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; 
cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow; apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots 
numerous, small, russet, somewhat conspicuous; stem thick, one inch long, adhering fairly 
well to the fruit; skin thick, separating from the pulp; flesh whitish, showing distinctly 
the fibers in the pulp, with abundant colorless or slightly tinged juice, tender and melting, 
sprightly, pleasant flavored, tart; of very good quality; stone free, roundish, plump, with 
smooth surfaces, tinged with red. 

LATE DUKE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 


1. Pom. Mag. 1:45, Pl. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48, 49, 55, 56. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. 
Man. 21134, 135. 1832. 4. Hort. Reg. (Eng.) 1:257, fig. 1833. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 191 fig. 
80. 1845. 6. Mag. Hort. 13:397 fig. 33, 398. 1847. 7. Gard. Chron. 556. 1848. 8. Hovey Fr. Am. 
1:37, 38, Pl. 1851. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 

Wahre Englische Kirsche. 10. Christ Handb. 682. 1797. 11. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 12, 
Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 405-410. 1819. 13. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:50. 1858. 14. II. 
Handb. 499 fig., 500. 1861. 

Spate Herzogenkirsche. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 434-437. 1819. 

Anglaise Tardive. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:179-181, fig. 48. 1866. 17. Mas Le Verger 8:67, 
68, fig. 32. 1866-73. 

Late Duke is a variant of the well-known May Duke, ripening from 
two weeks to a month later. The size, color, flavor and season of the 
fruit all commend it, as do the vigor, health and fruitfulness of the trees. 
The cherries are not quite as sweet as those of May Duke, a little more 
marbled in color of skin and ripen through a longer season. The trees 
are readily told from those of the earlier Duke, being more open and spread- 
ing, scanter of foliage, with slender branches and with fruit more thickly 
clustered along the branchlets. Ripening in a season when hybrid varieties 
are gone or rapidly going, Late Duke is a valuable acquisition in the home 
orchard and for nearby markets to which tender-fleshed varieties can be 
shipped. If those who want late cherries will plant this variety on a north- 
ern slope, against a northern wall or where in any way shaded or in a cool 
soil, these delicious cherries can be had until well toward August. The 


156 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


tree is hardy and its blossoming-time is late so that the variety is well 
adapted to northern latitudes. 

The origin of this variety is unknown. In 1797, Christ mentions 
“a true English cherry ’”’ which is probably Late Duke. At least Ober- 
dieck, in 1861, states that the true English cherry is identical with the Late 
Duke, or Anglaise Tardive. In 1823, Late Duke was introduced into 
England by the London Horticultural Society from M. Vilmorin, of Paris, 
under the name Anglaise Tardive. Though the French name of this 
variety seems to indicate an English origin, the old English writers were 
not aware of any cherry of this kind being in existence in England previous 
to its introduction by the Horticultural Society. Because of the close 
resemblance of Late Duke to May Duke it has often been confused with 
that sort and by some writers was supposed to be a late strain of May 
Duke. The American Pomological Society listed Late Duke in its fruit 
catalog in 1862. 


Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, becoming spreading at maturity, open-topped, 
productive; trunk and branches slender; branches brown overlaid with dark ash-gray, 
with numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, short, reddish-brown, with ash-gray 
scarf-skin, with numerous conspicuous, small, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, 
obovate, thick; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with 
a few scattering hairs; apex abruptly pointed; margin doubly crenate, with small, dark 
glands; petiole one inch long, lightly tinged with red, grooved and somewhat hairy on 
the upper surface, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands, usually 
at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters; 
leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; borne in numer- 
ous, dense clusters, in twos, threes and fours; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, 
green; calyx-tube reddish, campanulate; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, reflexed; 
petals roundish, entire, almost sessile; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, 
equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures very late; one inch in diameter, blunt-cordate, somewhat compressed; 
cavity wide; suture shallow; color dark red; stem slender, one and one-half inches to two 
inches long, deeply inserted; flesh amber-colored, with abundant juice, tender, rich, 
sprightly subacid; stone semi-clinging, medium to large, roundish-ovate, compressed. 


LATE DUKE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 157 


LATE KENTISH 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Downing Fr. Trees. Am. 197. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 
Kentish Red. 3. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 249. 1817. 

Pie Cherry. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 371. 1849. 

Red Pie Cherry. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852. 

Kentish. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 217. 1854. 


This old cherry served well the needs of Americans in colonial times 
when all cherries were grown from pits or suckers. Though but little 
improvement on the wild Prunus cerasus, the trees were so hardy, vigorous, 
healthy and productive that any who had a bit of spare land could have 
cherries. This, therefore, became preeminently the ‘“ pie cherry” of New 
England and the North Atlantic States. The trees are long-lived and even 
so late as a generation ago Downing says that this variety is “‘ better known 
among us than any other acid cherry, especially abundant on the Hudson 
and near New York.’’ The variety is never planted now, having long 
since been superseded by better sorts, Early Richmond and Montmorency 
in particular, but it is still to be found as old trees or self-sown near where 
a tree of the variety formerly stood. 

Late Kentish and Early Richmond, the latter the Kentish of some 
authors, are much confused. Late Kentish is the old Pie Cherry of Colonial 
times. It is a seedling sort belonging to America, having been planted 
along fences and roadsides in the earliest times. This cherry is mentioned 
by the Pilgrims in 1620 and this and the May Duke were listed as market 
varieties in Massachusetts. Many believe it to be a seedling of Early 
Richmond, sometimes, as we have seen, called Kentish, but this variety 
being two weeks later, received the name Late Kentish. The name was 
put on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1873. The 
following description is a compilation: 

Tree small, bears annually, very productive, hardy. 

Fruit matures about two weeks after Early Richmond; medium or below in size, 
roundish, flattened; stem one inch to one and one-half inches in length, stout, straight; 


color deep, lively red; flesh light colored, with abundant colorless juice, very tender, sour, 
remaining quite acid even when fully ripe; stone does not adhere to the stalk. 


158 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


LITHAUER 
Prunus cerasus 
1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:9. 1892. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 
245. 1894. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33. 1904-05. 6. Am. 
Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

It is barely possible that Lithauer, if the trees can be obtained, may 
have some value in the coldest and bleakest parts of New York where 
less hardy sorts cannot be grown. The variety is too poor in quality to 
be worth planting where the better but less hardy cherries will grow. 
We greatly doubt whether it is worthy a place in the recommended list 
of fruits of the American Pomological Society. It is included here only 
because of the prominence given it by a place in the fruit list named. 

This is one of the varieties imported from Russia by Professor J. L. 
Budd of Iowa, who reported that it was much grown in southwest Russia 
for drying and in making cherry wine. As tested in various parts of this 
country Lithauer has proved of little value except in the extreme north. 
The American Pomological Society, in 1909, listed this sort in its catalog 
of recommended fruits for northern fruit regions. The following 
description is compiled: 

Tree large, vigorous, tall, weeping, hardy. 
Fruit matures from the middle to the last of July; small, roundish, slightly oblate; 
stem long, averaging one and one-half inches, slender; color dark purplish-red becoming 


almost black at maturity; skin thick, tough; flesh dark red, with reddish juice, firm, meaty, 
quite acid or bitter even when fully ripe; poor in quality; stone variable in size, roundish. 


LOUIS PHILIPPE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 
1. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Horticulturist 22:289, 290 
fig. 1867. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876. 5. Cult. & Count. Gent. 42:378. 1877. 6. Am. 
Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Here again we have a very evident hybrid between some Sweet Cherry 
and a Sour Cherry of the Morello type in which Morello characters are 
most prominent. If the description and color-plates of this variety and 
Olivet be compared it will be found that the two cherries are nearly identi- 
cal. They differ only in season of ripening and in minor tree-characters 
which may be best summarized by the statement that this cherry has in 
the tree more of the aspect of a Morello than has Olivet. It may be sus- 
pected that one or the other of the two varieties on our grounds is mis- 


LOUIS PHILIPPE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 159 


named but the descriptions of all who have described the two show that they 
are very similar, if not identical. The history of Louis Philippe, long known: 
in America but little or not at all known in Europe, throws some light on the 
question of its distinctness from Olivet, the origin of which is known, inas- 
much as Louis Philippe seems to be the older of the two. The value 
of the two varieties to cherry-growers is the same and is indicated in the 
discussion of Olivet. 

Elliott,’ the American pomologist, imported Louis Philippe from France 
in 1846 but the cherry does not seem to have been known at that time in 
‘Europe and it is possible that Elliott gave it its name. For the first few 
years the variety was not given the recognition it deserved but, in 1862, 
it was recognized by the American Pomological Society by a place on its 
list of recommended fruits which it still holds under the name, Philippe. 


Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped; trunk and branches intermediate in 
thickness; branches with numerous very large, elongated, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-eighth inches wide, 
oval to obovate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark, shiny green, smooth; lower surface 
olive-green, with a large, prominent midrib; apex taper-pointed; margin finely serrate, 
with reddish-brown glands; petiole one inch long, usually with one or two large, globose, 
yellowish-red, glands, variable in position. 


1 Elliott’s American Fruit Growers Guide, published in 1858 and dedicated to Professor Jared P. 
Kirtland, was one of the notable pomological books of its day. Cherry growers, in particular, owe Elliott 
a debt of gratitude for the publicity that he gave to Kirtland’s cherries, having described in his book 20 
of the sorts originated by Professor Kirtland. Beside his fruit book he published Popular Deciduous 
and Evergreen Trees (1868), Handbook for Fruat-growers (1876) and Handbook of Practical Laudscape Garden- 
ing (1877). He also served pomologists well for many years, at various times, from 1850 to 1873, as the 
secretary of the American Pomological Society. Franklin Reuben Elliott was born in Guilford, Con- 
necticut, April 27, 1817. We know, from complimentary speeches, accepted by Elliott, that he was 
a descendant of John Eliot, ‘‘ The Apostle of the Indians.” As a young man he engaged with a brother 
in New York as an importer of dry goods, the firm being rated at half a million dollars. Financial ruin 
came through a disastrous fire and,in 1836, Elliott went to Newburgh and was employed by A. J. Downing 
from whom he imbibed his knowledge and much of his love for pomology and horticulture. A roving 
disposition and dissipated habits led him to leave Downing for a position with a relative near Cincinnati 
who was a market-gardener. A ready pen seems from this time on to have been his chief means of liveli- 
hood for we find him successively in Cleveland, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri, in newspaper work; after 
a few years in each place he wandered to Washington where he was employed in the Agricultural Depart- 
ment of the Patent Office illustrating American fruits. From his hand in the Patent Office reports and 
from his fruit book, came some of the most accurate and beautiful representations of the fruits of this 
continent. It is probable that while in Washington he began work on his Fruit Growers Guide, the time 
for which, he tells us in his preface, took ten years. Social infirmities seem to have cost him his position 
in Washington and his last employment was with the Cleveland Herald, after which comes the record of 
his death and burial in a pauper’s grave January 10, 1878. One of the most brilliant pomologists of his 
time, his career seems again and again to have been checked by the weaknesses of his life; even so, he rendered 
horticulture valuable services for which we must give him gratitude and honor. 


160 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Flowers one and one-fourth inches across, white, well distributed, mostly in threes; 
pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals slightly obovate, 
entire, broad, slightly notched at the apex; stamens one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, 
equal in length to the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season or later; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-ovate; 
cavity abrupt; suture very shallow to a mere line; apex flattened, depressed; color very 
dark red; dots numerous, unusually small, obscure; stem one and one-fourth inches to 
one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; flesh light red, with much wine- 
colored juice, fine-grained, tender and melting, sour at first, becoming pleasantly tart 
at full maturity; good in quality; stone separates readily from the flesh, small, roundish- 
ovate, plump; ventral suture grooved; dorsal suture with a small ridge. 


LUTOVKA 


Prunus cerasus 
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1885. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 
32, 33. 1904-05. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 
Galopin. 5. Thomas Guide Prat. 21. 1876. 6. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1897. 

For a time Lutovka and Galopin were listed as two distinct varieties. 
Unquestionably they are the same despite the seeming difference in origin. 
All we know of Galopin is that it was said to have been originated by a 
nurseryman in Belgium whose name it bears. The Lutovka was introduced 
into this country by J. L. Budd of Iowa, in 1883, and, according to the 
introducer, was well known in Poland and Silesia as a roadside tree. Nothing 
‘is said of it in foreign literature. As was the case with many of Budd’s 
importations, this variety did not stand the test of culture. It is a shy 
bearer and is now seldom recommended, although it was placed on the 
list of desirable fruits of the American Pomological Society in 1897 where 
it still remains. The variety has no value in New York. In 1895, this 
Station sent out buds which they had been led to believe were the Lutovka 
and which they later found to be Brusseler Braune. The following 
description is compiled: 


Tree large, upright, slightly spreading; leaves large, ovate, leathery, produced from 
short spurs along the main branches. 

Fruit ripens the forepart of July; medium to above in size, roundish-oblate; suture 
often a line, sometimes lacking; stem short, stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin dark, 
clear red, thin, tough, translucent; flesh colorless, meaty, juicy, slightly acid; quality 
good; pit large, roundish, free. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 161 


LYONS 


Prunus anum 
Bigarreau de Lyon. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 61, 62 fig. 1854. 
Bigarreau Jaboulay. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 74. 1866. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:100 fig. 20, IOI. 
1866. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:17, 18, fig. 7. 1866-73. 6. Pom. France '7: No. 16, Pl. 16. 1871. 7. Leroy 
Dict. Pom. 5:213 fig., 214. 1877. 8. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878. 
Early Lyons. 9. Flor. & Pom. 193, fig. 1. 1875. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 294, 295. 1884. 
Early Jaboulay. 11. Hogg Fruit Man. 294. 1884. 

Of the one hundred and twenty-five cherries tested on the grounds 
of this Station during the past ten years, Lyons is one of the best. Though 
grown for nearly a century in Europe it seems never to have been well 
tried in America probably because it has not been considered particularly 
valuable in the Old World. From its behavior at this Station it appears 
to deserve extensive trial as an extra early market cherry for dessert 
purposes, as it is one of the few tender-fleshed cherries that give promise 
of standing handling for distant markets. Though commonly classed as 
a hard-fleshed Bigarreau it is really an intermediate between the firm-of- 
flesh cherries and the soft-fleshed Hearts. In the tree it is a typical Bigar- 
reau. Besides being one of the earliest of the Heart-like cherries it is one 
of the largest, handsomest and best flavored. Unfortunately, because of 
an accident, we cannot show a color-plate of this splendid cherry. On 
these grounds the tree-characters are about all that could be desired, 
though we are making allowance for a slight lack of productiveness in the 
young tree which is one of the faults commonly attributed to Lyons by 
European writers; however, all agree that the trees become fruitful with age. 
The blossoms of this variety are conspicuously large and showy, with 
pistils unusual in being longer than the stamens. The merits of Lyons 
have been so pronounced in the several years we have watched it that we 
feel quite warranted in recommending it for both home and commercial 
orchards. 

About 1822, M. Jaboulay, a nurseryman at Oullins, near Lyons, France, 
grafted over a number of seedling cherries which had sprung up on his 
grounds. Five years later, having decided to dig out the trees, he was 
attracted by the superb growth made by one of them upon which the graft 
had not started and ordered the tree to be saved. This tree produced a 
full crop of exceedingly large and attractive fruit which matured far in 
advance of other varieties. Jaboulay decided to save all the grafts for 


propagation the succeeding year but found upon going to the tree the fol- 
II 


162 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


lowing spring that the wood had been stolen. About five years later M. 
Riviére, also a nurseryman at Oullins, placed upon the market at Lyons 
a very early cherry which he called Bigarreau Anglaise but which was recog- 
nized as the same as the one found by Jaboulay. Thus have come the 
several names given in the synonyms. Lyons has never been much grown 
in this country. Lewis B. Eaton of Buffalo, New York, in importing 
cherry trees from France in 1841 and 1842, found among them one without 
a label which turned out to be Bigarreau de Lyon, later the Lyons. Trees 
of this variety were received for testing at this Station from the United 
States Department of Agriculture under the name Hative de Lyons. 
These, as grown here, have proved identical in both tree and fruit charac- 
ters with the many descriptions of Bigarreau Jaboulay, or Bigarreau de 
Lyon. 


Tree vigorous, a rapid grower, upright-spreading; branches straggling, reddish-brown; 
branchlets thick, long, with long internodes, grayish-brown, with numerous rather large, 
conspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging five and one-half inches long, two and 
one-half inches wide, folded upward, long-elliptical to obovate, thin; upper surface dark 
green, smooth; lower surface light green, with few hairs; apex distinctly elongated, base 
abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole often two inches long, 
thickish, pubescent on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to six large, reniform, 
reddish glands usually on the stalk. 

Buds large, long, conical, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small, scattering 
clusters; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers large, often one and 
one-half inches across, white; borne in dense clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one 
inch long, glabrous, green with a trace of red; calyx-tube distinctly reddish, somewhat 
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes strongly tinged with red, broad, acute, glabrous within 
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, tapering to distinct but short claws; apex 
entire or with a shallow, wide notch; filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil 
glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed; cavity flaring; suture 
shallow, or a mere line, often extending around the fruit; apex roundish or pointed; color 
very dark red; dots numerous, small, russet; stem thick, one and one-half inches long; 
skin thin, rather tender, separating from the pulp; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice, 
meaty, sprightly, sweet; of very good quality; stone semi-clinging, large, ovate, plump, 
with smooth surfaces; ridged along the ventral suture. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 163 


MAGNIFIQUE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Belle et Magnifique. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 279, 280. 1832. 3. Ibid. 239. 1841. 

Belle Magnifique. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193. 1845. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 
6. Elliott Fr. Book 191. 1854. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 272. 1857. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 
82 fig., 83. I904. 

Belle de Magnifique. 9. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:61, fig. 1. 1853. 10. Pom. France 7: No. 19, Pl. 19. 
1871. 

: Belle de Chatenay. 11. Ill. Handb. 179 fig., 180. 1860. 12. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:175-178, fig. 
48. 1866. 12. Mas Le Verger 8:57, 58, fig. 27. 1866-73. 13. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334, 343. 1889. 
14. Guide Prat. 9, 181. 1895. 

This good, old cherry has never been considered a commercial fruit 
in the United States; yet it is, and has been, surprisingly popular with nur- 
serymen, most of whom for nearly a century have offered it for sale. A 
generation ago, when American fruit-growing was in the hands of con- 
noisseurs, Magnifique was more popular than now. It has failed as a 
commercial cherry because the crop ripens very unevenly, there being 
sometimes green and fully ripe cherries on the tree at the same time, though 
the season is usually given as very late. This is one of the lightest in 
color of the hybrid Dukes, the Sour Cherry parent very evidently having 
been an Amarelle — a conclusion to which both fruit and tree point. The 
quality is usually counted as very good though it is too acid to be a first- 
rate dessert cherry for some. The trees are very vigorous and usually 
are fruitful. Magnifique has been grown so long that its place in the 
orchard would seem to have been fixed by experience; yet it might be made 
more than a cherry for the home orchard if some commercial grower would 
plant it in a shaded place and a cool soil and thereby retard ripening time 
until other cherries were gone. 

This valuable cherry was brought to notice in 1795 by Chatenay, 
surnamed Magnifique, a nurseryman near Paris. It seems, at first, to 
have been quite commonly called Belle de Chatenay but Belle de Mag- 
nifique became the commoner appellation ending in America at least with 
the universal name “ Belle Magnifique.” The variety was introduced 
into America from France sometime before 1830, by General H. A. S. 
Dearborn, Boston, Massachusetts, President of the Massachusetts Horti- 
cultural Society. The cherry is typically a Duke sort and is so listed by 
most writers, though Downing in 1845 placed it with the Morello cherries. 
Magnifique was placed upon the fruit list of the American Pomological 
Society in 1852 where it has since remained. 


164 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, productive; trunk and branches stocky, 
brown overlaid with dark gray; branchlets with many, small conspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, obovate to oval, 
thickish; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface finely pubescent; apex 
abruptly pointed, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; 
petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, grooved on the upper surface and with a few 
hairs, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, greenish glands usually at the base 
of the leaf. 

Buds obtuse or conical, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds or in rather dense 
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch 
across, wide open; borne in dense clusters on short spurs, usually in threes or fours; pedicels 
one inch long, slender, glabrous, light green; calyx-tube greenish, campanulate, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes, broadly and shallowly dentate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals 
obovate, entire, with very short claws, indented at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch 
long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures late; nearly one inch in diameter, cordate; cavity rather deep; suture 
very shallow; color pale red changing to bright red; dots numerous, small, russet, con- 
spicuous; stem one and one-fourth inches long; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; 
flesh whitish, with abundant colorless juice, fine-grained, meaty but tender, pleasantly 
tart, sprightly; very good in quality; stone free, small, oval, plump, slightly pointed, with 
smooth surfaces; slightly notched near the base of the ventral suture. 


MAY DUKE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 


1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.1:194. 1768. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 22133, 
134. 1832. 4. Gard. Chron. 57. 1843. 5. Cultivator N.S. 2:319 fig. 93. 1845. 6. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 191, 192 fig. 81. 1845. 7. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3: 53, 54. 1847. 8. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 
52. 1848. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854. 10. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:542, 543. 1855. 11. Mas Le 
Verger 8:133, 134, fig. 65. 1866-73. 12. Hogg Fruit Man. 305, 306. 1884. 13. Guide Prat. 8, 195, 
196. 1895. 

Duke Cherry. 14. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1540. 1688. 

May Cherry. 15. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 16. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:138-140, fig. 33. 1866. 

Rothe Maikirsche. 17. Christ Handb. 669. 1797. 18. Christ Worterb. 282. 1802. 19. Truchsess- 
Heim Kirschensort. 377-389. 1819. 20. Ill. Handb. 151 fig., 152. 1860, 21. Mas Le Verger 8:135, 
136, fig. 66. 1866-73. 22. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 16, Pl. 1882. 23. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 374. 
1889. 

Royale Hate. 24. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: Nos. 23, 24, Pl. 1846. 25. Pom. France 7: No. 4, 
Pl. 4. 1871. 26. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:389 fig., 390, 391. 1877. 

Royale Cherry Duke. 27. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:127, 128, fig. 64. 1882. 

Esel Kirsche. 28. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 

Anglaise Hative. 29. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 78 fig., 79. 1904. 


May Duke is one of the oldest and, the world over, one of the most 
popular cherries. There are several reasons why it has attained and holds 
its popularity. It is finely flavored, especially when prepared for the table, 


MAY DUKE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 165 


and even before ripe; it is also delicious to eat out of hand if the cherries 
are dead ripe, when it is one of the best of the subacid cherries; while one 
of the earliest of its class, it may be left to hang for a month or six weeks, 
becoming daily sweeter and more aromatic; few or no cherries thrive in 
greater variations of soil and climates, this fact accounting in greatest 
measure for its world-wide distribution in temperate regions; despite its 
tender flesh, it ships well though it is grown only for local markets since 
its long period of ripening makes necessary several pickings —a fatal 
defect for a canning cherry or one for the general trade; lastly, the trees are 
as fruitful as any, and are hardy, vigorous and healthy. The fruit is remark- 
ably well distributed in dense clusters on trees characteristically upright 
and vasiform and bearing a heavy canopy of dark green, luxuriant foliage. 
May Duke fills a particular place in the cherry orchard as a fruit for the 
local market and hundreds of new-comers have not been able to supplant 
it. The fact that it has lost none of its pristine vigor, health and produc- 
tiveness in the two hundred and more years it has been known contradicts 
the idea that varieties of fruit degenerate or wear out with age. When 
We pass in review all of the varieties of cherries, all characters and purposes 
considered, May Duke remains one of the best. 

This variety seems to have been first mentioned by Ray in 1688. 
May Duke is supposed by some English writers to have originated in a 
district in France known as Médoc and the name to have been derived 
from the place. When this cherry first received attention, the old style 
of reckoning time was in vogue and the 11th of June was the last day of 
May. It may, therefore, be presumed that the variety derived its name 
from its season of ripening rather than from a corruption of Médoc. A 
few years ago Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa imported from Russia several 
cherries among which was one called Esel Kirsche. Later this cherry was 
distributed by the United States Department of Agriculture. As grown 
on the grounds of this Station, Esel Kirsche has proved to be May Duke. 
In Ohio the two could not be distinguished and with this evidence we have 
listed Esel Kirsche as a synonym of May Duke. In 1832, William Prince 
mentioned May Duke as being among the first of the cherries introduced 
to America from Europe. From the references to this variety in the horti- 
cultural literature and in the nursery catalogs throughout the United 
States we may say that it is one of the most widely distributed and best- 
known cherries in the country. The American Pomological Society placed 
May Duke on its fruit catalog list in 1848. 


166 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Tree large, upright becoming somewhat vasiform and spreading with age, open- 
topped, very productive; trunk of medium thickness, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth 
or roughish, reddish-brown partly covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels variable 
in size; branchlets short, brown partly covered with light gray, smooth, with small, incon- 
spicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, 
obovate; upper surface very dark green, rugose; lower surface thinly pubescent; apex 
abruptly pointed, base acute; margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one 
inch long, slender, tinged with red, grooved, glandless or with one or two small, globose, 
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds obtuse, plump, free, in large clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season 
of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in dense 
clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx- 
tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long, 
narrow, acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, nearly 
sessile; apex crenate; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens 
in length. 

Fruit matures early, although variable in habit; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, 
cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture indistinct; apex roundish, 
with a small depression at the center; color light changing to dark red at full maturity; 
dots numerous, russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering 
strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh medium to dark 
red, with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly subacid, pleasant flavored; of very 
good quality; stone nearly free, small, roundish to elliptical, with smooth surfaces; slightly 
ridged along the ventral suture. 


MERCER 
Prunus avium 
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262, Pl. 5. 1892. 2. Am. Gard. 14:39 fig. 1893. 3. Can. Hort. 17:322 fig. 
693. 1894. 4. Black & Son Cat. 22 fig. 1909. 

This comparatively new Bigarreau is on probation in many parts of 
the State and country, otherwise we should not give it prominence in 
The Cherries of New York, as the variety is all but worthless as it grows 
on the grounds of this Station. The trees are not sufficiently fruitful, the 
cherries are too small, the flavor in none too good and the fruit is not at all 
resistant to brown-rot — four fatal defects for a commercial cherry. 

This variety is reported to have sprung from a pit of a Mazzard tree 
and was introduced several years ago by Black & Son of Hightstown, New 
Jersey. The name, Mercer, after the county in New Jersey from which 
it was introduced, was given the cherry by H. E. Van Deman, then United 
States Pomologist. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 167 


Tree vigorous, healthy, not always productive; branches long, grayish-brown, 
smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, 
folded upward, long-oval, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light 
green, pubescent, grooved along the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin 
coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-half inches long, tinged with 
dull red, thick, with from two to five very large, reniform, reddish glands, variable in 
position. 

Buds of medium size and length, conical, plump, free; leaf-scars rather prominent; 
season of bloom early; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, in scattering clusters 
in twos and threes; pedicels three-fourths inch long, glabrous; calyx-tube green or faintly 
tinged red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish streaked with red along the edges, 
long, obtuse, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly 
indented at the apex, tapering to short, blunt claws; filaments one-half inch long, shorter 
than the petals; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; small, cordate to blunt-conic, compressed; cavity 
shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line; apex flattened or depressed; color black; 
dots small, numerous, obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent 
to the fruit; skin thin, rather tender; flesh reddish, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, 
crisp, aromatic, mild flavored, sweet; fair to good in quality; stone free or semi-clinging, 
variable in size, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. 


MEZEL 


Prunus avium 


1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Bigarreau Monstrueux. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831. 

Bigarreau of Mezel. 3. Horticulturist 1:475 fig., 476. 1846-47. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:107 fig., 
108. 1866. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:218 fig., 219. 1877. 

Great Bigarreau. 7. Horticulturist 6:20 fig., 21. 1851. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 253. 1857. 

Monstreuse de Mezel. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 

Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 1889. 


Mezel seems to have made a stir in pomological circles in the middle of 
the Nineteenth Century by reason of the great size and beautiful appearance 
of the cherries. Though on the recommended list of the American Pomologi- 
cal Society and frequently spoken of in the pomological works of the day and 
offered by some nurserymen, we have not been able to find many trees of 
this variety now growing in New York. We glean from the literature 
that Mezel pleased the eye more than the palate and that the trees, while 
vigorous and healthy, were not productive. At any rate after a decade or 
two of much advertising and what would seem to have been a very thorough 
trial, Mezel failed to receive very general approbation from cherry-growers 
and has now almost passed from cultivation. Contrary to the general 


168 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


behavior of the variety in New York, the tree and fruit from which the 
accompanying description was made have so many merits that one can well 
wish that the variety will not wholly pass out of cultivation. 

This variety was found at Mezel, Puy-de-Déme, France, by M. Ligier 
sometime prior to 1846 when it was brought to notice. Even so, it had 
grown in a vineyard at that place for thirty years and was only made public 
after an excursion of several members of a horticultural society to the 
vineyard. It was immediately heralded as a coming variety and grafts 
were distributed. Great Bigarreau, which made its appearance a few 
years later, is here included as a synonym though many writers list it as 
a distinct sort. Bigarreau Monstrueux, first listed in the London Horti- 
cultural Society catalog for 1831, is held by many pomologists to be identical 
with Mezel which, if true, casts some doubt on the generally accepted history 
of the variety. Mezel appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomo- 
logical Society in 1862 but was discarded in 1869; it was replaced in 1883 
and is still on the list though it is scarcely known in any part of the United 
States. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in productiveness; trunk 
stocky, nearly smooth; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with 
dark ash-gray, with lenticels medium in number and size; branchlets of average thick- 
ness, variable in length, with internodes of medium length, brown partly covered with 
ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels medium in 
number. 

Leaves numerous, five inches long, often two and one-half inches wide, long-oval, 
thin; upper surface dark green, strongly rugose giving a crumpled appearance; lower 
surface dull, light green, with slight pubescence; apex varies from abrupt to taper-pointed, 
base abrupt; margin glandular, coarsely serrate; petiole long, averaging one and one-half 
inches, slender, tinged with red, with from one to four reniform glands of medium size 
on the petiole. 

Buds intermediate in size and length, plump, pointed, arranged singly as lateral 
buds or in clusters of various sizes on both long and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; 
season of bloom intermediate; flowers one and seven-sixteenths inches across, well dis- 
tributed in scattering clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one and one-eighth inches 
long, medium in thickness, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a slight tinge of red, cam- 
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, medium in width, acute, slightly serrate, glabrous 
within and without; petals somewhat obovate, crenate, nearly sessile, with a very shallow 
notch at the apex; anthers yellow; filaments shorter than the petals; pistil glabrous, 
shorter than the stamens, often defective. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; large, seven-eighths inch long, thirteen-sixteenths inch 
wide, cordate, compressed, the surface markedly irregular and broken into ridges; cavity 
very deep, wide, irregular, abrupt; suture variable, shallow to very deep and wide and 


MEZEL 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 169 


at times double; apex blunt-pointed, usually not depressed; color attractive purplish- 
black; dots numerous, very small, somewhat russet, obscure; stem medium in thickness, 
long, averaging two and one-eighth inches, adheres well to the fruit; skin medium in 
thickness, rather tender but not inclined to crack, adheres slightly to the pulp; flesh 
purplish-red, with abundant dark red juice, tender, meaty, mild, very pleasant, sweet; 
very good to best in quality; stone clinging, large, strongly ovate, with slightly roughish 
surface. 
MONTMORENCY 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:181, 182. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. 1. 1792. 
3- Christ Worterb. 292. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 656, 657, 691. 1819. 5. Kenrick Am. 
Orch. 281. 1832. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 14, Pl. 1846. 7 Mas Le Verger 8:53, 54, fig. 25. 
1866-73. 8. Pom. France 7: No. 3, Pl. 3. 1871. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:361, 362 fig., 363, 364. 1877. 
to. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 369. 1889. 11. Guide Prat. 9, 196. 1895. 12. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:112 
fig. 4, 113, 114. 1900. 13. Am. Gard. 22:266, 267. I901. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency. 15. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 463, 464, 465. 1819. 

Long Stem Montmorency. 16. Prince Pom. Man. 2:139. 1832. 

Amarelle Royale. 17. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:191-195, fig. 53. 1866. 

Monimorency Ordinaire. 18. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 19. Ja. Sta. Bul. 73:75, fig. 15. 1903. 
20. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 33, 34, Pl. 2. 1904-05. 

Montmorency is the most popular Sour Cherry grown in America. 

No one questions its supremacy. Probably half of the cherry trees in 
New York, Sweet or Sour, are Montmorencies and at least three-fourths 
of all the trees of the Sour Cherry are of this variety. It leads in the 
demands for this fruit in the markets, for the cannery and for home use as a 
culinary cherry. Several characters give it first place. It is surpassed 
by no other Sour Cherry, in New York at least, in vigor, health and pro- 
ductiveness of tree. In the last character, in particular, it is supreme. 
Year in and year out, Montmorency trees are fruitful. Possibly, too, no other 
Sour Cherry is adapted to a greater diversity of soils than Montmorency, 
which, with capacity to stand heat and cold, makes the variety suitable 
to wide variations in environment. The cherries are in no way remarkable 
—not much above the average for an Amarelle in size, appearance or 
quality, in all of these characters being much inferior to Large Mont- 
morency. The fruit has the advantage of being presentable in appearance 
and fit for culinary purposes several days before it is fully ripe and this 
adds to the value of the variety for the market. Brown-rot takes less 
toll from this cherry than of others of its kind probably because of rela- 
tively firm flesh and thick skin. These characters, also, make the fruit 
stand handling well in harvesting, shipping and on the markets. The 
preserved product, whether canned at home or commercially, is attractive 


170 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


in appearance and very good. Montmorency is not a dessert cherry but 
for those who like Sour Cherries it may be eaten out of hand with relish 
when it is fully matured. Some maintain that the variety falls short in 
the size of the tree, which is seldom more than medium, but the head is 
spreading and much-branched and the fruit is borne in clusters thickly 
scattered throughout the whole head so that the total yield from a tree is 
greater than would be thought from its size. For any and all purposes 
to which Sour Cherries are put Montmorency may be recommended as 
the best in its season. 

Unfortunately several quite distinct cherries bear the name Mont- 
morency and it has been most difficult to separate them in pomological 
literature. To make matters worse, all of them have been much confused 
with other varieties, Early Richmond in particular. The different Mont- 
morencies and Early Richmond originated in the Montmorency Valley, 
France, several centuries ago, at least before the Seventeenth Century, 
probably as seedlings of Cerise Hative or of Cerise Commune. These Mont- 
morency cherries differ from each other principally in their stems and fruit, 
one having long stems and moderate-sized, regular fruit; one shorter stems 
and larger fruit; and the third, very short, thick stems and oblate, irregular 
fruit showing a distinct suture. The first cherry has been generally known, 
particularly among the French, as Montmorency a Longue Queue or some- 
times Cerise de Montmorency. This is the Montmorency of this sketch. 
Duhamel, in 1768, was the first writer to mention this cherry directly and 
according to his statement it was then esteemed around Paris, being superior 
in productiveness to the Large Montmorency. 

Montmorency early found its way into England, where it soon became 
confused with its probable parent, the French Cerise Hative or the English 
Kentish. In a short time it had replaced Kentish in many nurseries and 
came to be called Kentish in much of the literature of the time. Just 
when Montmorency was introduced to this country is not known but it 
has been cultivated here under various names for many years. William 
Prince spoke of it in 1832 as the Long Stem Montmorency and it has long 
and commonly been known here as Montmorency Ordinaire. Mont- 
morency is to be found in nearly every nursery in the United States under 
various names, some nurserymen using the French name, others the English, 
while still others are selling the variety as Large Montmorency. Many 
supposed strains have been given new names but it is doubtful if any dis- 
tinct strains of this cherry exist. The American Pomological Society added 


MONTMORENCY 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 171 


Montmorency to its fruit catalog list in 1897 using the qualifying term 
Ordinaire which was dropped in 1909. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches inclined to droop, 
round-topped, productive; trunk and branches smooth; branches reddish-brown tinged 
with light ash-gray, with a few lenticels of medium size; branchlets slender, reddish-brown 
partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with a few small, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves three inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upwards or flattened, 
oval to obovate, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green, 
with a few scattering hairs; apex and base variable in shape; margin doubly crenate, 
glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, glandless or with from one to three 
small, globose, brownish or yellowish glands, usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly or in clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars 
obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; 
borne in scattered clusters in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, glabrous, greenish; 
calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, broad, serrate, glabrous 
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish to obovate, crenate, with short, blunt claws 
and shallow, crenate apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or 
slightly longer than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish-oblate, 
slightly compressed; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow; apex roundish; color light to 
rather dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, usually with 
a faint tinge of red, one inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating 
from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with a reddish tinge, with abundant light pink juice, 
tender and melting, sprightly, tart; of very good quality; stone free, small, roundish- 
ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces which are tinged with red. 


NAPOLEON 


Prunus avium 


1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273, 274. 1832. 3- Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 183. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 365. 1849. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:27, 28, fig. 2. 1853. 
6. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 1859. 7 Thompson Gard. Ass’t 527. 1859. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 
9. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:132. 1866. 10. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 470. 1869. 11. Pom. France 7: 
No. 9, Pl. 9. 1871. 12. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:219, 220 fig., 221. 1877. 13. Flor. & Pom. 57, Pl. 465. 
1878. 14. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:109, 110, fig. 55. 1882. 15. Cornell Sta. Bul. 98:493, fig. 87. 1895. 
16. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 5:38 fig. 1898. 

Gros Bigarreau Blanc. 17. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165. 1768. 18. Truchsess-Heim Kurschen- 
sort. 308-310. 1819. 19. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:123-126, fig. 29. 1866. 20. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:179, 
180 fig., 181. 1877. 21. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354. 1889. 

Lauermannskirsche. 22. Christ Handb. 664. 1797. 23. Christ Wérterb. 280. 1802. 24. Truchsess- 
Heim Kirschensort. 292-295, 323-328. 1819. 25. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889. 

Lange Marmorkirsche. 26. Christ Handb. 655. 1797. 27. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 330-333. 
1819. 

Hollandische Grosse Prinzessinkirsche. 28. Christ Wérterb. 281. 1802. 29. Truchsess-Heim Kirsch- 


ensort. 295-299. 1819. 30. Il. Handb. 125 fig.,126. 1860. 31. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:117, 118, fig. 59. 
1882. 32. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 357. 1889. 


172 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Harrison's Heart. 33. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 34. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:69, 70, 
Pl. 34 fig. 2. 1823. 35. Mas Le Verger 8:145, 146, fig. 71. 1866-73. 36. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 
ser Weisse Marmorkirsche. 37. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 316, 317, 682. 1819. 

Holland Bigarreau. 38. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 181 fig., 182. 1845. cf 

Bigarreau d’Esperen. 39. Mortillet Le Cerisier 22119, 120 fig., 121. 1866. 40. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 463. 1869. 41. Mas Le Verger 8:11, 12, fig. 4. 1866-73. 42. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:198 fig., 199. 
1877. 43. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. 44. Rev. Hort. 321, 322. 1912. 

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 45. Mortillet Le Cerisier 22126-1290, fig. 30. 1866. 46. Pom. France 7: 
No. 23, Pl. 23. 1871. 47. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:208, 209 fig., 210. 1877. 

Royal Ann. 48. Cal. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 59, Pl. 18. 1893-94. 49. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 192. 1907. 
50. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31, fig. 8. 1910. 

Napoleon is the leading firm-fleshed Sweet Cherry. It takes its place 
by virtue of the large size, handsome appearance and high quality of the 
fruit and the phenomenal productiveness of the trees. The accompanying 
plate shows well the large size and beautiful color of the cherries — unsur- 
passed in either character by any other Bigarreau and possibly by any 
other cherry. The flavor is rich and sweet which, with the abundant 
juice and firm, crackling flesh, makes this a most delicious and refreshing 
cherry for dessert and, with the great size and attractive color, gives it 
preference over all other Sweet Cherries for culinary purposes. In partic- 
ular, cherry-canners find that Napoleon makes a finely finished product. 
The cherries carry well and keep long and are, therefore, well thought of 
by fruit-dealers. Besides being very productive, the trees come in bearing 
early and are as vigorous, hardy and healthy as those of any other Sweet 
Cherry. They may usually be known by their upright growth and large, 
sturdy limbs. Napoleon, however, is not without its faults. The cherries 
crack badly in wet weather and the variety can be grown with certainty 
only in the dry summer climate of the Pacific Coast, where, especially in 
Oregon and Washington, it reaches truly wonderful perfection. In the 
East, too, Napoleon is more susceptible to brown-rot than several of its 
rivals. Possibly the greatest fault, however, is in the tree, which is very 
fastidious as to soils, thriving only in choice cherry land and in a congenial 
cherry climate. Despite these rather serious faults, cherry-growers agree 
that Napoleon takes first place among Sweet Cherries for both home and 
commercial plantings. 

Napoleon is of unknown origin. Early in the Eighteenth Century 
it was grown by the Germans, French, Dutch and English, proof that it 
is a very old variety. Leroy believes that it was described by Merlet in 
1667 but under another name. The great number of synonyms in several 


languages gives some idea of the countries in which the variety has been 


NAPOLEON 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 173 


grown as well as the esteem in which it has been held. There are several 
accounts as to when the cherry was given the name Napoleon. Probably 
the best authenticated is that in which it is held that Parmentier, a Belgian, 
gave the cherry the name of the famous emperor in 1820. When 
the variety was taken to England, where at that time Napoleon was 
not in good repute, the name of his conqueror, Wellington, was sub- 
stituted but seems to have been little used. As if not content with the 
score or more of European names, cherry-growers in America have added 
at least two more. In many parts of the country it is locally called the 
Ox Heart. On the Pacific Coast it is grown and sold by nurserymen and 
fruit-growers alike as Royal Ann, a name given it by its introducer, Seth 
Lewelling, of Milwaukee, Oregon, who lost the label bearing the old name 
in taking it across the Continent in early days and gave it a new name. 
With incomprehensible persistency Western horticulturists maintain this 
synonym to the confusion of horticultural nomenclature. The American 
Pomological Society placed Napoleon on its fruit list in 1862, it having 
been grown in America for at least 40 years before receiving this honor. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, 
shaggy; branches thick, roughened by the lenticels, dull brown overlaid with ash-gray, 
with numerous large, raised lenticels; branchlets thick, long, light brown overspread 
with gray, smooth, with a few inconspicuous, small lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, five and three-fourths inches long, two and one-half inches wide, 
folded upward, elliptical to obovate; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light 
green, somewhat pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin doubly serrate, 
with small, dark glands; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull 
red, hairy along the upper surface, with from one to three large, reniform, reddish-orange 
glands, usually on the stalk. 

Buds variable in size, conical, free, arranged singly or in thin clusters from lateral 
buds and from spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, 
one and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones or in twos; pedicels 
variable in length, averaging one inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, cam- 
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes tinged with red, long, rather narrow, acuminate, serrate, 
reflexed; petals oval, entire, dentate at the apex, with short, narrow claws; filaments one- 
half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often defective. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; over one inch in diameter, conical to long-cordate, 
compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a distinct line; apex much pointed; color, 
varying shades of bright red over a yellowish background, distinctly mottled; dots obscure; 
stem slender, more than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, rather adherent; 
flesh whitish, with a faint yellow tinge, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, 
the flavor improving as the season advances, sweet; good to very good in quality; stone 
semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces. 


174 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


NOUVELLE ROYALE 


Prunus avium x Prunus cerasus 

1. Flor. & Pom. 72, Pl. 1862. 2. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, 88. 1866. 
4. Mas Le Verger 8:147, 148, fig. 72. 1866-73. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 484. 1869. 6. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Rpt. 31. 1875. '7. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 80, Tab. 33. 1894. 8. Guide Prat. 9. 1895. 
If this cherry were to be judged by its behavior on the grounds of this 
Station, it would be called one of the best of the hybrid Dukes. In par- 
ticular, it would be commended by its product, the trees not making as good 
a showing as the fruit. The cherries are distinguished by their large size, 
dark red color, glossy surface, good quality, lateness in maturity and, 
even more particularly, sweetness, keeping in mind that the variety is a 
hybrid and not a true Sweet Cherry. The shape, too, offers a distin- 
guishing character, the fruits being more oblate than in any other Duke. 
The long, stout stem is still another characteristic. Unfortunately the 
tree, while satisfactory in all other respects, is unproductive — a fatal fault in 
these days of commercial fruit-growing. Nouvelle Royale is not widely known 
in America and may well be given trial by those who want a late Duke. 
This variety is supposed from its fruit- and tree-characters to be a hybrid 
between Early Richmond and May Duke but where, how and when it 
came to light is not known. Downing, in 1869, mentions the Nouvelle 
Royale as having recently been introduced into this country and it was 
noted in the Report of the American Pomological Society for 1875 but 

has never received a place upon the Society’s fruit catalog list. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright, compact, moderately productive; trunk of medium 
size; branches upright, thickish; branchlets slender, long, brown partly covered with ash- 
gray, with very numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, 
obovate; upper surface dark green, glossy, rugose; lower surface light green, lightly 
pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular; 
petiole one and one-fourth inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, grooved and with 
few hairs along the upper surface, glandless or with from one to four globose, greenish- 
yellow or reddish glands variable in size usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and on short spurs 
in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, 
one inch across; borne in dense clusters in threes and fours; pedicels three-fourths of an 
inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; 
calyx-lobes somewhat reddish, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; 
petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil 
glabrous, longer than the stamens. 


NOUVELLE ROYALE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 175 


Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate, strongly compressed; 
cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex flattened or slightly depressed; color 
dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths inches 
long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish 
or with a tinge of red, with light pink juice, slightly stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly 
flavored, mildly tart; of very good quality; stone free, roundish-oval, plump, blunt, oblique, 
with smooth surfaces often tinged with red, with small ridges radiating from the base. 


OLIVET 
Prunns avium X Prunus cerasus 
1. Gard. Mon. 19:19. 1877. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1881. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd 
App. 164. 1881. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:11. 1892. 5. Cal. Sta. An. Rpt. 316. 1895-97. 6. Va. 
Sta, Bul. 133:27. 1902. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76, 77. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 24. 1904-05. 
9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:21. 1910. 

Olivet is a large, globular, deep red, glossy cherry with a rich, vinous, 
subacid flavor. Some writers call Olivet a Duke while others place it 
with the Morellos. The fruit, on the grounds of this Station, shows many 
characteristics of the Morellos while the tree appears to be a Duke, sug- 
gesting that it is a hybrid between trees of the two groups. The fruit, 
eaten out of hand, would be rated as a very good Morello or a subacid 
and somewhat mediocre Duke, a fruit hardly good enough for dessert and 
not as good as some of the sourer cherries for culinary purposes. It is 
one of the earliest of the Morello-like cherries and this may give it a place 
in the cherry flora of the country. The trees are large and vigorous and 
their much-branched, round tops would seem to give the maximum amount 
of bearing surface, but, unfortunately, the cherries do not set abundantly. 
On the grounds of this Station the variety is not fruitful, this being its chief 
defect. In other parts of the country, however, it is reported to be either 
very productive or moderately so. The descriptions of this cherry as given 
by American experiment stations and nurserymen show plainly that there 
are several distinct sorts passing under the name Olivet in this country. 

Olivet, of comparatively recent origin, was found at Olivet, Loire, 
France. American nurserymen introduced this variety sometime previous 
to 1877, for in that year the Gardener's Monthly mentioned the cherry as 
being ‘‘a valuable Duke sort filling an unoccupied place among the list 
of early cherries in central New York.’’ Olivet was entered on the Amer- 


ican Pomological Society’s catalog list of fruits in 1881 where it is still 
retained. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, unproductive; trunk thickish, 
rather rough; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, 


176 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


with numerous small lenticels; branchlets short, brown partiy overspread with ash-gray, 
smooth, with numerous raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, 
folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface 
light green, glossy, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute; margin doubly serrate, 
glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, greenish, glandless or with one or two 
globose, brownish glands variable in position. 

Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small 
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, 
one inch across; borne in dense clusters, usually in threes; pedicels one-half inch long, 
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with 
a trace of red, long, of medium width, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; 
petals oval to slightly obovate, entire, nearly sessile; apex entire; filaments one-fourth 
inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish to slightly oblate, 
somewhat compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture a line; apex roundish, with a small 
depression at the center; color bright red; dots russet, obscure; stem thickish, one and 
one-fourth inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp, 
flesh light red, with abundant light red or wine-colored juice, tender and melting, 
sprightly, astringent, tart; of fairly good quality; stone free, small, roundish, slightly 
flattened, somewhat pointed at the apex, with smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along 


the ventral suture. 
OSTHEIM 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Christ Obsthdume 159. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 676. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
512-517. 1819. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832. 5. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858. 6. Ill. 
Handb. 187 fig., 188. 1860. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:295, 296 fig. 1877. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371. 
1889. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 10. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:121, 122. Ig00. 11. Ia. Sta. Bul. 
73:78 fig. 18, 79. 1903. 12. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:14, 21, 22. 1910. 


Ostheim finds considerable favor in the prairie states of the Middle 
West but is all but worthless as grown in New York and other eastern 
states. It is one of the Morellos and falls far short of the best of its group, 
the cherries being too small and of but mediocre quality. The trees are 
typical Morellos, round-headed, with slender, drooping branches and branch- 
lets and very dark green foliage. The fruit is borne toward the ends of 
short branches which are not well distributed over the main branches, 
leaving much bare wood. Like all Morellos the fruit hangs long after 
maturity and since the ripening season is late the variety may be worth 
growing because of its lateness; as it may, also, in cold climates because 
of great hardiness. The trees on their own roots throw up many suckers 
which are often used in propagation. The variety has the reputation, 
too, of coming true to name from seeds. 


OLIVET 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 177 


Ostheim is a native of Spain and not of Germany as many have 
supposed. The trees were found in the region of the Sierra Morena Moun- 
tains, Spain, and were taken to Germany by a Dr. Klinghammer after the 
Wars of the Succession, 1701-1713. Thecherry took the name Ostheim from 
the German town of that name where it was widely grown. The variety, 
being easily propagated, spread throughout Germany and soon became 
one of the best-known cherries. Later, the name seems to have come to 
be a class term for all cherries similar to the original Ostheim. The names 
Ostheim, Ostheimer, Griotte Ostheim and Ostheimer Weichsel are used 
interchangeably by foreign writers for this variety. American writers, 
however, have given these names to two very similar but distinct varieties. 
Ostheim was brought to the United States by William Robert Prince of 
the Linnean Botanical Gardens early in the Nineteenth Century. It 
has proved very satisfactory in some sections of the West and Canada, 
while in the East it is but a mediocre variety at best. At different times 
either buds or trees of so-called Ostheims have been imported to this 
country which have turned out not to be the true variety. What these 
sorts really are will remain uncertain until the several forms can be brought 
together and compared. Professor Budd imported a variety in 1883, 
which since has become known as Ostheim, carrying Griotte d’Ostheim 
as a synonym. Whether or not this is the old variety or a distinct strain 
of the Ostheim class we are unable to say. The Cerise d’Ostheim received 
by this Station has proved identical with this variety. Ostheim was first 
listed by the American Pomological Society in 1899. A cherry known 
as Minnesota Ostheim, introduced into Minnesota from Germany, is now 
recognized as a distinct sort. The variety as it is known in Kansas 
and Missouri is often called the German Ostheimer though some believe 
this to be different from the true sort. 

Tree below medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with drooping branchlets, 
dense, very productive; trunk smooth; branches rather slender, smooth, dark ash-gray 
partly overspreading reddish-brown, with small, raised lenticels; branchlets slender, willowy, 
long, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous 
lenticels. 

Leaves very numerous, three and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches 
wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper surface very dark green, smooth; lower sur- 
face pale green, with a few scattering hairs; apex taper-pointed, base variable in shape; 
margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole slender, one-half inch long, short, 
tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few scattering hairs, with from one to three small, 


globose, greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade. 
12 


178 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Buds small, short, usually obtuse, plump, free, arranged as lateral buds and in small 
clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers one inch 
across, white; borne in scattering clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels five-eighths of 
an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a faint tinge of 
red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long, serrate, glabrous within 
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, nearly sessile, apex entire; filaments one- 
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, nearly equal in length to the stamens. 

Fruit matures very late; nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter, roundish to 
slightly oblate, compressed; cavity very shallow and narrow, flaring; suture indistinct; 
apex roundish with a small depression at the center; color very dark red approaching 
black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-fourth 
inches long, but slightly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from 
the pulp; flesh dark red, with much very dark colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly, 
tart, losing its astringency when fully ripe; of fair quality; stone free, nearly one-half inch 
in diameter, roundish-oblate, somewhat pointed, with smooth surfaces slightly stained 
with red. 

OX HEART 


Prunus avium 


1. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797. 3. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:36, 
Pl. 18 fig. 2. 1817. 4. Coxe Cult, Fr. Trees 249. 1817. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 132-135. 
1819. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 7 Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1858. 8. Mas Pom. Gen. 


11:57, 58, fig. 29. 1882. 9. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 365, 366. 1882. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 339, 371. 
1889. 


Bigarreau Gros Commun. 11. Mag. Hort. 9:203. 1843. 

Ox Heart is very commonly used as a class name for the large, meaty 
varieties of cherries which are cordate in shape. In America the name is 
most often given to the light-fleshed cherries, such as Yellow Spanish, 
Napoleon or White Bigarreau. At one time, however, the name was 
applied to a distinct variety known throughout England, Germany and 
America, being first mentioned by Miller, an Englishman, in 1734. Coxe, 
in 1817, was the first American writer to list the variety but it never 
became popular in the New World. Ox Heart appeared among the fruits 
rejected by the American Pomological Society in 1858 and from then on 
it gradually gave way to better varieties. The synonyms of the true Ox 
Heart are badly confused not only with other dark-fleshed varieties but 
with those of the Yellow Spanish type. As some of these varieties are 
merely listed while others have but a meager description, it is impossible 
to separate or group them with any degree of certainty. In the 1909 
catalog of the American Pomological Society there appears an Ox Heart 
of American origin and of recent introduction, known in the West as Major 
Francis. There are also in several nursery catalogs a ‘“ white-fleshed Ox 


OSTHEIM 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 179 


Heart.’’ What this variety is we are unable to say. The following is a 
description of Ox Heart compiled from European fruit books: 


Tree medium in vigor, round-topped, spherical, productive; branches somewhat 
curved; internodes of medium length; leaves obovate, obtusely pointed, margin finely 
serrate; petiole short, rather slender, flexible, tinged red, with two reniform glands; flowers 
small; petals irregularly elliptical. 

Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; medium to large, cordate, pointed, 
sides unevenly compressed; color lively red changing to intense purple or nearly black; 
stem of medium length and thickness, usually tinged red, inserted in a broad, deep cavity; 
skin tough; flesh dark red, with abundant colored juice, half-tender but firmer than most 
Hearts, sweet though slightly bitter before complete maturity; quality good; stone medium 
in size, broadly cordate, adhering to the flesh along the ventral suture. 


REINE HORTENSE 


Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 
1. Gen. Farmer 11:191 fig. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1856. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 
1856. 3. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:54. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 167 fig., 168. 1860. 5. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 17, 204. 1876. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:379-382, fig 1877. 
D'Aremberg. 7. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 215. 1835. 
Hortense. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 196, 197 fig. 1854. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Were there not so many good Duke varieties of its season Reine Hor- 
tense would take high rank among hybrid cherries. Several qualities fit 
it admirably for home and somewhat for commercial plantations. To 
begin with, it is most excellent in quality, its flavor being a commingling 
of the refreshing acidity of the Sour Cherry and the richness of the Sweet 
Cherry, though to some there may be a little too much acidity for a first- 
class dessert fruit. The cherries are also handsome — large, round, bright, 
glossy red with a shade of amber and very uniform in size, color and 
shape. The fruit is especially attractive on the tree as it hangs on long 
stems in twos and threes thickly scattered and never much clustered. 
Unfortunately the fruit does not stand handling in harvesting and marketing 
quite as well as that of some other Dukes and is a little too susceptible to 
brown-rot for a good commercial cherry. The chief faults of the variety, 
however, are in the trees rather than in the fruit. The trees are but of 
medium size, are not as productive as some others of the hybrid sorts, are 
at their best only in choice cherry soils and demand good care. In Europe, 
Reine Hortense is much used as a dwarf and for training on walls. It 
would seem that its merits and faults, as it grows in America, are such as 
fit it preeminently well only for the amateur. 

Of the several accounts of the origin of Reine Hortense the one giving 


180 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


France as its home and Larose as its originator is here accepted as authentic. 
M. Larose of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Seine, a gardener of the imperial court, 
grew the original tree early in the Nineteenth Century from a seed of the 
Cerise Larose, a seedling of his introduction. Soon after the first mention 
of this variety, about 1841, there appeared the Louis XVIII, Morestin, 
Guigne de Petit-Brie and several others. The variety was seemingly 
rechristened by every nurseryman who got hold of it. At one time the 
name Monstreuse de Bavay was acceptable to many, it having been given 
to the variety by a Mr. Bavay of Vilvorde, Brabant, Belgium, about 1826. 
The theory that Reine Hortense comes true to seed and therefore has 
several strains has been discredited. The American Pomological Society 
recognized Reine Hortense in 1856, only a few years after being intro- 
duced into this country, by placing it on the recommended fruit list. In 
1909, the Society shortened the name from Reine Hortense to Hortense 
but in this text we prefer to use the full name, thereby indicating clearly 
the person for whom the cherry was christened. 


Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, productive; trunk shaggy; branches smooth, 
dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a few large lenticels; branchlets rather 
slender, with short internodes, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with 
inconspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded 
upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, 
pubescent along the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, 
with dark glands; petiole one inch long, tinged with red, pubescent along the grooved 
upper surface, with none or with from one to four small, globose, greenish-yellow or 
brownish glands, usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds large, long-pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in small 
clusters on few long spurs; blooms appearing in mid-season; flowers white, one and one- 
fourth inches across; borne in dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels one inch long, 
slender, glabrous; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, 
acuminate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, with 
entire apex; filaments one-fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblong-conic to obtuse- 
conic, compressed; cavity somewhat shallow, narrow, abrupt, often lipped; suture indis- 
tinct; apex roundish with a small depression at the center; color amber-red; dots numerous, 
light russet, conspicuous; stem tortuous, slender, one and one-half inches long, adherent 
to the fruit; skin tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, 
tender and melting, sprightly subacid; of very good quality; stone free, rather large, oblong 
to oval, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. 


REINE HORTENSE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 181 


REPUBLICAN 
Prunus avium 


1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Black Republican, 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 35:534. 1870. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 20. 1875. 
4. Am. Gard. 9:357 fig. 1888. 5. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 6. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:23, 25. 1910. 

Lewelling. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 8. Gard. Mon. 17:336. 1875. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. 
Cat. 26. 1909. 10. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28, 29, fig. 7. 1910. 


For some reason Republican does not make headway in the favor 
of cherry-growers though all who have described it speak well of it. Judged 
by the palate, Republican is one of the best of the Bigarreaus. The cherries 
are rich and sweet in flavor, firm of flesh and with an abundance of 
refreshing juice. Judged bythe eye, too, it holds its own with the best of 
its class, the fruit having a pleasing rotundness of shape and a beautiful 
dark red, almost black, glossy color. In size the variety very often falls 
short; for, though often given as one of the largest, it turns out to be, in 
many orchards, but of medium size and sometimes is small. Here seems 
to be its fatal defect. It is exceedingly capricious as to soils, failing wholly 
or in part in all but the very choicest cherry environments. The trees 
are large, spreading and vigorous but on the grounds of this Station are 
more susceptible to the shot-hole fungus than any other Sweet Cherry. 
It has been reported to be very subject to this disease at the Washington 
Station also. The failure of this cherry to meet the demands of commercial 
cherry-growers during a probationary period of nearly a half a century 
means that it is, at most, of but local value. 

This variety, known under two other names, Black Republican and 
Lewelling, originated about the middle of the Nineteenth Century in the 
orchard of Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. In traveling across the 
continent in 1849, Mr. Lewelling took with him to Oregon, Bigarreau, 
Morello and Mahaleb cherries and from seeds of one of the Bigarreaus 
sprang several seedlings, among them one which was named Black 
Republican. The parentage of the sort is not known though it was thought 
to be a cross between Napoleon and Black Tartarian, having sprung 
up near these two trees. Some cherry-growers and nurserymen describe 
a cherry which they call Lewelling but in every case the descriptions agree 
very closely with Republican. Many list the two names separately as 
designating two distinct varieties of diverse origin. Of these, some have 
supposed Republican to be a seedling of Eagle originating in 1860. The 
American Pomological Society for many years listed Black Republican 


182 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


alone beginning in its catalog of 1875 but in 1909 the catalog contained 
the two names, Republican and Lewelling. Inasmuch as the consensus 
of opinion is that both names apply to a single cherry this Station has 
decided to list Republican only. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, 
somewhat shaggy; branches stout, roughened, brown covered with ash-gray, with large, 
raised lenticels; branchlets stout, with long internodes, brown nearly overspread with ash- 
gray, smooth except near the base, with a few small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward, 
obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface slightly hairy; 
apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one and 
one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull red, with two or three large, reniform, light 
green or reddish glands on the stalk. 

Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly on the branchlets, or in small 
clusters on spurs of medium length; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one 
and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones and twos; pedicels variable 
in length, averaging one inch long, characteristically thick, glabrous; calyx-tube tinged 
with red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes variable in width, tinged with red, long- 
obovate to acute, finely serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, 
entire, with short, blunt claws, with shallow, notched apex; filaments five-sixteenths of 
an inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective. 

Fruit matures late; about one inch in diameter, wide, variable in shape, cordate or 
roundish-cordate, compressed, with angular and uneven surfaces; cavity deep, wide, flaring; 
suture a shallow groove, often extending around the fruit; apex with a small depression 
at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; 
stem thick, one and one-eighth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin; flesh purplish- 
red, with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet or with slight astringency 
before fully mature; of good quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, flattened, rather blunt, 
with smooth surfaces. 


ROCKPORT 


Prunus avium 
1. Horticulturist 2:59 fig.,60. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201, 202 fig. 1854. 3. Hooper W. Fr. 
Book 270,271. 1857. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.74. 1862. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131. 1866. 6. Ober- 
dieck Obst-Sort. 372. 1881. 

Rockport is of very doubtful commercial value and has too many 
faults to be included with the best sweet sorts for a home orchard. It 
is more easily characterized by its faults than its merits. Compared 
with the well-known Yellow Spanish, of which it is a seedling and to which 
it is similar, the cherries are smaller and the pits are larger than those of 
the parent variety,— quite too large for the amount of pulp. Worst of 
the faults of the variety is, however, that the cherries are not sufficiently 


REPUBLICAN 


ROCKPORT 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 183 


firm of flesh to withstand harvesting, shipping and the attacks of the 
brown-rot fungus. To offset the defects of the fruit the flesh is rich, sweet 
ard tender, making it, all in all, as good as any other Sweet Cherry for 
dessert. The trees, too, are very satisfactory, being large, vigorous and 
very fruitful, though with the reputation of requiring good soil and the 
best of care, of lacking a little in hardiness to cold, and of having the period 
of maturing the crop more or less changed by soil and culture. Rockport 
has been, and is, more or less popular in New York but it can be recom- 
mended only for a home orchard. 

Rockport is another of Professor Kirtland’s introductions, having been 
raised by him at Cleveland, Ohio, about 1842, from a seed of Yellow Spanish. 
It soon won a place, in 1862, on the fruit list of the American Pomological 
Society where it still remains. It is mentioned by several foreign authors 
and many American nurserymen offer it for sale. Swedish is given as a 
synonym of Rockport by Hooper. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright, very productive; trunk somewhat slender, roughish; 
branches smooth, reddish-brown, with numerous small lenticels; branchlets stout, variable 
in length, with long internodes, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray, smooth, 
with conspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, 
folded upward, long-oval to obovate; upper surface dark green, somewhat rugose; lower 
surface dull, light green, pubescent along the veins; apex acute to taper-pointed, base abrupt; 
margin coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, tinged with red, with a few 
hairs on the upper surface, glandless or with from one to four large, reniform, reddish 
glands variable in position. 

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly and in clusters from lateral 
buds and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, 
one and one-fourth inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels one inch long, 
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous 
within and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate at the apex, nearly sessile; 
filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens, often 
defective. 

Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity 
shallow, wide, flaring, regular; suture a distinct line; apex roundish, with a small depression 
at the center; color bright red over an amber-yellow background, mottled; dots very 
numerous, small, light yellowish, somewhat conspicuous; stem one and one-half inches 
long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender; flesh pale yellowish-white, with color- 
less juice, tender, somewhat melting, aromatic, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality; 
stone free, ovate, plump, with smooth surfaces. 


184 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


ROYAL DUKE 
Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus 


1. Mag. Hort. 9:204, 205. 1843. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 192. 1845. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit 
Cult. 369. 1849. 4. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:543. 1855. 5- Thompson Gard. Ass’t 530. 1859. 6. Am. 
Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 7. Mas Pom. Gen, 11:125, 126, fig. 63. 1882. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 311. 
1884. 

Royale d'Angleterre. 9. Christ Obstbdume 159. 1791. 

Cerise Royale. 10. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 11. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 40 fig. 1906. 

Kénigskirsche. 12 Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 422, 423, 424. 1819. 

Ungarische Siissweichsel. 13. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858. 

Anglaise Hative 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:161-163, fig. 42. 1866. 15. Mas Le Verger 8:83, 84, 
fig. 40. 1866-73. 16. Pom. France 7: No. 24, Pl. 24. 1871. 17. Guide Prat. 17, 180. 1895. 

Belle de Worsery. 18. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:181. 1866. 19. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:39, 40, fig. 20. 
1882. 


Royal Duke has a place in the cherry flora to follow in season the 
well-known May Duke and to precede another standard sort, Late Duke. 
It is so nearly like these two sorts, except in season, and so similar to Arch 
Duke, as well, that there is much difficulty in getting the variety true 
to name. It is more often taken for May Duke than for the other kinds 
named but it differs from this well-known sort in being a little later in 
season, and the cherries are larger, a little lighter in color, do not hang as 
thickly, being scattered along the branches, often singly, and are more 
oblate. The trees are markedly upright and the foliage is very dense. 
None of the Dukes are popular in America for market fruits and this is 
no exception though, among all, Royal Duke is as good as any — pleasantly 
flavored, juicy, refreshing and very good. The trees, too, are very satis- 
factory. The variety has a place in home orchards and for local markets. 
The French say that the tree makes a very weak growth budded on the 
Mahaleb and that it should be worked on the Mazzard, which is generally 
true of all Dukes. The buyer will have difficulty in getting the true Royal 
Duke in America. 

The origin of this variety is unknown but the Royale d’Angleterre, 
mentioned by Christ in 1791, was probably the variety now known as 
Royal Duke, although the description is too meager to be certain. 
According to Thompson, Royal Duke was one of the varieties formerly cul- 
tivated in England under the names Late Duke, Arch Duke, or Late Arch 
Duke and was probably introduced by the London Horticultural Society 
from France under the name of Anglaise Tardive. When or by whom 
this variety was introduced into America is not known but according to 
Downing it was very rarely found here in the first half of the Nineteenth 


ROYAL DUKE 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 185 


Century. The American Pomological Society placed Royal Duke upon 
its catalog list of recommended fruits in 1871. 


Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive at this Station; trunk 
slender, roughish; branches stocky, with roughened surface, dark reddish-brown covered 
with ash-gray, with lenticels of medium number and size; branchlets stout, long, brown 
partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the lenticels which are inconspicuous. 

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-half inches long, two 
inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate; upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; 
lower surface medium green, pubescent along the midrib; apex abruptly pointed, base 
acute; margin serrate or crenate; petiole variable in length, often one and one-half inches 
long, not uniform in thickness, tinged with red, glandless or with one or two small, reniform, 
greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds rather small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in very 
dense clusters on numerous short spurs; leaf-scars obscure; time of bloom mid-season; 
flowers white, one inch across; borne in very dense clusters, closely grouped in fours and 
fives; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube green or with a tinge 
of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, serrate, glabrous within 
and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, apex entire; filaments nearly one- 
fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens. 

Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, oblate, compressed; cavity rather 
narrow, abrupt, regular; suture a mere line; apex flattened or depressed; color bright 
red becoming darker at maturity; dots few, small, obscure; stem one and one-half inches 
long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale 
_ yellowish-white with tinge of red, pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, pleasantly acid; good 
to very good in quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, slightly flattened, with smooth 
surfaces. 

SCHMIDT 


Prunus avium 


1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 2. Ill. Handb. 37 fig., 38. 1867. 3. Jour. Hort. N. S. 
23:169 fig. 1872. 4. Flor. & Pom. 121, fig. 2. 1874. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 17. 1897. 6. Budd- 
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:290. 1903. 

Smith. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 


Schmidt, shortened in accordance with the rules of the American 
Pomological Society from Schmidt’s Bigarreau, is not new nor can it be 
said to be little known, since it has been rather widely planted in America 
for a score of years. Yet in New York, at least, it is not receiving the 
attention that it deserves from commercial cherry-growers, being relegated 
to the rear of ten or a dozen kinds when it should be in the front rank. 
Indeed, about Geneva, where many Sweet Cherries are grown, while not 
the leading market variety, it is one of the best. The characters which 
entitle it to a high place as a money-maker are: large size, being unsurpassed 


186 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


in this respect by any other black cherry in this region; its round, plump 
form and glossy, black color which tempt the eye; crisp, firm, juicy flesh 
and sweet, rich flavor, delicious to the taste; dark ruby-red color under 
the skin which makes it as pleasing inwardly as outwardly; freedom from 
brown-rot, in this respect excelling any other market sort; and a vigorous, 
healthy, productive tree. The tree is further characterized by its abun- 
dant, large leaves of dark, luxuriant green. The fruit is often picked before 
it is ripe, at which time it is dark red and not black. There is a good 
deal of enthusiasm in New York over several new Sweet Cherries from 
the Pacific Coast but in this vicinity none of these is equal to Schmidt. 
Schmidt is a seedling of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and 
was raised by Herr Schmidt, Forester at Casekow, Prussia, Germany, 
about 1841. It was introduced into England by Thomas Rivers of Saw- 
bridgeworth and eventually found its way to America but how and when 
is not known. Schmidt appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomo- 
logical Society in 1897 but only for two years when for some reason it was 
dropped. In1g09, a Smith was listed, with Smith’s Bigarreau as a synonym. 
Budd-Hansen in the publication of 1903 also mentioneda Smith which is 
probably Schmidt. We are inclined to hold to the German spelling, Schmidt. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk and branches 
stocky, smooth; branches dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenti- 
cels; branchlets thick, short, smooth, with rather conspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, six inches long, three inches wide, folded upward, obovate; upper 
surface light green, smooth; lower surface pale green, pubescent along the midrib and 
larger veins; apex acute, base abrupt; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one and one- 
half inches long, thick, dull red, with a narrow, deep groove along the upper surface, 
glandless or with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk. 

Buds large, long, obtuse to conical, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and 
in numerous small clusters; leaf-scars prominent; time of blooming mid-season; flowers 
white, one and one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and threes; 
pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, campanu- 
late, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; 
petals oval, crenate, with short, narrow claws; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil 
glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, cordate, compressed, often slightly 
oblique; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture indistinct; apex bluntly pointed; color purplish- 
black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches 
long, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from the pulp; flesh purplish- 
red, with dark colored juice, very meaty, crisp, firm, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone 
semi-clinging, ovate, slightly oblique, with smooth surfaces; ventral suture prominent. 


~ 


SCHMIDT 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 187 


SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Christ. Handb. 679. 1797. 2. Prince Pom. Man, 2:141, 142. 1832. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 
52365, 366 fig., 367. 1877. 

Gobet 4 Courte Queue. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:180, 181, Pl. VIII. 1768. 5. Kraft Pom. 
Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 1. 1792. 

Gros Gobet. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 634-638. 1819. 7 Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:71, 
72. 1858. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:204, 308. 1866. 9. Mas Le Verger 8:51, 52, fig. 24. 1866-73. 
10. Hogg Fruit Man. 299, 300. 1884. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1889. 12. Guide Prat. 9, 190. 
1895. 

Flemish. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 195 fig. 85, 196. 1845. 

Cerise a Courte Queue. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 15, Pl. 1846. 

Cerise Gros Fruit. 15. Pom. France 7: No. 11, Pl. 11. 1871. 


In tracing the history of the Montmorency cherries from Duhamel’s 
time to the present we have been led to conclude that three distinct types 
are now being cultivated. Of these closely related strains, all of which 
probably originated about the same time in Montmorency Valley, France, 
Montmorency is by far the most important and the one now grown com- 
mercially in all parts of the country. Large Montmorency, while quite 
similar to Montmorency, is much less grown because of its unproductive- 
ness, although in quality it is quite equal or perhaps superior to Mont- 
morency. Short-Stem Montmorency, under discussion here, varies con- 
siderably both in tree and fruit from either of the other two, although 
it is frequently taken for Large Montmorency. The tree is smaller and 
more drooping but usually very productive. The fruit, similar in size to 
Large Montmorency, differs from it by being more oblate and irregular, 
and in having a very deep, wide suture which becomes an indistinct line 
towards the apex. The skin seldom becomes as dark red even at perfect 
maturity. The flavor is more sprightly but its quality is not as high. 
All three varieties have long lists of synonyms, many of which have been 
used for each of the three sorts. Many writers believe that only two 
distinct strains of Montmorency exist and that Short-Stem Montmorency 
is identical with Large Montmorency. The variety is little grown in 
North America and is not as worthy for any purpose as either of the other 
two better-known sorts. 

Tree upright-spreading, round-topped, productive; trunk shaggy; branches roughish, 
reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, 
brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, numerous, small, 
raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four inches long, one and three-fourths 


188 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thick; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface 
medium green, with a prominent midrib; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly 
crenate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red, variable in thickness, lightly 
pubescent, glandless or with from one to three large, raised, reniform glands on the 
stalk. 

Buds small, short, variable in shape, free, arranged as lateral buds and on few, if any, 
spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; borne in 
a few scattering clusters, variable in number of flowers per cluster; pedicels one-half inch 
long, thick, greenish; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx- 
lobes with a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals 
roundish-oval, crenate, sessile, with a distinctly notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch 
long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; over three-fourths of an inch in diameter, decidedly 
oblate, irregular in outline, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, irregular, flaring; 
suture very deep near the stem but shallow at the apex which is flattened or depressed; 
color light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem very thick, less 
than three-fourths of an inch long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin rather tender, 
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, 
“ sprightly, sour; of fair quality; stone clinging along the ventral suture, small, roundish, 
plump, blunt, with smooth surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ventral suture very prominent. 


SKLANKA 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Ia, Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 3. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 
40,41. 1895. 4. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:116 fig. 6,117. 1900. 5. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:83 fig. 21, 84. 1903. 


Sklanka is evidently a cross between a cherry of the Amarelle group 
and one of the Morellos — another indication of the frequency of hybrid- 
ization in this fruit. The cherries of Sklanka have the light-colored skin 
and juice of the Amarelles while the dwarfish, round-topped trees with 
pendant branches and abundant, small leaves are typical of the Morellos. 
The variety is in no way remarkable unless it be in hardiness, the pomolo. 
gists of the colder parts of the Mississippi Valley holding that it is one 
of the hardiest of cherries. The fruit is not on a par with that of a score 
of other Amarelles and the trees, in New York at least, are too small and 
unproductive to be worth planting. The cherry has value, then, only 
where hardiness is a prime requisite. 

Sklanka was imported to this country from Russia in 1883 by Pro- 
fessor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. Its parentage and origin are uncertain. 
It does not seem to have been grown in continental Europe outside of 
Russia but in certain sections of that country it is reported as being one 
of the hardiest and most productive of the Sour Cherries. As grown in 


SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY 


SKLANKA 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 189 


our Northern Central States it has proved one of the hardiest of all varieties 
but has not, as yet, gained much reputation commercially even in these 
co.d regions. It is mentioned but seldom in the literature and is listed by 
but few nurserymen. 


Tree of medium size, vigorous, spreading, with drooping branchlets, open-topped, 
unproductive; trunk thick and smooth; branches rather slender, long, slightly roughened, 
reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous rather small lenticels; 
branchlets slender and willowy, with short internodes, brown nearly covered with ash- 
gray, smooth except for the lenticels, which are small, numerous, raised, conspicuous. 

Leaves of medium number, three and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths 
inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical, thick, stiff; upper surface very dark 
green, glossy, smooth; lower surface medium green, finely pubescent along the midrib and 
larger veins; apex and base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; 
petiole three-fourths of an inch long, thick, tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few hairs 
along the upper surface, with from one to four small, globose, orange-colored glands usually 
at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and 
in few, very small clusters; time of blooming mid-season; flowers one and three-sixteenths 
inches across, white; borne in dense clusters usually at the ends of branches or spurs, well 
distributed, usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx- 
tube green, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes -broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and 
without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with almost entire apex; filaments 
one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length. 

Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, oblate, not compressed; 
cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt; suture lacking; apex flattened or strongly 
depressed; color bright currant-red; dots numerous, light colored, slightly conspicuous; stem 
thick, less than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin rather tough, separating from the 
pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting, sour; of good quality; 
stone semi-free, clinging only along the ventral suture, about one-third inch in diameter, 
roundish, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces. 


SPARHAWK 


Prunus avium - 


1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 219, 220. 1835. 

Sparhawk's Honey. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 
4. Mas Le Verger 8:143, 144, fig. 70. 1866-73. 

Honey Heart. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234 fig. 37, 235. 1849. 


Sparhawk has little to recommend it for either a home or commercial 
orchard; but the rich and honeyed sweetness of the cherries, scarcely sur- 
passed in flavor, might make it worth planting by plant-breeders and 
connoisseurs of choicely good fruits. The name “ honey ” which appears 
in several of the synonyms is indicative of the flavor of the fruit. The 


190 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


cherries are quite too small and the pits altogether too large for a com- 
mercial product. The tree is upright-spreading, with numerous thick 
branches over which the cherries are rather thickly scattered in ones, twos 
and threes and never in clusters. The fruit-stems are characteristically 
long and slender. Though of the Bigarreau group the flesh is too tender 
to well withstand harvesting, shipping and the brown-rot. 

This cherry was introduced by Edward Sparhawk, for whom it was 
named, of Brighton, Massachusetts. The variety has been known under 
a number of different names, the number being no measure of its merit, 
however, for it has never been extensively cultivated. The American 
Pomological Society placed it in its fruit catalog list of recommended 
varieties in 1862 but dropped it in 1871 and for many years but little 
attention has been given it. It is now for sale in but few of the nurseries 
of the country. 

Tree large, vigorous, upright, rather open-topped, hardy, unproductive; trunk stocky, 
slightly shaggy; branches thick; branchlets medium in thickness and length; leaves 
numerous, five inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thin, 
medium green; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole two inches long, thick, 
overlaid with red, with one or two large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk; buds inter- 
mediate in size and length; season of bloom intermediate, average length five days; flowers 
one and one-fourth inches across; pistil shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season, average length about nineteen days; nearly seven-eighths 
inch in diameter, somewhat conical, compressed; color dark red over a yellowish back- 
ground, finely mottled; stem of medium thickness, one and three-eighths inches long, 
adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-white, 
with colorless juice, tender, crisp, highly flavored, mild, aromatic, sweet; very good in 
quality; stone nearly free, large for the size of the fruit, ovate, flattened, slightly oblique, 


with smooth surfaces. 7 
SPATE AMARELLE 


Prunus cerasus 


1. Christ Handb. 679. 1797. 2. Christ Wérterb. 294. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 629- 
632. 1819. 4. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:67, 68. 1858. 5. Ill. Handb. 541 fig., 542. 1861. 6. Mas 
Le Verger 8:149, 150, fig. 73. 1866-73. 7. Lauche Deut. Pom. III: No. 24, Pl. 1882. 8. Am. Gard. 
9:264. 1888. 9. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:36. 1888. 10. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:126, 127. 1900. 

Spate Morello. 11. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 12. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:282, 283. 
1903. 

This is another variety with Amarelle fruit and a Morello-like tree 
and is unquestionably a hybrid between varieties of the two groups. Sev- 
eral references from the Middle West mention Spate Amarelle as very 
promising but in New York, where such sorts as Early Richmond and 


the Montmorencies thrive, it is unpromising for any purpose. The cherries 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK IgI 


are quite too poor in quality, being very sour, and the trees too unpro- 
ductive to make the variety even a poor rival of a score or more of Amarelles 
and Dukes with which it would have to compete in this State. 

The origin of this cherry is unknown but according to Truchsess it 
was sent out from Hanover as Spate Morelle in 1785. In 1797, Christ 
mentions a cherry under this name the description of which agrees with 
that of Spate Amarelle. Lauche states that Truchsess received the variety 
from Hanover under the name Spate Morelle and later changed the name 
to Spate Amarelle. This cherry was grown in the Paris National Nur- 
sery under the name Cerise Amarelle Tardive and at one time was com- 
monly grown in gardens in France. In the spring of 1883, Professor J. L. 
Budd of Iowa brought to America a large number of cherries from central 
and eastern Europe. Somehow there was confusion in the description 
of these imported cherries and two kinds were described under the name 
Spate Amarelle, one a light-fleshed sort, the other with red flesh and colored 
juice. The true variety has light flesh and juice and a pleasant, acid flavor 
and is probably identical with the old French sort, Cerise Amarelle Tar- 
dive. The cherry sometimes called Spate Morello can be no other than 
the Spate Amarelle. 


Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, rather unproductive; 
trunk stocky, somewhat shaggy; branches smooth, dark brown overspread by ash-gray, 
with numerous lenticels variable in size; branchlets slender, rather short, brown nearly 
covered with ash-gray, smooth, with slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, small, folded upward, oval to somewhat obovate, rather stiff; upper 
surface dark green, smooth; lower surface medium green, pubescent only on the midrib 
and larger veins; apex acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, glandular; 
petiole greenish or with a slight bronze tinge, glandless or with from one to four small, 
globose, brown or yellowish glands usually at the base of the blade. 

Buds small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in clusters on 
long or short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, 
white; borne in scattered clusters, usually in threes; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, 
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx- 
lobes with a trace of red, rather narrow, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, 
reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly crenate at the apex; filaments one-fourth inch 
long; pistil glabrous, equal to or longer than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; one-half inch long, oblate, slightly compressed; cavity 
shallow, narrow; suture indistinct; apex roundish or depressed; color dark red; dots 
numerous, very small, obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long; skin thin, tender; 
flesh light red, with light colored juice, tender, tart; of good quality; stone free, roundish, 
flattened, with smooth surfaces; distinctly ridged along the ventral suture. 


192 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


SUDA 


Prunus cerasus 
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 


Suda Hardy. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt, 21. 1892-93. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 4. Stark 
Brothers Cat. 1899. 5§. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:84 fig., 85. 1903. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 36. 1904-05. 
Suda has been widely advertised as an improved English Morello but, 
while there seem to be some slight differences between the two, the new 
variety is not an improvement on the old so far as can be discovered at 
this Station. The trees of Suda in general aspect are more upright and 
the stems of the cherries longer and more slender than those of English 
Morello, being but an inch in length in the one variety and an inch and three- 
fourths in the other. The trees on the grounds of this Station are not as 
productive as those of English Morello. The cherries, if anything, are 
not as high in quality as those of the older and probably the parent variety. 
It is doubtful if there is a place for Suda in the cherry industry of New York. 
This cherry originated in the garden of a Captain Suda, Louisiana, 
Missouri, about 1880. The American Pomological Society listed Suda in 
its fruit catalog of 1899 as Suda Hardy but in 1909 shortened the name to 
Suda, a change which has generally been accepted. 


Tree vigorous, rather unproductive; branches slender, with numerous small lenticels; 
branchlets slender, long; leaves numerous, four inches long, two and one-fourth inches 
wide, obovate to oval, dull, dark green; margin doubly serrate, with dark glands; petiole 
one inch long, of medium thickness, tinged with dull red, glandless or with one or two 
reniform, yellowish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade; buds small, short, obtuse, 
arranged singly as lateral buds and on but very few, if any, spurs; season of bloom late; 
flowers white, one inch across; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil shorter than the 
stamens. 

Fruit matures very late; three-fourths inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, slightly 
compressed; cavity flaring; suture indistinct; color dark purplish-red; stem slender, one 
and three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating from the pulp; flesh 
dark red, with dark colored juice, tender, somewhat meaty, sprightly, astringent, very 
sour; poor in quality; stone free or nearly so, ovate, slightly pointed, with smooth surfaces. 


TIMME 
Prunus cerasus 
1. Ia. Sta, Bul. 73:85, 86. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 


Timme can hardly be distinguished from Early Richmond, differing 
only in smaller fruits, and probably is a seed variation of that variety. 
On the grounds of this Station the trees of Timme are even more productive 


SUDA 


TIMME 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 193 


than those of Early Richmond, one of the most fruitful of all cherries, 
but the greater fruitfulness of the tree hardly offsets the smaller size of 
the cherries. It is doubtful if this new strain can displace the older Early 
Richmond, which is well established in the favor of cherry-growers 
everywhere. 

This variety is supposed to have been brought to America from Ger- 
many by a Mr. Timme of Omaha, Nebraska. It is of some local importance 
in Iowa and Nebraska but as yet has not been widely distributed in Amer- 
ica. Possibly it will be found in time that it is some old German variety 
renamed. It was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological 
Society in 1909. 

Tree medium in size, rather vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, healthy; trunk 
and branches thick, with numerous large lenticels; branchlets slender, long, willowy; 
leaves three and one-half inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, ovate to obovate, 
thick, stiff, leathery, dark green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; 
petiole three-fourths of an inch in length, with one or two large, globose glands variable 
in position; flowers one inch across, in dense clusters. 

Fruit matures medium early; over one-half inch in diamter, roundish-oblate; color 
light red becoming dark red at full maturity; stem one inch long; flesh yellowish-white, 
with abundant pinkish juice, tender and melting, pleasant flavored, sprightly; good in 
quality; stone semi-clinging, roundish-ovate, plump; prominently ridged along the ventral 
suture. 

TOUSSAINT 
Prunus cerasus 


1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:178-180, Pl. VII. 1768. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:7, Tab. 18 fig. 2. 
1792. 3- Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 21, Pl. 1846. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:103, 104, Pl. 1853. 
5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 22205, 308. 1866. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:305, 306 fig., 307, 308. 1877. 7. Rev. 
Hort. 250. 1906. 

Stats Bliihender Kirschbaum. 8. Krinitz Enc. 42, 43. 1790. 

All Saints. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 661-668. 1819. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 2:152, 153. 
1832. 11. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858. 12. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884. 13. Mathieu 
Nom. Pom. 332. 1889. 


Toussaint is a marked deviation from its species. Instead of bearing 
blossoms normally this variety sends out small branches from the buds. 
In the axis of the first four leaves are borne the buds destined to produce 
similar branches the following spring. As the branches elongate these 
buds remain dormant but others are borne which produce flowers in umbel- 
like clusters of two or three. The trees begin blooming three or four weeks 
later than other cherries and new buds and flowers appear continually 


until August or thereabouts. The tree, too, is most striking in appearance, 
13 


194 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


being dwarfish in stature, thickly set with pendant branchlets and, all in 
all, attractive enough to make it a rather handsome ornamental. The 
cherries are of little or no value, being quite too acid to eat out of hand 
but furnishing very late fruit which may be used for culinary purposes. 
The description given is compiled. 

The history of the variety is uncertain. Leroy says that it was men- 
tioned by Daléchamp, a French writer, as early as 1586. Duhamel seems 
to have been the first pomologist to describe it which he did in 1768 under 
the name Cerisier de la Toussaint. The variety is well known in Europe, 
being widely distributed in Austria, Germany, Belgium, France and Eng- 
land, pomologists and nurserymen in all these countries seeming to be 
well acquainted with it. There are no records of its culture in America, 
although Prince and Elliott describe it from European fruit books. 


Tree small, hardy, moderately productive; branches slender, numerous, pendant. 

Fruit small, flattened on the ends and sides; stem long; color clear red, darker on 
maturing, rather transparent; flesh white somewhat red at the center, with reddish juice; 
flavor, if mature, sour, though not excellent; stone large, long, clings to the flesh more 
than to the stem. The fruit borne in October never reaches maturity. 


VLADIMIR 
Prunus cerasus 


1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 84, 85. 1882. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 3. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327, 
328. 1885. 4. Ia. Sta. Bul. 192550. 1892. §. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 454. 1895. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 
123128, 129. 1900. 7. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Vladimir is a Morello-like cherry not more promising in New York, 
at least in the orchard of this Station, than any other of the many com- 
petitors of English Morello. The cherries are large, very similar in size 
and appearance to those of English Morello; the pit is small, the skin very 
thin and separating readily from the pulp. The variety is further charac- 
terized by the very dark red flesh and dark colored juice which is too 
astringent and sour to eat out of hand but does very well for culinary 
purposes. The tree is much like that of English Morello but is far more 
dwarfish and not as productive, these being fatal faults for commercial 
planting in New York. It falls short of English Morello in another respect 
— the fruit ripens very unevenly. Vladimir has the reputation of being 
one of the hardiest of all cherries. It is said to come true from seed and 
does better on its own roots than on either Mazzard or Mahaleb. The 
Russians, according to Budd, succeed best with it when it is propagated 
from sprouts and allowed to form a bushy plant with several stems, the 


VLADIMIR 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 195 


oldest of which are cut from time to time. There seems to be little in the 
variety to commend it for either home or commercial plantings in New 
York. 

Vladimir is a generic name for a group of varieties grown in Russia, 
principally in the province of Vladimir east of Moscow. Most of these 
cherries are large, black fruits with highly colored juice and good quality, 
much valued for market use in their native country. Professor J. L. Budd 
imported a number of these Vladimir cherries from Orel in Central Russia 
and grew them at the Experiment Station grounds in Iowa, giving to each 
a seedling number as a distinguishing characteristic. One, Orel No. 25, 
was selected as being superior in many respects to the others and was 
finally named Vladimir. This variety, typical of these Russian cherries, 
has been considerably propagated and is generally distributed throughout 
this country. The American Pomological Society added Vladimir to its 
list of recommended fruits in 1909. 


Tree dwarfish, round-topped, very hardy, productive; trunk medium or below in size; 
branches willowy, drooping, reddish-brown slightly overspread with ash-gray; branchlets 
slender, long, smooth, with a few small, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, three inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, 
oval, thick; upper surface dull, dark green, smooth; lower surface light green, with a few 
scattering hairs; apex acute, base slightly abrupt; margin finely serrate, with dark colored 
glands; petiole one-half inch long, tinged with red, with a few scattering hairs along the 
stalk, glandless or with from one to four small, reniform, greenish-yellow glands at the 
base of the blade. 

Buds small, short, very obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in 
small clusters on small spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers 
white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos, threes and 
fours; pedicels three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube 
with a tinge of red, somewhat obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, broad, obtuse, serrate, 
glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals roundish or slightly obovate, irregularly 
crenate, with short, blunt claws, apex entire; filaments over one-fourth inch long; pistil 
glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures very late; three-eighths of an inch long, seven-eighths of an inch wide, 
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity rather shallow; suture a line; apex roundish; 
color dark red almost black at full maturity; dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; 
stem slender, one and one-half inches or more in length, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, 
separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with very dark colored juice, slightly stringy, 
melting, sprightly, astringent, sour; of fair quality; stone semi-clinging, rather large, long- 
ovate to oval, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. 


196 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


WATERLOO 


Prunus avium X (Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus) 


1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 3. Prince Pom. Man, 2:118. 
1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 178. 1845. §. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 101, 102. 1846. 
6. Elliott Fr. Book 213, 214. 1854. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 314. 1884. 


This old sort, seemingly well thought of in Europe, has not been 
popular in America and has only historical value to cherry-growers of this 
country. It is an interesting cherry resembling the Bigarreaus in tree and 
leaf-characters while the flowers are more like those of the Dukes, the 
fruit, too, taking on more the aspect of the Dukes than of the Sweet 
Cherry. The variety has long since passed from general cultivation in the 
United States and can now be found only in collections or as an occa- 
sional dooryard tree. 

This cherry was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A. 
Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, and first fruited in 1815, 
shortly after the Battle of Waterloo, hence its name. It was supposed 
to be a cross between Yellow Spanish and May Duke. The variety was 
brought to this country by Honorable John Lowell of Newton, Massachu- 
setts, though it was described by Prince in 1828 from European fruit books. 
The following description is compiled: 


Tree vigorous, thrifty, rather irregular and spreading, productive; branchlets thick, 
stocky, grayish; leaves large, drooping, wavy; margin slightly serrate; flowers large; 
stamens shorter than the pistil. 

Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large, obtuse-cordate, broad at the 
base, convex on one side, flattened on the other; stem one and one-half to two inches in 
length, slender; color dark purplish-red becoming nearly black at maturity; skin thin; 
flesh purplish-red becoming darker next to the stone, firm but tender, juicy, fine flavored, 
sweet; good in quality; stone separating readily from the pulp, small, roundish-ovate, 
compressed. 

WHITE BIGARREAU 


Prunus avium 


1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. Man, 2:125. 1832. 3. Mag. Hort.8:283. 1842. 


4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 180 fig., 181. 1845. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 366. 1849. 6. McIntosh 
Bk. Gard. 23541. 1855. 


Tradescant. 7. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 250. 1817. 
White Oxheart. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 278. 1832. 


White Bigarreau is a cherry of the past, having been considered one 
of the good sorts of a century ago. Rivers, the English pomologist, 
believed it to have come originally from Russia. It is reputed to have been 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 197 


brought to America from France by Chancellor Livingston of Revolution- 
ary fame. Thacher, in 1822, described the variety first under its present 
name. ‘The variety, as the synonymy shows, has been grown under many 
names both in America and Europe. In 1845, according to Downing, 
this cherry was common in the neighborhood of New York and Philadel- 
phia but since Downing’s time no one seems to have mentioned it. The 
variety is usually spoken of in the United States as neither hardy nor 
productive. The fruit books describe it as follows: 


Tree medium in size, spreading, very tender, unproductive; leaves narrow, waved. 
Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; large to very large, heart-shaped, 
somewhat pointed; color yellowish-white with a bright red cheek, mottled; flesh very 
firm, breaking, pleasantly flavored, sweet; very good in quality; stone separating readily 
from the flesh. 
WHITE HEART 


Prunus avium 


1. Bradley Gard. 211. 1739. . 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 173, 174 fig. 1845. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 
216. 1854. 4. Horticulturist 1§:327, Pl. fig. 1. 1860. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 315. 1884. 

Amber Heart. 6. Miller Gard. Kal. 154. 1734. 7 Jour. Roy Hort. Soc. 212355. 1898. 

Friihe Bernsteinkirsche. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 304, 305. 1819. 9. Dochnahl Fuhr. 
Obstkunde 3:39. 1858. 10. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:45, 46, fig. 23. 1882. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 348. 
1889. 

Kentish Bigarreau. 12. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904. 


White Heart is mentioned in The Cherries of New York only because 
of its reputation in Europe and the frequent references, therefore, that 
American cherry-growers see to it in European publications. Bunyard and 
Thomas, in the reference given, speak of it as one of the best and most 
profitable cherries grown in the famous Kent cherry orchards. Early 
American horticulturists describe it but it seems not to have been widely 
grown in America and has probably long since passed from cultivation. 
It failed, according to Elliott, because it was a ‘‘ variable and uncertain 
bearer” and while an early cherry “‘ not early enough to compete with 
many new varieties.” 

White Heart seems to have been mentioned first by Miller in 1734. 
A little later it is found to be described in both Germany and France, 
indicating that it must have been known and widely distributed before 
the time given. It seems to have been brought to America before the 
War of the Revolution and to have been grown in this country under the 
several different names which are given in the list of synonyms. The 
following description is compiled: 


198 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Tree large, vigorous, somewhat erect, very healthy, rather productive; branches 
stocky, somewhat angular, with large, roundish, light colored lenticels; internodes of 
unequal length; leaves medium in size, oval or obovate, sharply pointed; margin finely 
serrate; petiole short, slender, tipped with two reniform, orange-red glands; flowers 
medium in size; petals obovate. 

Fruit matures early in June; rather small, roundish-cordate, often one-sided, with a 
distinct suture; color whitish-yellow, tinged and speckled with pale red in the sun; stem 
long, slender, inserted in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm; flesh light colored, firm, half- 
tender, breaking, juicy, sugary, pleasant; first quality; stone rather large, roundish-oval, 
with a pointed apex. 


WINDSOR 


Prunus avium 
1. Gard. Mon. 24:208. 1882. 2. Cult. & Count. Gent. 49:636. 1884. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 
1885. 4. Del. Sta. Bul. 35:16 fig. 7. 1897. 5. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 5:41 fig. 1898. 6. Am. Gard. 
21:76. 1900. 7. Can. Hort. 25:3, 262 fig., 263. 1902. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 56, 57. 1907. 
Windsor is the standard late Bigarreau and one of the most profitable 
of the hard-fleshed cherries grown in New York. Both fruit and trees 
deserve the approbation of cherry-growers. In color the cherries meet the 
market demand, buyers preferring a dark-colored Sweet Cherry. None 
would find fault with the appearance of Windsor. The flesh is firm and the 
product stands harvesting and shipping well and at a season of the year 
when brown-rot is usually rife this variety is fairly free from this 
scourge of the Sweet Cherry. The quality is from good to very good, 
equaled but not surpassed by others of its class. But it is in its tree-char- 
acters that the superiority of Windsor is best shown. The trees have the 
reputation of being the hardiest of the Bigarreaus and of thriving in many 
soils. They are usually fruitful. To offset these merits, the trees have two 
or three rather serious faults. Thus, they do not come in bearing early; 
they are tall and upright in growth, being almost fastigiate, making it 
difficult to harvest the crop; and the load of fruit is too much clustered. 
Cherry-growers agree that the worst of all pests of this fruit is the robin 
and that the Windsor, for some reason or other, is the freest of its kind 
from this and other thieving birds. From the behavior of the variety 
in New York, we can heartily join with practically all who are growing this 
variety in recommending it as a late, market Sweet Cherry 
Windsor originated in the latter half of the Nineteenth Century on the 
farm of James Dougall, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and was introduced 
to fruit-growers in 1881 by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York. 
It has been planted extensively in many sections of this country for both 


WINDSOR 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 199 


home and market use and is now offered for sale by a large number of 
nurserymen. The American Pomological Society added Windsor to its 
fruit catalog list in 1885 and the variety still holds a place there. Though 
rather widely known in the United States the commercial culture of this 
variety is almost wholly confined to New York. It seems as yet not to 
have found its way to Europe, a fact to be regretted, for its many good 
qualities would soon make it known in the Old World where the Sweet 
Cherry is better grown and more appreciated than in America. 


Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick, 
shaggy; branches stocky, very smooth, brown nearly overspread with ash-gray, with 
large lenticels; branchlets thick, rather short, brown overspread with light ash-gray, smooth, 
with few small, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves four inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper 
surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface light green, pubescent; margin doubly 
crenate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long, tinged with dull red, with from 
one to three globose, reddish glands of medium size on the stalk. 

Buds conical or pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds and in very 
numerous clusters variable in size, on short spurs; leaf-scars somewhat prominent; season 
of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across; borne in scattering 
clusters, in ones and twos; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube 
green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes greenish or with a tinge of red, acute, glabrous 
within and without, reflexed; petals broad-oval, slightly crenate, with short, blunt claws; 
filaments five-sixteenths of an inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens. 

Fruit matures in late mid-season; three-fourths of an inch in diameter, slightly oblong 
to conical, compressed; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish, with a 
depression at the center; color very dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, 
russet, obscure; stem slender, one and one-fourth inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin 
thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh light red, with reddish juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, 
sweet; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, blunt-pointed, with 
smooth surfaces; ventral suture rather prominent near the apex. 


wooD 


Prunus avium 
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 


Governor Wood. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 196 fig. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 108. 1856. 4. Leroy 
Dict. Pom. 5:324 fig. 1877. 

Wood is preeminently a Sweet Cherry for the amateur, having many 
qualities that fit it for the home orchard and but few to commend it to 
commercial growers. The trees are a little tender to cold, are not quite 
productive enough to make the variety profitable and are, too, somewhat 
fastidious as to soils. To offset these defects, they are vigorous and 


200 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


healthy and bear early. But the chief fault of the cherry from the cherry- 
grower’s standpoint is to be found in the fruit. The flesh is soft and the 
cherries will not stand handling in harvesting and shipping and are very 
susceptible to brown-rot and crack badly in wet weather. Wood has 
special merit in the home collection, however, because of its earliness, its 
beautiful appearance and delicious flavor. It is one of the first of the 
Sweet Cherries, is large and, as the color-plate shows, is a beautiful yellow- 
ish-white tinted: with shades of crimson, with conspicuous russet dots — a 
beautiful fruit. The flesh separates readily from the skin, is tender, juicy, 
with an abundance of colorless juice and a flavor that has given it the 
reputation, wherever grown in America, of being one of the best in quality. 
It would be hard to name another cherry better suited for small plantations 
and it is to be hoped that it will long be kept in the gardens of connoisseurs 
of good fruit. 

Wood is one of the best of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s' seedlings. It 
was raised by him in 1842 at Cleveland, Ohio, and named in honor of 
Reuben Wood, at one time Governor of Ohio. In 1856, it was added to 
the fruit list of the American Pomological Society where it still remains, 
being changed in 1909 to Wood with Governor Wood as a synonym. Its 
popularity is shown in the United States by the fact that practically every 
nurseryman in this country lists this variety. 


1 Jared P. Kirtland, M. D., though now less well known than some of his contemporaries, was one 
of the great pomologists of his time and a man of notable achievements in other branches of natural history 
as well. Professor Kirtland was born at Wallingford, Connecticut, November 10, 1793, and died at 
East Rockport, near Cleveland, Ohio, December 11, 1877. For sixty years of a long life his avocation 
was the production of new varieties of fruits and flowers and, though a half century has passed since he 
ceased active work, the results of his labors are yet to be found in the gardens and orchards of the whole 
country. In pomology he gave special attention to breeding grapes, raspberries, pears and cherries. 
He achieved success, too, as a hybridizer of peonies and in the introduction of rare foreign magnolias. 
Professor Kirtland is given credit as being the first horticulturist successfully to bud and graft magnolias, 
an achievement which has made possible their cultivation under many conditions and to a degree of 
excellence that otherwise could not be obtained. He was the founder of the Cleveland Society of Natural 
History and was for many years its president. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, 
the highest recognition for scientific work to be obtained in his time in this country. He served as pro- 
fessor in several medical schools and filled other places of honor and trust. From his boyhood we are 
told that he was interested in natural history and was intimately acquainted with the plants and animals 
of Ohio, having special knowledge of birds and fishes, the propagation of the latter being one of his hobbies. 
In pomology we owe him most for the many new cherries he has given us, thirty varieties described in 
The Cherries of New York having come from his breeding grounds. Among these are Wood, Pontiac, 
Powhatan, Tecumseh, Osceola, Kirtland and Red Jacket, sorts scarcely surpassed for high quality and 
grown commonly in America and to some extent wherever Sweet Cherries will thrive. His 84 years seem 
to have been well ordered, given almost wholly for the good of the public, and his name should be cher- 
ished by pomologists among those who have done most for fruits and fruit-growing on this continent. 


wooD 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 201 


Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, productive; trunk stout; branches thick, 
smooth, dull reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with a few small lenticels; branchlets 
thick, reddish-brown slightly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with a few 
inconspicuous, raised lenticels. 

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded 
upward, obovate, thin; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface dull green, lightly 
pubescent; apex acute, base abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole 
one and one-half inches long, slender, tinged with dull red, with from one to three reniform, 
reddish glands on the stalk. 

Buds large, long, pointed, very plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds or in 
small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers 
one inch across, arranged in twos and threes; pedicels one inch long, slender, glabrous, 
greenish; calyx-tube tinged with red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes reddish, long, acute, 
glabrous on both surfaces, reflexed; petals roundish, crenate, with short, blunt claws; 
anthers yellowish; filaments one-eighth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in 
length, sometimes defective. 

Fruit matures in early mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish-cordate, 
compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide, flaring; suture variable in depth, distinct, 
wide; apex roundish; color shades of crimson on a yellowish-white background; dots 
numerous, small, light russet, somewhat conspicuous, especially just before maturity; stem 
slender, one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating 
from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; very good in 
quality; stone clinging, rather large, roundish, blunt, with smooth surfaces; with a broad, 
ventral suture. 


WRAGG 


Prunus cerasus 
1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 171. 1884. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.95. 1887. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:15 
fig. 8. 1892. 4. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 39. 1892. §. Am. Gard. 20:178. 1899. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rot. 
12:119, 120. 1900. 7. Ja. Sta. Bul. 73:89, fig. 26. 1903. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 38. 1904-05. 
9. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:22, 23. 1910. 

Wragg is either English Morello or a strain of that variety. Trees 
on the grounds of this Station are identical with English Morello but it 
may be that here, and occasionally elsewhere, the older sort has been sub- 
stituted for Wragg. In Iowa, where the new variety is most largely grown, 
pomologists claim that it is distinct and that it isan improvement on English 
Morello. Professor J. L. Budd, an authority on Russian cherries, believed 
that this sort is distinct and of Russian origin having, according to him, 
been brought to America by Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, New York, 
in an importation of Russian trees. Captain C. L. Watrous of Des Moines, 
Iowa, another prominent pomologist of that State, was of the opinion that 
Wragg came to light on the grounds of J. Wragg, Waukee, Iowa, as a sprout 


202 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


from another tree. Colonel G. B. Brackett, pomologist of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, who visited Mr. Wragg’s place some 
years ago and compared the new cherry with the English Morello, could 
find no distinguishing characters between the two. On the other hand, 
Mr. Wragg insisted that they were distinct. The American Pomological 
Society calls Wragg and English Morello the same. Those who believe 
that the two are distinct say that the fruit of Wragg is larger, the trees 
hardier and that the cherries ripen a little later than those of English 
Morello. With the information now at hand it is impossible to say here 
whether or not Wragg is distinct. A compiled description taken from the 
text describing this cherry is so unsatisfactory that we offer none and refer 
the reader to that of English Morello from which it differs but little, if 


at all. 
YELLOW SPANISH 


Prunus avium 


1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 42. 1803. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 28. 
1828. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 372. 1867. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. 
Cat. 17. 1897. 7 Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:291. 1903. 

Biguarre Cherrie. 8. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 9. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 

Spanish. 10. Gerarde Herball 1503, fig. 3. 1636. 

Bigarreau Commun. 11. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768. 12. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128. 
1832. 13. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No.5, Pl. 1846. 14. Mortillet Le Cerisier 22115-1109, fig. 26. 1866. 
15. Pom. France 7: No. 2, Pl. 2. 1871. 16. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:188-191, fig. 1877. 17. Cat. Cong. 
Pom. France 20, fig. 1906. 

Gemeine Marmorkirsche. 18. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 301-303. 1819. 19. Ill. Handb. 123 
fig., 124. 1860. 

Graffion. 20. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 338-340. 1819. 21. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:69, Pl. 
34 fig. 1. 1823. 22. Prince Pom. Man. 2:137, 138. 1832. 23. Cultivator N. S. 6:21, fig. 6. 1849. 
24. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854. 

Bigarreau. 25. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 26. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 179 fig., 180. 1845. 
27. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 102. 1846. 28. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 52. 1848. 29. Cole Am. 
Fr. Book 233 fig. 31. 1849. 30. Hogg Fruit Man. 281, 282. 1884. 


For centuries Yellow Spanish must have been the best of all the 
Bigarreaus and it is only in comparatively late years that it has had rivals. 
Even yet in tree-characters it is hardly equaled, surpassing Windsor, which 
has a notable tree, in several respects and falling short of it only in hardi- 
ness. The trees are large,—perhaps the largest of all the varieties of 
Prunus avium, —having an upright-spreading top which gives a large bear- 
ing surface and forms a canopy of splendid foliage. The trees are vigorous, 
bear abundantly and regularly and come in bearing young, with the crop 
well distributed and not in clusters as is the case and the fault of Wind- 
sor. Unfortunately, the cherries, though very good in most characters, 


YELLOW SPANISH 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 203 


do not come up to the trees in points of superiority. They are rather 
smaller than those of Napoleon, the greatest competitor of Yellow Spanish, 
and are more subject to attacks of brown-rot than several others of the 
Bigarreaus. As may be seen by comparing the color-plates, however, 
Yellow Spanish is rather the handsomer of the two cherries, the crimson 
color being more evenly distributed and the skin not having the mottled 
appearance of Napoleon. In quality Yellow Spanish is the better of the 
two, having tenderer flesh and a sweeter and richer flavor. Yellow Spanish 
is notable in the nursery for its strong, upright growth and its large leaves, 
the leaves of no other cherry attaining so great a size. In blossoming 
time the variety may be distinguished by the whiteness of the blossoms 
as they open and a reddish tint as they drop. It is a mid-season cherry, 
ripening after Wood and a few days before Napoleon. Despite the great 
age of the variety it still remains one of the best, furnishing proof, by the 
way, that varieties of cherries do not degenerate with age. In New York 
Yellow Spanish cannot be spared from either home or commercial plantings. 

Yellow Spanish is so old and so widely disseminated that its origin 
can only be conjectured. From the name we naturally infer a Spanish 
nativity and yet it is almost equally well known as Bigarreau, a word of 
French derivation. Under the last name French pomologists believe that 
they trace its history to the First Century of the Christian Era as the 
variety described by Pliny under the name Cerasum Duracinum. The 
Germans and Austrians certainly knew this variety in the Eighteenth 
Century and probably much earlier, an inference to be drawn from the 
references given. Parkinson, the English herbalist, described a cherry in 
1629 which he called the Biguarre Cherrie which later came to be known 
as the Bigarreau or Graffion by English writers and which we now know 
to be Yellow Spanish. Seven years later Gerarde described a Spanish 
cherry the description of which is not unlike our Yellow Spanish. Miller 
and Forsyth, English writers, also at an early date described a Spanish 
cherry which may be the fruit of this discussion. 

Fortunately we are well informed as to the history of Yellow Spanish 
in America. Prince, one of the most accurate of American pomologists, 
in 1832, gave the following historical account of the Graffion, or Yellow 
Spanish: ‘‘ This tree was imported from London by the father of the 
author, in the year 1802, under the name Yellow Spanish, and one of the 
original trees is now growing in his garden, where it produces abundantly, 
and there is little doubt that from his stock have originated most of the 


204 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


trees of this kind now in our country, as he has taken much pains to 
recommend it.” Why Prince and other Americans came to call the variety 
introduced by the elder Prince of Europe as Yellow Spanish, as Bigarreau 
and Graffion, does not appear unless the younger Prince wanted to make 
the name in this country conform to that in most common usage in England 
at the time. Besides the names already given, Yellow Spanish has been 
tather widely grown in America as Ox Heart and White Caroon. This 
variety was placed on the recommended list of the National Congress of 
Fruit Growers, which afterwards became the American Pomological Society, 
in 1848, under the name Bigarreau. The name was changed in 1897 to 
Yellow Spanish and it now appears on the list of that organization as 
Spanish. 


Tree very large and vigorous, upright-spreading, rather open-topped, productive; 
trunk thick, of medium smoothness; branches stocky, reddish-brown covered with ash- 
gray, smooth except for the numerous large lenticels; branchlets short, brown nearly 
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with small, slightly raised, inconspicuous lenticels. 

Leaves numerous five and one-half inches long, two and one-half inches wide, folded 
upward, obovate to elliptical; upper surface dark green, nearly smooth, grooved along 
the midrib; lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex acute, base variable in shape; 
margin coarsely and doubly serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole one and three-fourths 
inches long, thick, heavily tinged with dull red, grooved along the upper surface, with from 
one to four large, reniform, reddish-yellow glands variable in position. 

Buds conical, plump, free, arranged singly or in small clusters as lateral buds and 
from short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one 
and one-fourth inches across; borne in well-distributed clusters, in twos and in threes; 
pedicels about one inch long, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish, obconic, glabrous; calyx- 
lobes acute, reflexed; petals oval, entire, strongly dentate at the apex, tapering to short, 
blunt claws; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in 
length. 

Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch or over in diameter, cordate, compressed; 
cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a mere line; apex roundish, not depressed; color bright 
amber-yellow with a reddish blush, slightly mottled; dots numerous, small, light russet, 
obscure; stem one and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, sepa- 
rating from the pulp; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, crisp, aromatic, 
sprightly, sweet; very good to best in quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened, oblique, 
with smooth surfaces; with two small, blunt ridges along the ventral suture near the apex. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 205 


CHAPTER V 
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF CHERRIES 


A Coeur Hative. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Listed in this reference. 

A Feuilles de Pécher Grosse. P. cerasus? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 

Merely mentioned; probably similar to Willow Leaved. 

Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

Mentioned in this reference as a black, hard-fleshed, Sweet Cherry. 

Abundance. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 7. 1911-12. 

Abundance is one of Burbank’s seedlings from Napoleon. The tree is a heavy, almost 
annual bearer. The fruit is large, never cracks, and exceeds the parent in productive- 
ness and beauty; it ripens a week later. 

Abbesse. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1890. 2. Budd-Hansen 
Am. Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903. 

Abbesse was found in North Silesia and is supposed to be a Red Duke cross. Fruit 
medium to large, cordate; stem long, thick at the base; cavity shallow; suture distinct; 
skin dark red; flesh meaty, with colored juice, mildly acid; quality good. 

Act Gillos. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 

Act Gillos was imported by Leo Weltz of Ohio, in a collection of sweet varieties 
said to have come from Bokhara, Turkestan. Tree vigorous; leaves large; fruit yellow, 
resembling Cleveland. 

Adams Crown. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:45, Pl. 23 fig. 1. 1823. 
2. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 277. 1884. 3. Mawe-Abercrombie Comp. Gard. 632. 
1829. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:312 fig., 313. 1877. 

Adams Herzkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 99 fig., 100. 1860. 6. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 
1889. 

Adam. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:69, 70, fig. 33. 1866-73. 

Adams Crown is supposed to have been raised by a man named Adams in the 
vicinity of Sittingbourne, Kent, England. It was formerly grown in the orchards near 
London for market trade. Tree large, vigorous, usually productive, bears early; fruit 
medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed; cavity wide, 
deep; suture shallow, indistinct; stem slender, long; skin thin, transparent, attractive 
pale red speckled with darker red deepening to carmine, showing distinctly the fibers 
underneath; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, somewhat stringy, sweet, sprightly, pleasant; very 
good in quality; stone small, roundish-ovate, flattened at the base, plump; season early. 
Adlington. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Affane. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. 
Mentioned in this reference. 
Afghanistan. P. avium. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 315. 1897. 2. Van Lindley Cat. 


371. 1899. 


206 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This variety is said by Van Lindley to have been introduced into North Carolina 
by a missionary from South Africa. The fruit closely resembles Windsor. Tree tall, 
spreading, vigorous; fruit large, cordate, often swollen along the suture giving it an angular 
appearance; skin dark red to reddish-black; flesh firm, tender, sweet; ships well; season 
the last of May. 

Alaternblattrige Siissweichsel. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:48. 1858. 

Fruit medium large, roundish, flattened, with a faint suture; skin glossy, brownish- 
red; stem mostly covered with leaves, greenish-yellow; flesh soft, acidulated; stone heart- 
shaped. 

Albertine Millet. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 

Received from Belgium without description; its value is questioned in Guide Pratique. 
Alexandrine Béon. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889. 

Listed in this reference. 

Alfred Wesmael. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2.Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 

This variety is similar to Montmorency according to Guide Pratique. 

Allen. P. avium. 1. Storrs & Harrison Cat. 137. 1899. 2. Brown Cat. 23. 1900. 

A seedling cherry found in Lake County, Ohio. It is darker, later and smaller than 
Windsor. The tree is healthy, very productive; fruit somewhat heart-shaped, nearly 
black, glossy, smooth; flesh meaty, firm, sweet; of small size. 

Allen Late Favourite. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:123. 1832. 

Sent to the Prince nursery by Zachariah Allen of Providence, Rhode Island. The 
tree is vigorous; fruit of fine quality, juicy, well flavored; ripens in Rhode Island with 
Black Mazzard. 

Allerfriiheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:10. 
1858. 

Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long, deeply set; skin 
clear red, spotted with dark brown; flesh whitish, sweet; stone oval; ripens in mid-June. 
Alte Konigskirsche. P.cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbawme 158. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 671. 

1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 422. 1819. 

Tree large, very productive; fruit large, round, slightly heart-shaped; stem long; 
skin reddish-black; flesh very delicate, tender, juicy, sweet, with an aromatic, very pleasing 
sourness; stone small. 

Altenlander Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 465 fig., 466. 1861. 

Cerise précoce d’Altenlaud. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866. 

This variety is distinguished from Frihe Maiherzkirsche by its fruits which are larger, 
deeper in color, sourer and more angular and a few days later. Tree productive; fruit 
of medium size, obtuse-cordate, sometimes angular; cavity wide, shallow; apex often 
widely depressed; stem stout, of medium length; suture shallow; skin glossy, charcoal 
black in some spots when fully ripe, rather tough; flesh reddish-black, tender, very juicy, 
sweet with a pleasing sourness; stone short, oval; season early. 

Amaranthkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 215-219. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858. 
In 1790, this variety was reported to have been brought to Hanover, Prussia, Germany, 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 207 


from England. Truchsess describes this cherry as being of medium size, roundish-cordate, 

with a pronounced suture; stem short; cavity shallow; apex abruptly rounded; skin red 

on the sunny side, yellowish, flesh-colored on the shady side; flesh tender, light yellowish- 

white, juicy, sweet yet without excellence; stone round, rather broad, not long, nearly 

free; unproductive. 

Amarelle Hative. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:6 fig. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 3. Del. Sia. An. Rpt. 12:110. 1900. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 
27. 1909. 

This variety was imported by Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa, in 1885. It resembles 
Early Richmond but ripens ten days later. It appeared on the fruit list of the American 
Pomological Society in 1899 and in 1909 Morello HAtive was given asasynonym. This 
variety, however, is of the Amarelle type while Morello HAtive is a true Morello. 
Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 655, 

656. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:70. 1858. 

Amarelle a point pistillaire blanc. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

According to Truchsess, this variety was first mentioned by Christ as early as 1795, 
under the name, Roque Cherydere. Fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened; stem short; 
skin dark red; flesh white, with colorless juice, although a glistening red when pressed 
out, subacid; season early; medium productive; resembles Bunte Amarelle. 

Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832. 

This variety was found in an old garden in Providence, Rhode Island. Fruit below 
medium in size, perfectly round; amber, delicate red towards the sun; flesh melting, lively, 
very sweet; early. 

Amber Gean. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 168. 1845. 2. Gard. Chron. 1068. 
1861. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 277. 1884. 

Amber? 4. Rea Flora 206. 1676. 

Late Amber Gean. 5. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:105. 1882. 

This is probably the Amber of the old English writers — an attractive, small Gean 
or Mazzard. Tree bears abundantly; fruit small, obtuse-cordate, usually regular; stem 
long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin very thin, pellucid, exhibiting the texture of the 
flesh, pale yellow or amber, tinged with delicate red; flesh white, tender, juicy, melting,. 
with a rich, sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens the last of July. 

Ambrée de Guben. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:118, 119, 303. 1866. 2. Mas 
Le Verger 8:99, 100, fig. 48. 1866-73. 

Gubener Bernstetnkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 342, 685. 1810. 4. 
Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858. 

This variety resembles Yellow Spanish; in fact the name is listed as a synonym of 
Yellow Spanish by Mortillet. We feel sure, however, that it is a distinct variety. Fruit 
large, roundish-cordate, truncate at the base; suture shallow; stem long; cavity wide, 
shallow; skin glossy, pale yellow washed with carmine in the sun; flesh firm, fibrous, sweet, 
with a sourness that disappears if allowed to remain on the tree; quality good; stone oval, 
slightly flattened at the base; ripens the first of July in France. 


208 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


American Amber. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 272. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 167. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:54. 1847. 4. Thomas Am. 
Fruit Cult. 359. 1849. 5. Elliott Pr. Book 214. 1854. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 
74. 1862. 

This variety was introduced some time previous to 1832 by the originator, Daniel 
Bloodgood, Flushing, New York. It held a place on the American Pomological Society’s 
list of fruits from 1862 until 1869. It resembles American Heart but differs in being 
a tender-fleshed fruit of regular outline. Tree productive; fruit hanging in bunches for 
a long time without rotting. Fruit borne in threes or fours, hangs well, of medium size, 
roundish-cordate often nearly round; stem long, slender, inserted in a slight, narrow cavity; 
skin very thin, smooth, glossy, clear, light amber becoming mottled and overspread with 
clear bright red; flesh amber, tender, sprightly, juicy, usually of only fair quality; pit 
large; season the last of June to the middle of July. 

American Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:202. 1843. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
178, 179 fig. 70. 1845. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:54. 1847. 

According to Downing, this variety came from Long Island but its exact origin is 
unknown. ‘Tree vigorous, spreading, variable in productiveness; fruit medium to large, 
cordate, often nearly angular and irregular in outline; cavity small, shallow; stem long, 
slender; skin tough, adhering to the pulp, pale yellow or amber-red; flesh very juicy, 
yellowish, half-tender, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone medium in size. 

Amos Owen. P. avium. 1. N.C. Sta. Bul. 184:121. 1903. 

Amos Owen is a black Mazzard used by nurserymen as a stock for grafting. The 
fruit is small and black; of poor quality. 

Andrews. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908. 

Andrews is a seedling named after C. N. Andrews, Redlands, California, who fruited 
it in 1896. It is grown in the mountain valley near Redlands and is apparently a fine 
shipping variety. 

Anne. P.avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 204. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 254. 1857. 

This cherry is reported by Charles Downing to have originated at Lexington, Ken- 
tucky;- distributed by A. V. Bedford, Paris, Kentucky. Tree moderate in growth; fruit 
of medium size, bright red; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; quality excellent; early. 
Annonay. P.avium. 1. Flor.& Pom.28. 1882. 2. RiversCat.18. 1898-99. 3. Bun- 

yard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 1904. 

Annonayer Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

A Heart cherry mentioned in 1882 as a promising new fruit because of its extreme 
earliness and excellent quality. This variety, introduced by Thomas Rivers & Son, 
Sawbridgeworth, England, should not be confused with an older French sort often known 
by the same name but of a reddish-brown color. Tree moderate in growth; fruit glossy, 
black, round, of medium size, produced in clusters; flesh charcoal-black, very rich in flavor. 
Anstad. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 17. 1908. 

A seedling from seeds planted in 1898 by A. P. Anstad, Trail, British Columbia. The 
fruit is large, heart-shaped; cavity of medium depth and width; stem long, slender; apex 
depressed; suture indistinct; skin moderately thick, tender, dark red or blackish; dots 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 209 


obscure; flesh dull red, meaty, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; stone of medium size, 

clinging; season in Ontario, the end of July. . 

Argental Late. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 325. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
451. 1869. 

Downing says this variety is of French origin and that the fruit is unlike any other 
cherry in form. ‘Tree spreading; branches slender, irregular; fruit of medium size, elon- 
gated-oval, sides compressed; suture narrow; stem medium in length, slender; cavity small; 
skin deep purplish-black; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet, of peculiar flavor; quality very 
good; stone small, narrow, elongated-oval; ripens about July 1oth. 

Auburn Duke. P. avium X P cerasus. 

A stray variety not mentioned in cherry literature, occasionally grown in western 
New York The fruit, on the Station grounds, is above medium size, roundish; skin 
glossy, amber-yellow with a dark red cheek, often wholly suffused with red, sometimes 
mottled with translucent spots underneath the skin; suture a distinct line; stem slender, 
one and one-half inches long, inserted in a broad cavity; flesh white, very tender, juicy, 
nearly sweet; quality good but not rich; stone small, adhering to the stem; season late 
June. The fruit cracks in wet weather. 

August Duke. P. avium xX P. cerasus. 1. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 1:248 fig., 249. 1853. 

Vail’s August Duke. 2. Horticulturist 4:264 fig., 265. 1849-50. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 
213. 1854. 

This variety originated with Henry Vail of Troy, New York. It is valued for its 
lateness, maturing three weeks after Downer, generally about the tenth of August. Tree 
hardy, healthy, moderate in growth; fruit borne in pairs, hanging in thick clusters along 
the branches, of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem of medium length, thickening where 
jt joins the fruit, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin bright red; flesh tender, subacid, much 
like May Duke in flavor; pit oval. 

Augustine de Vigny. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. 
Rpt. 54. 1856. 

Mentioned in the references given. 

Aurischotte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 589-591. 1819. 2. Doch- 
nahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858. 

According to Truchsess, this cherry. was described in 1802 by Christ who states that 
it originated in Wanfred, Prussia, Germany. Truchsess believed, however, that the 
name was a corruption of Sauriotte, a sour or Weichsel cherry. Fruit round, somewhat 
flattened, above medium in size; suture indistinct; apex slightly depressed, gray; stem 
strong; skin dark red; flesh and juice of a slight reddish cast, sour, rather repulsive; 
stone large. 

Badacsony. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 1977:31. 1899. 2. Ibid. 187:62. tor. 

Géante de Badacson. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 194. 1876. 

Badacsoner Riesenkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 333. 1889. 

Badacconyi. 5. Mich. Sia. Bul. 169:198. 1899. 

Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche. 6. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 122. 1910. 

Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche. ‘7. Obstatichter 8:74. 1910. 

14 


210 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


A strong-growing variety of the Bigarreau group which originated in the volcanic 
regions near Balaton Lake, Hungary. Tree spreading, productive, subject to shot-hole 
fungus; fruit very large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; 
skin dark red, mottled with purple; flesh crisp, breaking, pinkish, juicy, sweet; quality 
good; ripens in July. 

Baender. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 88:20. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:12. 
IgIo. 

An unproductive Morello. Tree medium in size, upright, round-topped; fruit medium 
to large, round, flattened; stem stout, long; skin dark red, thin, tender; flesh firm, meaty, 
slightly stained, rich acid; stone long, smooth; ripens the last of July in Washington. 
Baltavar. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 39. 1895. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. 

Hort. Man. 2:284. 1903. 

Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 

Baltavari. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 1692199. 1899. 

Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

Baltavar was introduced from Hungary by the United States Department of Agri- 
culture. Tree upright, somewhat spreading; fruit resembles Napoleon in size and shape; 
cavity medium in depth, irregular, flaring; stem variable, slender; suture shallow; skin 
thick, glossy, light red changing to dark crimson on a yellow ground; dots numerous, 
minute, golden; flesh melting, yellowish, meaty, translucent, juicy, sprightly, mild sub- 
acid; quality good to very good; stone large, long, clinging; ripens the forepart of July. 
Baluder Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. '73:189. 1897. 

Tree upright, unproductive; fruit medium to large; stem slender; skin dull red, tough; 
flesh red, tender, juicy, acid, lacking in richness; ripens unevenly about June 18th; not 
a commercial variety. 

Barnhart. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 18:242. 1876. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd 
App. 161. 1881. 

This variety originated with Louis Shepler, Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, 
vigorous, bears abundantly; fruit of the Bigarreau type, large, obtuse-cordate, slightly 
compressed; cavity large, deep; stem rather long, slender; suture shallow; skin whitish- 
yellow, shaded and mottled with light and dark, rich red; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, with 
a rich, rather sprightly flavor; ripens the last of June. 

Baseler Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 

A medium-sized cherry of little value. 

Bates. P. cerasus. 1. Green Cat. 28 fig. 1906. 

Said to have originated with S. J. Bates, Shelby, Michigan; introduced by C. A. Green, 
Rochester, New York; not propagated at present. As grown on our grounds it is identical. 
with Olivet but our trees may not be correctly named. 

Bay State. P. cerasus. 1. Adams Cat. 11. 1894. 2. Sweet Cat. 18. 1907. 

Bay State on the Station grounds resembles Reine Hortense and may be identical. 
(See description of Reine Hortense.) In 1894 it was listed by J. W. Adams of Springfield, 
Massachusetts, under the name Bay State and in 1907 was offered for sale by The George 
A. Sweet Nursery Company of Dansville, New York. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 211 


Baylor. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Bedford Prolific. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Flor. & Pom. 41, 
Pl. fig. 1. 1882. 

Bedford Prolific is similar to its parent, Black Tartarian, but has the advantage of 
being much hardier and more productive. It is inferior in quality to its parent. Many 
writers confuse it with Black Tartarian. 

Belle Audigeoise. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 5:65, Pl. 1857. 

Schéne Audigeoise. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889. 

Very similar to Choisy. Tree vigorous, but moderately productive; fruit large, 
roundish, flattened at the ends; stem of medium length; cavity large, round; skin glossy, 
transparent, almost entirely washed with red at complete maturity; flesh yellowish, 
juicy, sweet, acidulated; ripens in France late in July. 

Belle Bosc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 45. 1831. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Belle de Boskoop. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Listed in this reference without description. 

Belle de Caux. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 

Listed as similar to Duchess de Palluau. 

Belle de Couchey. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 412. 1866. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:137, 
138, fig. 69. 1882. 

Schéne von Couchey. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907. 

Raton, a laborer, found this variety in 1715, growing in a garden in Cote d’Or, France. 
Here and in the surrounding country it was commonly known as Cerise Raton. Tree 
vigorous, abundantly productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, irregular, often flattened; 
stem long, slender, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex conical; skin tender, at first clear 
purple changing to blackish-purple; flesh tender, rather succulent, intense purple, juicy, 
sweet, sugary, very pleasing; stone small for the size of the fruit, ovate, short, broad, 
turgid; ripens the last of June. In France, one of the best fruits of the season standing 
shipment well notwithstanding its tender flesh. 

Belle Defay. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889. 

Listed without a description in this reference. 

Belle de Franconville. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 463. 1891. 2. Ibid. 14, 15 fig. 1892. 

This variety is a chance seedling found in the forests of Seine-et-Oise, France, and 
propagated by M. Arthur Nienard, a nurseryman of the same place. The variety is 
valued for its lateness and its good shipping qualities. Fruit elongated-cordate, slightly 
depressed; suture rather deep; cavity rather large, regular; stem slender, long; skin glossy, 
brilliant purplish-red, firm; flesh clear yellow, rather transparent, juicy, sprightly yet 
sugary, agreeable but slightly strong; pit oblong, tapering at the top, truncate, partly 
adherent; season late September in France. 

Belle l’Herissier. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 470, Pl. 1875. 

This cherry was raised from seed in 1865 by M. Doublet, horticulturist at Montrichard, 

Loir-et-Cher, France. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually borne in clusters, 


212 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


depressed on the side, with a faint suture; stem very long, slender, adhering strongly to 
the pit; skin a brilliant red but never black; flesh pale red, juicy, sweet, slightly sprightly; 
quality very good; pit irregular, very small, elongated; ripens the middle of June in France. 
Belle de Kis-Oers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2.Guide Prat. 13. 1895. 

This is a Hungarian cherry. Fruit of medium size, elongated, marbled with red; 
flesh white, sugary; in France it ripens the middle of July. 

Belle de Loche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25,187. 1876. 

This name is wrongly used as a synonym of Magnifique. Distributed by Jacque- 
ment-Bonnefont, nurseryman at Annonay, Ardéche, France, who described it as a very 
good, large, productive fruit, ripening in June. 

Belle d’Orleans. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 16:358, 540 fig. 1850. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. 
Cat. 211. 1856. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:84, 85 fig., 86. 1866. 4. Leroy Dict. 
Pom. 5:314 fig., 315. 1877. 
Beauty of Orleans. 5. Ill. Handb. 15 fig., 16. 1867. 6. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 
415. 1899. 

Belle de Bruxelles. 7.Guide Prat. 10, 17, 181. 1895. 

Some writers state that Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, originated this 
variety about 1852; others hold that it is of French origin. Tree large, very vigorous, 
productive; fruit usually attached in pairs, medium to above in size, roundish-oval or often 
cordate; stem medium in length, rather slender; skin transparent, clear pale yellow with 
a light red cheek, occasionally slightly mottled; flesh pale amber, juicy, tender, sweet; 
good in quality; stone large, roundish-obovate; season early. 

Belle de Ribeaucourt. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:269. 1854. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 
2:181, 210. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:170 fig., 171. 1877. 

Schone von Ribeaucourt. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335,377. 1889. 

This variety probably originated in Northern France. Fruit globular, flattened at 
the ends, large, usually borne in twos; stem long; cavity large, deep; skin transparent, 
red, more intense in the sun; flesh yellow, rose-colored under the skin, sweet, juicy, acidu- 
lated; pit small, oval, round; ripens about the middle of June. 

Belle de Rochelle. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 1068. 1861. 

Mentioned as remarkable for its size, its abundant juice and rich flavor which are 
said to make it one of the best fruits of its season. Its long stems facilitate picking. 
Belle de Rocmont. P. avium 1. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:167, 168. 1768. 

Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, 
Tab. 5 fig. 2. 17092. 

Schéne von Rocmont. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 311-316. 1819. 

Pigeon’s Heart. 4. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 

Bigarreau belle de Rocmond. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831. 

Coeur de Pigeon Gros. 6. Ibid. 48. 1831. 

Pigeon Heart Bigarreau. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:127. 1832. 

Bigarreau de Rocmont. 8. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 6, Pl. 1846. 

Rocmonter Marmorkirsche. 9. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:39. 1858. 

Rothe Spanische Marmorkirsche. 10. Ibid. 39, 40. 1858. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 213 


Belle de Rocmont is so similar to Yellow Spanish that some writers consider them 
the same. If not the same they are so nearly so that a description of this variety is 
unnecessary. 

Belle de Saint Tronc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Flor. & Pom. 
r17. 1878. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334, 359. 1889. 

This Heart cherry was introduced in 1873 by M. Antonie, Marseilles, Bouches-du- 
Rhéne, France. It is described by the French as a brownish-black cherry but Rivers 
lists it as a light red sort. Fruit cordate; stem short; brownish-black; flesh deep red, 
juicy; first quality; early; productive. 

Belle Vezzouris. Species? 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278. 1857. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit 
Cult. 664. 1897. 

A medium to large, light red, somewhat transparent cherry with a subacid flavor; 

quality good; ripens with Downer. 
Belle de Voisery. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 
1895. 
Similar to Duchesse de Palluau according to Guide Pratique. 
Bender (of Michigan). P. cerasus. 1. Wood Cat. 32. 1912. 

This is a seedling found by a man named Bender near Shelby, Michigan. It ripens 
between Early Richmond and Montmorency, surpassing the latter in size, color and 
quality; sour. 

Bender (of New York). P. avium X P. cerasus. 

Marguerite. 1. McKay Cat. 7. 1912. 

This variety is an accidental seedling found by J. O. Bender, Fayetteville, New York, 
about 1875. It is a late cherry of the Duke group. The fruit is attractive both in size 
and color, making a valuable market sort. Fruit roundish-cordate to oblate, compressed; 
cavity medium, flaring; suture very shallow; stem slender, above medium in length; skin 
of medium thickness and toughness, separating from the pulp, light red, yellowish on the 
shaded side; flesh pale yellow, somewhat coarse and stringy, tender, melting, subacid, 
juicy; good in quality; stone large, slightly clinging along the ventral suture. Very similar 
to Late Duke. 

Berlin Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901. 

A vigorous variety received from L. Spath, Berlin, Germany. Fruit medium to large, 
oval; skin glossy red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasingly acid; season from the middle to the 
last of July in Canada. : 

Bernard. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88. 1869. 

Described by D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, as a seedling of the Morello group. Tree 
vigorous, pyramidal in growth; fruit the size, shape, color and flavor of English Morello 
but with a smaller pit. 

Bettenburger Glaskirsche. P. avium X P-. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
445, 446, 689. 1819. 2. JIl. Handb. 171 fig., 172. 1860. 

Transparent de Bettenburg. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:77, 78, fig. 37. 1866-73. 

Belle Allemande. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 

Truchsess, a German, grew this variety from a stone of the Prager Muscateller, in 


214 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


1794. The tree has a close growth and with its large, wide leaves is easily recognized from 
other light Duke cherries. The fruit is often confused with Double Glass but the color 
is darker, the stem longer and thicker, the flavor sweeter, and the season from eight to 
ten days later. Tree moderately vigorous; fruit large, cordate, rather obtuse, with a 
pronounced suture extending into the cavity; stem long, set in a smooth, shallow cavity; 
skin tough, clear purple changing to dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, juicy, 
not colored unless well ripened, sweetish-sour, slightly aromatic; stone of medium size, 
globular, plump, truncate at the base; season late. 

Bettenburger Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 65 fig., 66. 1860. 

Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 115, 116. 1819. 

Guigne de Bettenbourg. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:301. 1866. 

This variety is a seedling of a worthless black Heart cherry, raised by Truchsess in 
1794. Fruit very large, flattened, heart-shaped, sides compressed; stem short, set in a 
shallow cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin tough, deep dark-brown with light spots. 
turning black when ripe; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet; stone almost small, plump, round- 
ish; season the last of June in Germany. 

Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
507-511. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:61. 1858. 

A variety received by Truchsess as Kirsche von der Natte and disseminated by him 
as such. After a few years he found that it was not true to name and to avoid further 
confusion added the word Bettenburger. Fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; 
suture indistinct; stem short, slender, shallowly inserted; skin tough, dull, dark brown, 
inclined to black; flesh dark red, juicy, aromatic, subacid; stone not large, plump; ripens 
the middle of July in Germany. 

Bettenburger Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:62, 63. 1858. 

Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 521, 522, 523. 

1819. 

Bettenburger Weichsel von der Natte. 3. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 171. 1825. 

Griotte de Bettenbourg. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22,194. 1876. 

This German variety came from seeds of Grosse Gobet planted by Truchsess in 1794. 
Fruit very large, sides compressed; skin tough, dark brownish-red; flesh and juice dark, 
pleasingly sour, improves if left on the tree; stone large, cordate, pointed. 

Bicolor Van Mons. Species? 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:99, 208. 1866. 

Fruit medium in size, slightly elongated; attractively variegated with red; of 
mediocre quality; matures the last fortnight of June. 

Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1880. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 569, 570, Pl. 1912. 

In 1903, Alfred Nomblot planted what he believed to be a seed of Bigarreau Dénnissen 
but the resulting tree in many of its characters resembled Bigarreau Noir de Kruger which 
stood near the supposed parent. A cross between these varieties might result in a dark 
fruit, similar to this. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive; fruit above medium in 
size, cordate, attached in ones, twos and threes; stem long; skin marbled with purple 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 215 


changing to black; flesh firm, sugary, juicy, high flavored; pit small, ovoid; early. 
Recommended by the Société Pomologique de France as a good, early cherry. 
Bigarreau Blanc Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:144. 1882. 

A short description of the tree-characters is given in this reference. 

Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. 
Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 

Matures late; according to Guide Pratique, 1895, it is very similar to Napoleon. 
Bigarreau Bordan. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:183, 184 fig. 1877. 

Bordans frihe wetsse Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 

Bordans Herzkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 97 fig., 98. 1860. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 

197. 1876. 

Guigne Blanche de Bordan. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 98, 208. 1866. 

This variety was raised by M. Bordan of Guben, Prussia, Germany, and was first 
described by Oberdieck. Leroy lists it as a Bigarreau as he believes the flesh is too 
firm for a Guigne as many Germans have described it. Tree hardy, productive; fruit 
usually borne in pairs, elongated-cordate, sides and base often compressed; suture 
shallow; stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin glossy, yellowish, spotted 
and streaked with red, becoming almost entirely washed with red in the sun; flesh 
tender, whitish, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated, pleasing; stone medium, oval, turgid; 
season early. 

Bigarreau de Bourget. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 335. 1889. 

Listed without a description by Mathieu. 

Bigarreau Brun. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771. 

Not described. 

Bigarreau de Capucins. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. N.S. 19:255. 1883. 

Kapuziner Knorpel. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 18809. 

This variety is little known out of Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, 
obtuse-oblong, regular, depressed at the ends; skin amber-yellow, blushed with red; flesh 
white, crisp, juicy. 

Bigarreau de la Caserne. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. 663. 1866. 

According to the reference this variety is spoken of in La Belgique Horticole as a variety 
with prodigious leaves, yellow fruit dashed with red and of good quality. 

Bigarreau Cayenne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 
5:186 fig. 1877. 

Cayenner Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 10907. 

This variety was received by Leroy in 1857 from Angouleme, Charente, France. 
Fruit generally borne in pairs; of medium size, oval, somewhat cylindrical, compressed at 
the extremities, with a large, rather deep suture; apex generally prominent; stem: long; 
cavity broad and regular; skin thick, yellow, washed with pale red changing to lively red 
in the sun; flesh yellowish, firm, brittle, juicy, sweet, slightly sugary and aromatic; pit 
large, oval, slightly convex; ripens the last of June to the first of July. 

Bigarreau de Chalons. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:131, 132, 209. 1866. 
A local variety, widely known in the departments of Jura and Sadéne-et-Loire, 


216 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


France, as Chalonnaise. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, depressed at the base, one face 

flattened, the other bulged; suture slight; stem short; skin a deep purple tint in the sun, 

spotted with clear red in the shade; flesh white or of a slight rose color, with uncolored 

juice, sugary, aromatic; pit small; season the middle of June. 

Bigarreau de Champvans. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 
I7. 1895. 

This is an excellent cherry of the Bigarreau type with colored juice and transparent 
skin, which originated in the department of Sadne-et-Loire, France; said in the second 
reference to be similar to Napoleon. 

Bigarreau Corniola. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:191, 192 fig. 1877. 

The name Corniola is derived from cornaline, the French for cornelian. Tree medium 
in size and productiveness; fruit attached in twos or threes, large, roundish, slightly com- 
pressed at the ends and faces; suture deep; stem short, set in a rather deep cavity; skin 
whitish-yellow, largely washed with rose color and spotted with deep carmine; flesh yellow- 
ish, firm, not fibrous, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; season early June. 
Bigarreau Court Picout Hatif. P.avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Listed in this reference. 

Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 
Mentioned in the reference given. 
Bigarreau Donnissen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 16, 189. 1876. 
Dénnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche. 2. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 162. 1825. 3. Dochnahl 
Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:44. 1858. 4. JIl. Handb. 145 fig., 146. 1860. 

Bigarreau jaune de Dénissen. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:304. 1866. 

This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, named for the originator; 
it fruited first about 1824. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit attached in twos, some- 
times threes, large, roundish-cordate; suture slight; stem long, rather stout; cavity broad, 
shallow; skin glossy, transparent, yellowish-orange when ripe; flesh whitish, firm, slightly 
fibrous, moderately juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated; first quality; pit large, ovoid, 
plump; ripens the last of June to the first of July. 

Bigarreau Doré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 2. Guide Prat.15. 1895. 

Fruit yellow, round. 

Bigarreau Double Royale. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:195 fig., 196. 1877. 

K6nigliche Fleischkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858. 

Ké6nigliche Herzkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 467 fig., 468. 1861. 

Guigne Royale. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:301. 1866. 

The fact that Oberdieck received this variety from the Société Horticole de Prague 
under the French name Double Royale leads us to believe, as does Leroy, that it is of French 
rather than of Austrian origin as many German writers hold. Tree vigorous; fruit usually 
borne in pairs, large, cordate, rather abrupt at the ends; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; 
suture almost indistinct; skin glossy, reddish-brown to nearly black; flesh moderately 
tender, red, juicy, vinous, sweet; quality very good; pit small, ovoid, turgid; ripens about 
the middle of June. 

Bigarreau Dur. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831. 

Listed in this reference without description. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 217 


Bigarreau Duranno. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom.5:191. 1877. 

This variety is first mentioned by Leroy in 1868, appearing in his catalog of 1875 
incorrectly as Bigarreau Duracino. The trees are used for stocks. Fruit large, roundish- 
cordate, uneven; suture narrow; stem long, slender; skin deep red in the sun; flesh firm, 
dry, acidulated, sugary; matures early in July. 

Bigarreau Galopin. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Bigarreau Glady. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:206 fig. 1877. 

This variety was sent from the Jumard nursery about 1850 to Eugéne Glady, Bor- 
deaux, France. Fruit above medium in size, cordate, elongated; stem of medium length, 
set in a straight, deep cavity; skin brownish-red, striped with carmine; flesh a light rose 
color, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; first quality; pit of medium size; ripens 
the first of June. 

Bigarreau Grand. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 13, Pl. 13. 1871. 2. Guide Prat. 
I5. 1895. 

This cherry was introduced into the vicinity of Lyons, France, in 1849 by M. Grand 
who probably brought it from his nurseries in Italy. It has many characters in common 
with Lyons. Tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, trun- 
cate at the base; suture wide, deep; stem medium, straight, set in a wide, deep cavity; 
skin thin, smooth, changing from a whitish-green to a rose-red and later to a deep crimson; 
flesh fine, half-tender, rose-colored, lighter near pit, with pale juice, sugary, aromatic; 
good; pit large, oval; season very early. 

Bigarreau Groll. P. awum. 1. Ill. Handb. 135 fig., 136. 1860. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 
5:207 fig., 208. 1877. 

Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 328, 329. 1819. 

Bigarreau blanc de Groll. 4. Guide Prat. 17, 182. 1895. 

This seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, bearing the name of its originator, 
has been known and rather widely written about since early in the Nineteenth Century. 
Tree of moderate vigor; fruit generally borne in pairs, large, cordate, truncate at the base; 
sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin 
red, becoming darker, spotted and streaked; flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, aromatic; 
first quality; stone large, oval; ripens in June and hangs for a long time. 

Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Bigarreau Hatif de Champagne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 2. Guide 
Prat. 17. 1895. 

Found at Champagne, Ain, France, and introduced in 1873 by M. Fandon. The 
tree is an erect, vigorous grower; fruit large, brownish-black, ripening two weeks before 
Lyons; of little value. 

Bigarreau Hatif de Saint-Laud. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:107, 108, fig. 54. 1882. 
2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1889. 

Fruit large, cordate, slightly irregular in outline; stem rather short, set in a wide, 

round cavity; skin clear red, striped with deeper red changing to purple; flesh rather 


218 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


tender, tinged red, with abundant colored juice, sugary, vinous; good; pit small, ovoid, 

slightly compressed; matures the middle of June. 

Bigarreau d'Italie. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:102-104, 219, fig. 21. 1866. 
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 52211, 212 fig. 1877. 

Bohemian Black Bigarreau. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 76, 94. 1866. 

Black Bohemian. 4. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:104. 1882. 

This old variety was much esteemed by the Italians and later by the Belgians who 
grew it as early as 1815; it is of more recent introduction into France and England. 
It is sometimes confused with the Florence of Hogg and Downing. Fruit roundish, slightly 
heart-shaped, flattened at both ends; suture distinct; stem thick, short, inserted in an acute, 
deep cavity; skin firm, thick, glossy, very deep purple changing to black; flesh firm, dark, 
juicy, sugary, aromatic; pit medium, roundish-oval, convex, suture and grooves prominent; 
season the last two weeks of June. 

Bigarreau Jacquet. P avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337. 1889. 

Listed in this reference. 

Bigarreau Jumard. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5: 206. 1877. 

Mentioned as having been received by Eugéne Glady, Bordeaux, Gironde, France, 
in a shipment of trees received about 1850 from the Jumard nursery. 
Bigarreau Kriiger. P.avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:215, 216 fig. 1877. 

Bigarreau noir de Kruger. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22,190. 1876. 

Kriger’s Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 366. 1889. 

This variety was introduced into France by M. Eugéne Glady, 1858, from Guben, 
Prussia, Germany, and is thought to have been originated by one of the Kriger family. 
Tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large to above, cordate, more or less roundish, faces com- 
pressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a large cavity; skin yellowish-white, min- 
gled with red, changing to brownish; flesh pale yellow, rather firm, slightly fibrous, juicy, 
sweet though sprightly; pit large, elongated-oval, flat; ripens toward the middle of June. 
Bigarreau Legrey. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 74. 1866. 

A small, cordate-shaped Bigarreau, more curious than useful. 

Bigarreau de Lory. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 205. 1819. 

Bigarreau de Loire. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Mentioned as a medium-sized, dark brownish-red, firm-fleshed fruit 
Bigarreau Marjolet. P. avium. 1.Guide Prat.7. 1895. 

Guigne Marjolet. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:135, 136, fig. 68. 1882, 3. Mathieu Nom. 

Pom. 360. 1889. 

Bigarreau Marjeollais. 4. Ibid. 337. 18869. 

Marjolets Knorpelkirsche. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907. 

The descriptions of the Guigne Marjolet and the Bigarreau Marjolet are identical 
and we have combined the two. The variety was named after its originator, M. Marjolet; 
tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, dark red; flesh tender, red, vinous, 
pleasing; ripens the middle of June. 

Bigarreau Mongin. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904. 
Tree of medium growth; fruit medium in size, cordate; stem long, inserted in a deep 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 219 


cavity; skin clear yellow blushed with red; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, 

pleasant; ripens in July in Canada. 

Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 235. 1854. 

Spoken of, in 1854, as promising but evidently it has been discarded as no reference 
has been made to it since that date. It may be Reine Hortense. 

Bigarreau Moreau. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 552, 553, Pl. 1913. 

This cherry recently originated as a chance seedling near Lyons, France, several 
persons claiming the honor of its discovery. Its value was discussed at the meetings of 
the Société Pomologique de France in 1909 and 1911 when it was adjudged by leading 
French pomologists to be one of the earliest of all varieties, earlier than Lyons, and showing 
high commercial possibilities. Tree handsome in type of growth, with open, somewhat 
erect branches; leaves large, deeply serrate; fruit very large; color beautiful clear red 
becoming darker at maturity; flesh white, breaking, very firm, with uncolored juice, 
sweet, very refreshing; stone medium to small; season in France very early. 

Bigarreau Napoléon Noir. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 

Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:227 fig., 228. 1877. 

Napoléon Noir. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 307. 1884. 

Herzkirsche Napoléon III. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889. 

The origin of this cherry is uncertain. Leroy first noted it in the Simon-Louis catalog 
in 1867. To avoid confusion with the well-known Napoleon, he added the number III. 
Fruit usually attached in pairs, large, varying from elongated-oval to cylindrical; stem 
long, set in a large cavity; color dull red changing to deep maroon; flesh rose-colored, 
moderately firm, very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of June. 

Bigarreau Noir d’Ecully. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 338. 1889. 2. Cat. Cong. 

Pom. France 522. 1906. 

Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, black at maturity; flesh firm, crisp, 
dark, vinous, sugary, juicy, good; late. 

Bigarreau Noir 4 Gros Fruits. P. avium. 1. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882. 

Fruit large, flattened; flesh firm, sweet; first quality; ripens early in June. 

Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 190. 1876. 
Heintzen’s (Heintze’s) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1880. 
This is said to be a very good and productive cherry ripening in the fifth week of 

the cherry season. 

Bigarreau Noir de Tabor. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 190. 1876. 

Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80. 1860. 

Tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, cordate, often obtuse; sides compressed; 
suture but a line; stem medium long; cavity variable; skin glossy, dark reddish-brown: 
flesh firm, dark red, sweet, rich; stone small, roundish; ripens the last of June. 
Bigarreau d’Octobre. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858. 

Oktober- Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 

This variety was refused a place on the American Pomological Society’s fruit list 
in 1858. Fruit small, oval to roundish-cordate, flattened at the cavity; stem short; skin 
black, glossy; stone large, oval; good. 


220 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Bigarreau de Once. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 2. Mas Pom. 
Gen. 11:5, 6, fig. 3. 1882. 

It is thought that this variety originated in the vicinity of Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, 
France. Fruit very large, elongated-cordate; suture distinct on one side, a colored line 
on the other side; stem very long, slender; cavity deep, large; skin a clear cherry-red on 
a yellow ground; flesh yellowish, crisp, firm, sweet, refreshing, with abundant, uncolored 
juice; quality good; pit large; season the first of July. 

Bigarreau Pourpré. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 

Gros Bigarreau pourpré. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:212, 215, 218. 1866. 

Tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish-cordate; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh firm, good; 
ripens early in July. 

Bigarreau Printanier d’Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Bigarreau Reverchon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866. 2. Leroy Dict. 
Pom. 5:235 fig., 382. 1877. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 285. 1884. 

M. Paul Reverchon introduced this variety about 1855, into France from Italy, where 
it had long been known about Florence as Bigarreau Papal. Tree vigorous, moderately 
productive; fruit attached in ones or twos, large, obtuse-cordate, marked distinctly on 
one side by the suture; stem thick, short, set in a prominent cavity; skin smooth, glossy, 
tough, rose-yellow streaked with purple in the sun and with red in the shade; flesh light 
red, crisp, fibrous, moderately juicy, rather sweet; pit small, ovoid, plump; season the 
last of June to the first of July. 

Bigarreau Richelieu. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:235, 236 fig. 1877. 

This variety, says Leroy, was introduced into France from Nikita, Crimea, Russia, 
about 1858. Fruit borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate, with one side flattened; stem 
long, inserted in a small mamelonated cavity; skin glossy, yellowish-amber, with a rose- 
colored blush in the sun; flesh firm, breaking, filamentose, juicy, sweet, aromatic; first 
quality; stone of medium size, elongated-cordate; ripens the last of June. 

Bigarreau Rosa. P. avium 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:239 fig. 1877. 

Tree moderately productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, elongated-cordate, 
faces flattened; suture wide, deep; stem long, rather stout, set in a wide cavity; skin 
yellowish on rose-colored ground, amply washed with brilliant red on which are scattered 
small, white dots; flesh yellowish-white, firm, compact, filamentose, juicy, uncolored, 
rather sugary, acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit large, turgid; ripens the last of 
June. 

Bigarreau Rose Dragon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 96. 1877. 

Reported by the Committee on Foreign Fruits in 1877 as worthy of trial but not 
grown at present. Fruit large, pale yellow, with a red cheek; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, 
good; season the middle of July. 

Bigarreau de Schrecken. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 

Schreckens Kirsche. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 377. 1889. 

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; brownish-black, glossy; flesh 
moderately firm; first quality; matures in mid-June. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 221 


Bigarreau Strié. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:114, 115, 208. 1866. 

Fruit large, elongated-cordate, faces compressed; suture wide; stem short, rather 
stout; skin many shades of red and purple on a rose-colored ground with flesh-colored 
spots; flesh reddish, firm, crisp, sweet; juice slightly colored; quality fair; stone small; 
season early; deteriorates rapidly. ; 

Bigarreau de Trie. P. avium. 1. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 13. 1887. 

Origin unknown, but rather widely cultivated around Trie, Hautes-Pryénées, France. 
Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed, slightly cordate; stem long, 
slender; skin tough, deep red, transparent, with a slight blush of amber; flesh whitish- 
yellow, very firm, juicy, uncolored, sugary, aromatic; good; season early July. 

Bigarreau 4 Trochets. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 22. 1876. 

An extremely productive variety distributed in some parts of France; fruit large, 
red; flesh brittle; ripens in late June. 

Bigarreau Turca. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:247, 248 fig. 1877. 

This old cherry was described in 1785 as Heaume Rouge but was found in 1862 by 
Leroy in Florence, Italy, as Bigarreau Turca by which name it was well known. It is 
probably not of Turkish origin as the name would indicate. Fruit often borne in pairs, 
large, obtuse-cordate; suture noticeable but not deep; stem short; cavity spacious; color deep 
red, lightly spotted with gray; flesh rather firm, fibrous, mottled with light red becom- 
ing darker near the pit, juicy, sweet, sprightly; pit large, ovoid, plump; ripens late in June. 
Bigarreau de Walpurgis. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:250 fig. 1877. 

St. Walpurgiskirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858. 

Walpurgiskirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 41 fig., 42. 1867. 

Cerise Walpurgis. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:157, 158, fig. 77. 1866-73. 

This variety is a seedling from the village of Walpurgisburg, near Cologne, Germany, 
originating about 1845. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit attached in pairs, very large, 
roundish-cordate, compressed; suture shallow, extending entirely around the fruit; stem 
slender, rather long; cavity wide, shallow, sides only slightly raised; skin firm, adherent, 
glossy, dark cherry-red changing to almost black; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, aromatic, 
vinous; pit of medium size, oval, dark red; ripens late in July. 

Bigarreau de Zeisberg. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 

Zeisbergische Kirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 31 fig., 32. 1867. 

Cerise de Zeisberg. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:35, 36, fig. 18. 1882. 

Oberdieck received this variety, which bears the name of its originator, from Hanover, 
Prussia, Germany, in 1857. Fruit very large, obtuse-cordate; suture wide, flat on the 
dorsal side, extending slightly beyond the apex; stem long, rather slender, set in a flaring 
cavity; skin glossy, brownish-black, later becoming black, adhering to the pulp; flesh 
firm, dark red, juicy, pleasant, with an aromatic sweetness when mature; season the last 
of June. 

Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Bigarreautier a Petit Fruit Noir. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:503. 1860. 

A mediocre but productive cherry ripening in August. 


222 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Bigarreautier 4 Petit Fruit Rose. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:503. 1860. 

A variety raised from seed in 1824; tree vigorous; stem long; flesh tender, white, 
sugary; quality fair; July. 

Bill and Coo. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 454. 1869. 

Two lovers made the original tree their haunt, hence, the name ‘“ Bill and Coo.” 
This variety originated on the grounds of Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit 
of medium size, regular heart-shaped, flattened at the apex; stem long, slender; cavity 
deep; suture broad on one side, the opposite side knobby; color amber-yellow, marbled 
with clear red; flesh rich, delicate, sweet; ripens early in June. 

Bismarck. P. avium. 1. Hoopes, Bro. & Thomas Cat. 20. 1907. 

This variety is a Sweet Cherry from near Baltimore, Maryland. Fruit very large, 
dark red, firm, sweet, juicy and rich; vigorous and productive; ripens the first of July. 
Black American. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 

Listed without description in this reference. 

Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 37, 38. 1771. 2. Prince Pom. 
Man. 2:130. 1832. 

Bigarreau hatif. 3. Le Bond Jard. 345. 1882. 

Bigarreau noir Hatif. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 285. 1884. 

Black Bigarreau is an old variety of unknown origin quite distinct from any others 
of its class. Tree productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, obscurely flattened; 
stem long; skin at first dotted with red, later becoming black, glossy; flesh firm, rather 
dry, with dark colored juice, breaking, sweet; not high in quality; ripens the last of June 
and the first of July. ? 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 2. Ibid. 
256. 1857. 
New Large Black Bigarreau. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234, 235. 1841. 4. Downing 
Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Mag. Hort. 16: 538 fig., 539. 1850. 

Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy. 6. Mag. Hort. 8:251. 1842. 

Walsh Seedling. 7 Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 196, 197. 1854. 

Bigarreau noir de Savoie. 8. Mas Le Verger 8:33, 34, fig. 15. 1866-73. 

The original tree of this variety was brought from the south of France by the father 
of George Walsh, Charlestown, Massachusetts. The tree came into bearing about 1840. 
In 1841, fruits were exhibited from trees introduced into American collections from Italy 
as New Large Black Bigarreau, and were thought by several people to be the Black 
Bigarreau of Savoy. Until 1857, all writers held these two varieties to be distinct but 
Downing then declared them to be the same and on his authority we combine the two. 
Tree vigorous, handsome; fruit large, regular, cordate, slightly obtuse; stem long, 
rather stout, set in a narrow, even cavity; skin smooth, not very glossy, nearly black when 
mature; flesh dark purplish-red, firm, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly adherent to the stone; 
pit rather large; ripens the middle of July. 

Black Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

A round, black Guigne of second quality with tender, transparent flesh; used for 

dessert. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 223 


Black Margaret. Species? 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892. 

Described as a fine, black, very late, English cherry. 
Black Prolific. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Black Spanish. P. avium. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kérschensort. 
177-180. 1819. 

Schwarze oder Spate Herzkirsche. 3. Krinitz Enc. 60, 61. 1790. 

Spanish. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 217. 1835. 

Schwarze Spanische Kuorpelkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:37. 1858. 

Bigarreau noir d’Espagne. 6. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 189. 1876. 

This is an old variety first mentioned by the English and in all probability is of English 
origin. It has been greatly confused by some German writers with other black cherries 
but Truchsess maintains that if placed beside the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and 
the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit Festem Fleische, the two with which it is most 
often confused, differences could be noted especially as to firmness of flesh and smallness 
of pit. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture distinct; stem slender, short; 
cavity small, smooth, shallow; skin dark reddish-brown changing to black, lighter along 
the suture; flesh more tender than in most hard-fleshed sorts, dark red, sweet; stone small, 
adhering before fully mature, colored; ripens early in July or earlier. 

Black Turkey Heart. P. avium. 1. Watkins Cat. 32. 1892. 

Fruit large, black, late; suitable for market and home use. 

Blasse Johanni Kirsche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 

Received by Thomas with a recommendation from Baron Emanuel Trauttenberg 
of Prague. 

Bocage. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 18095. 

This variety is said, in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be similar to Carnation, a Sour 
Cherry, while Thomas says it is similar to Reine Hortense, a hybrid sort. 

Bohemian Queen. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Hort. 13:104. 1890. 

This variety is said to come true to seed; to be similar in fruit-characters to Ostheim, 
though larger and more fleshy; to be productive and a cherry of good flavor; and to 
succeed well in moist land. 

Bon Bon. Species? 1. Childs Cat. 153 fig. 1893. 

A very early, large, dark red, juicy cherry; ships well and bears regularly. 
Book. Species? 1. Pa. Dept. Agr. Rpt. Pt. 12427. 1902. 

This is a local variety recommended by John Weitzel, Bethesda, Lancaster County, 
Pennsylvania. Fruit medium to large, dark red; ripens the middle of June. 

Boppard. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 415. 1899. 

Boppard’s Early. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:58. 1900. 

Bopparder Frihkirsche. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

Tree vigorous; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; skin glossy, dark red; flesh red, firm, juicy, 
sweet. 

Boquet Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 
Amarelle Boquet. 2. Ibid. 331. 1885. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:110. 1900. 


224 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This is one of Budd’s importations of 1883, according to the third reference. It is 
often confused with the Boquet Amarelle of the French. The fruit resembles Early 
Richmond in size, shape, season and color, differing only in its flesh being more firm, its 
pit smaller, and the tree less productive; of no value commercially. 

Boreatton. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 215. 
1854. 

A small, roundish-cordate, nearly black Sweet Cherry, with half-tender flesh; poor 
quality; ripens in mid-July. 

Boughton Early Black Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Boulebonner Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 47 fig., 48. 1867. 

Bigarreau Hatif Boulbon. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. II:103, 104, fig. 52. 1882. 

This cherry was introduced into Belgium from France some years previous to 1867. 
Tree not vigorous, but productive; fruit large, broadly cordate, variable in size and form, 
sides compressed; suture distinct, deepest near the cavity; apex slightly depressed; stem 
slender, usually long, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin a glossy, rose-red color with 
a yellowish tinge, dotted and streaked with clear blood-red and washed with dark pur- 
plish-red; flesh yellowish-white, reddish-white under the skin, firm, juicy, rich, pleasing; 
stone large, oval, somewhat flattened, with a short point; partially clinging; ripens the 
last of June and, according to Oberdieck, hangs during wet seasons without cracking. 
Bount Dantzic. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Bouquet-Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858. 2. Til. 
Hanab. 7 fig., 8. 1867. 

The tree of this variety has the growth of a Sweet Cherry with small, black, Heart 
fruits borne like the cluster cherries, one, two, three and four on the stem. The single 
fruits are roundish-cordate, with flattened ends while the double and triple fruits are more 
narrow and elongated; the fruit matures unevenly, having green, red and black fruits at 
the same time; pit roundish-oval, slightly pointed at the base, somewhat larger in the 
double fruits. 

Bouquetweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 519, 520, 521. 1819. 

This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Mayer under the name Bouquet- 
kirsche. Many of the flowers have six, seven, eight, and occasionally as high as twelve 
petals, with two or three pistils. Fruit usually very small, attached to a long, stiff, 
woody stem shallowly inserted; round, flattened beneath; suture shallow; flesh and juice 
reddish-black, with a bitterish-sour flavor, which it loses if allowed to remain on the tree; 
pit of medium size. 

Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

A variegated Sweet Cherry. 

Bowers’ Seedlings. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:64. 1903. 

Three seedlings originated with John Bowers, Sigourney, Iowa. No. 1.— Fruit 

medium, dark red; juice colorless; quality fair. No. 2.— Tree hardy; bears regularly; 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 225 


fruit large, oblate, roundish; stem long, slender; skin dark red; juice colorless; fair in 
quality; late. No. 3.— Fruit large, red to dark red; juice slightly colored, mild subacid; 
of very good quality. 
Bowyer Early Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 2. Kenrick Am. 
Orch. 234. 1841. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:15, 16, fig. 8. 1882. 
Boyer's Early. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857. 5. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 665. 
1897. 

Roberts’ Red. 6. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857. 

This variety probably originated in England nearly a century ago. Some writers 
confuse it with Early White Heart but the two are undoubtedly distinct. Tree vigorous, 
round-topped, hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly com- 
pressed; cavity shallow, wide; suture distinct; stem variable in length; skin of medium 
thickness, pale amber-yellow overspread with light red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, 
sprightly, refreshing; very good in quality; stone of medium size, short-ovate, plump, 
blunt at the apex; season early. 

Boyd Early Black. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 138. 1881. 

Mentioned in a report from Ohio as a variety of great superiority and value. 
Brandon. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896. 

A prolific seedling of Prunus pumila; introduced by the Manitoba Station. 
Brandywine. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist N.S. 5:492, Pl. 1855. Down- 

ing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857. 

John R. Brinckle, Wilmington, Delaware, produced this variety from a seed of White 
Bigarreau grown near May Duke. It fruited for the first time in 1851. Tree vigorous, 
spreading, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, obtuse-cordate; suture indis- 
tinct; stem long, slender; cavity shallow, small; skin yellowish, mottled and marbled with 
light crimson, glossy; flesh semi-transparent, tender, very juicy, sprightly, acidulous; 
stone rather large; season the last of June; recommended for culinary uses. 

Brant. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 191 fig. 1854. 
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 258. 1857. 

Brant was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, about the middle 
of the Nineteenth Century, from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit 
large, roundish-cordate, uneven, sides slightly compressed; stem medium, set in an angular 
cavity; skin thin, lively purplish-red changing to dark purplish; flesh dark purplish-red 
with indistinct white lines radiating from the center, tender, with abundant, colored juice, 
sweet and richly flavored; pit medium in size, roundish-oval, nearly smooth; season from 
the middle of June to the first of July. 

Brassington. P. cerasus. 1. Call Cat. 5, fig. 1913. 

A chance seedling found in Oceana County, Michigan. Fruit large, dark red, sprightly 
subacid; ripens with Early Richmond; productive. 

Braunauer Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 168. 1825. 

Braunauer Amarelle. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:72. 1858. 

This variety originated about 1825. Tree large, moderately productive, with large, 
Sour Cherry leaves. Often classed as an Amarelle because of the resemblance in the 

15 


226 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


branches. Fruit very large, round, compressed; suture distinct; stem very long, shallowly 

inserted; color dark red, rather cloudy; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasing subacid 

when fully ripe; stone of medium size; ripens in August. 

Braune Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 287. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kuirschensort. 583, 584, 585. 1819. 

Tree of medium growth; branches drooping; fruit large to very large, flattened, 
slightly depressed; stem long, set in a rather deep cavity; skin brownish-red; flesh dark 
red at the stone becoming clear red beneath the skin, tender, with abundant, red juice, 
pleasing subacid; stone roundish-elongated, one-half an inch long; season the last of July. 
Braune Spanische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 275. 1802. 

Spate braune Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 660. 1797. 

Braune Spantsche Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obsikunde 3:22. 1858. 

This cherry differs from the black Hearts in being smaller, more compressed and 
sweeter, the flesh softer and more melting. Tree small, productive; fruit small, roundish, 
compressed on both sides; black, somewhat red on one side; ripens at the end of June. 
Braunrote Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 544, 545. 1819. 

Braune rothe Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 289. 1802. 

Griotte rouge foncé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:306. 1866. 

This variety was found in Bernburg, Prussia, Germany. It is distinguished from 
the other Sour Cherries ripening with it by its lingering brownish-red color, its pleasing, 
mild sourness, its tender flesh, and by its wood. Tree not large, making a close growth, 
productive; branches erect; fruit bunch-like, large, almost round, flattened at the ends, 
sides slightly compressed; stem long, stout, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; color 
remains brownish-red for quite a period, later becoming almost black; flesh tender, with 
abundant, colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone egg-shaped, almost oval; season the last 
of July. 

Briggs Sweet. P. avium. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 22. 1899. 

Briggs Sweet was raised from seed in the garden of Dr. J. A. Briggs, South Union, 
Kentucky, where it has fruited for twenty years. The tree is thrifty, a regular bearer 
and resembles Wood in appearance of both tree and fruit but is much hardier. 
Brindilles. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 424. 1903. 

This is a vigorous cherry with a low, slender habit of growth, blooming the middle 
of June and ripening late in August. Fruit of medium size, round, depressed or oblate; 
stem long, set in a narrow cavity; skin light, clear red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly. 
Brown Best. P. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat 24. 1900. 

Brown Best was introduced some twenty-five years ago by Brown Brothers, Rochester, 
New York, having been budded from an old tree. Fruit large, dark red, tender, sour, 
rich; quality good; very late; productive. 

Brown Seedling. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 214. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
457. 1869. 

Originated in Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright; fruit medium in size, obtuse- 
cordate, compressed with a line and a light suture; cavity broad ; skin whitish, shaded 
and mottled with red; flesh half-tender, juicy, sweet; quality fair; season early July. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 227 


Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 277, 278, 
677, 678. 1819. 
A medium-sized cherry of fair quality from Guben, Prussia, Germany, where it first 


fruited in 1816. 
Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 341, 


685. 1819. 

This is another seedling from Prussia, Germany; stem of medium length; flesh some- 
what tender and light. 

Budd No. 533. P. cerasus. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:14. 1910. 

This is probably a Russian seedling sent out by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. 
Tree small, round-topped, with slender, recumbent branches; foliage scant, mostly on 
the tips of the branches; fruit very large, roundish heart-shaped; stem short, thick; skin 
tough, thin, dark, mottled red; flesh firm, yellow, slightly stained with red, astringent, 
subacid; quality fair; stone large, round; season the last of July. 

Buffalo. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 13:150. 1871. 

This cherry was received from Buffalo, New York, by Smiley Shepard of Hennepen, 
Illinois, in the ‘‘ fifties.’ The fruit with him proved very hardy and productive and 
promised to become a valuable sweet variety for prairie orchards. Mr. Shepard sent cions 
to different localities for testing but nothing has been heard further about the variety. 
Bunte Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. 

Hort. Man. 22273. 1903. 

This is not a Morello, though grown in North Silesia under this name. Tree vigorous 
and hardy, but a late bloomer; fruit large, cordate, reddish; flesh light-colored, juicy. 
Burbank. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 4, 19. 1911. 

Burbank Early. 2. Leonard Coates Cat. 1911. 

This #s another of Burbank’s cherries, trees of which have not yet fruited at the 
Station. Trees described as vigorous, sure croppers; foliage very large; fruit very large, 
attractive deep crimson; season very early. Its large leaves, it is claimed, protect the 
fruit from the birds and from cracking during late spring rains. 

Burchardts Schwarze Rosenobel. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kérschensort. 166, 167, 
1819. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:91, 92, fig. 46. 1882. 

This cherry was raised by the German pomologist Burchardt from a seed of Rosenobel. 
Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem medium in length, set in a deep, straight cavity; 
skin purple, changing to almost black; flesh purple, rather tender, juice slightly colored, 
sweet; first quality; season the first of June. 

Burghley Park. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Flor. & Pom. 229, 230. 1870. 2. Gard. 
Chron. 1057. 1870. 

Burghley Park is a seedling, raised by R. Gilbert, Burghley Park, Stanford, England; 
it was placed on the list of new fruits of the Royal Horticultural Society in July, 1871. 
There is a question as to whether it is distinct, some believing it to be Reine Hortense. 
Fruit very large, usually oval, often flattened, with an obscure suture; stem long, rather 
slender; skin very thin, transparent, a brilliant dark red if left hanging; flesh dull yel- 
lowish-red, veined or netted, very juicy, melting, with a pleasing astringency; ripens in 
mid-season. 


228 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Burr. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 233. 1849. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom.342. 1889. 

Semis de Burr. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:163, 164, fig. 80. 1866-73. 

Burr originated about 1844, with Zera Burr, of Perrinton, New York. Tree vigor- 
ous, erect, round-topped, very productive, not always hardy; fruit medium to large, 
obtuse-cordate with a pointed apex; stem long, slender; skin thin, mottled with light and 
dark red; flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably sweet ; very good in quality; 
stone small, irregularly ovate, short, thick; ripens in early mid-season. 

Biittner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 361, 362, 
363. 1819. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:129, 130 fig. 31. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. 
Pom. 5:214 fig., 215. 1877. 
Biuttner’s Yellow. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 185. 1845. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 
20. 1875. 

Wachsknorpelkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:44, 45. 1858. 

Bittner, at Halle, Prussia, Germany, raised this cherry as a seedling and it is probably 
superior to any of the varieties originated by this horticulturist. It fruited for the first 
time about 1800 and was introduced shortly after. It was grown in America as Buittner’s 
Yellow in the first half of the Nineteenth Century and was listed in the American Pomo- 
logical Society’s fruit catalog in 1875 but was dropped in 1899. ‘Tree strong, vigorous, 
hardy, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, flattened at the base; suture 
indistinct; stem thick, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin firm, thick, pale yellow, 
slightly spotted with brownish-red; flesh pale yellow, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, aromatic, 
with a rich, lively flavor; quality good; stone small, roundish-ovate, free; ripens early in July. 
Biittner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 236, 237. 

1819. 

Buittner's rothe Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:29. 18858. 

Another seedling raised by Bittner about 1797 and later tested by Truchsess. Tree 
vigorous, very productive; fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, with sides somewhat com- 
pressed; stem long; skin yellowish-white mingled with clear red, sometimes dark red; 
flesh yellowish-white, very soft, juicy, sweet; quality fair; stone small, heart-shaped; 
matures the first half of July. 

Biittner Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 299, 300, 
301. 1819. 
Biuttner’s rothe Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858. 
Bigarreau rouge de Buttner. 3. Mortillet Le Certster 2:132. 1866. 4. Leroy Dict. 
Pom. 5:240 fig., 241. 1877. 

Grown from seed about 1795, by Bittner. Butttner Spate Rote, one of Buttner’s 
seedlings is similar to this one. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, 
with a shallow suture; skin thick, lively red on one side and shaded with carmine on the 
other; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, strongly adhering to the pit, sweet, aromatic; quality 
good; stone of medium size, round; matures the last of June or the first of July. 

Biittner Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 122, 123, 
124. 1819. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 204, 205. 1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:64 
fig., 65, 66. 1866. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 229 


Bittner’s schwarze neue Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Worterb. 275. 1802. 

Bigarreau Noir Bitiner. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:222 fig. 1877. 

Still another variety obtained from seed by Bittner in 1795. With several others 
it was sent to Truchsess, about 1801, for testing. Tree strong, vigorous, erect, hardy, 
productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture prominent; stem of medium 
length, set in a deep cavity; skin firm, glossy, deep reddish-black; flesh dark red, moderately 
firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant; quality good; stone of medium size, roundish-oval; ripens 
early in July. 

Biittner Schwarze Sauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 601, 602, 
603. 1819. 

Buttner’s schwarze neue Sauerkirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 289. 1802. 

Raised from seed by Bittner and sent to Truchsess for testing about 1797. Fruit 
round, of medium size, glossy, black; flesh firm, red, moderately juicy, agreeably acid; 
quality fair; ripens in August. 

Biittner Spate Rothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 320, 
330, 682, 683. 1819. 

Bitiner’s harte Marmorkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858. 

Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Bittner. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:11, 12, fig.6. 1882. 

Bitiner's Late Red. 4. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. and Ser. 3:59. 1900. 

Another seedling raised by Bittner early in the Nineteenth Century and quite 
similar to Bittner Rote, except in its time of ripening, which is later. Tree of medium 
vigor, erect; fruit large, heart-shaped, flattened at the base, compressed at the apex; suture 
medium in depth; skin thick and firm, yellowish-white mingled with red, changing to 
dark red; flesh yellowish, firm, breaking, sweet, aromatic, with abundant, uncolored juice; 
quality good; stone large, oval, slightly clinging to the flesh; matures the last of July. 
Biittner Spite Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Til. Handb. 531 fig., 532. 1861. 

Biitiner’s September und Octoberweichsel. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 609. 18109. 

Bitiner’s October Zucker Weichsel. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 

Biittner’s Sehrspate. 4. Ibid. 47. 1831. 

Biitiner’'s October Morello. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 193, 194. 1845. 6. Am. 

Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 

Griotte Tardive de Bittner. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:95, 96, fig. 46. 1866-73. 

Bigarreau Tardif Bittner. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:245 fig., 246. 1877. 

Buittner’s October. 9. Hogg Frutt Man. 288. 1884. 

Produced from seed about 1800, by Bittner. As one of the latest of all cherries, it 
was at one time considered of value for culinary purposes and for a time was grown to 
a limited extent in this country. The American Pomological Society placed it on its 
fruit catalog list in 1862 but dropped it in 1869. Tree hardy, productive; fruit often 
hangs to the tree till October, large, round, somewhat oblate; suture indistinct; apex 
depressed; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; skin thin but firm, reddish-brown, separating 
easily from the pulp; flesh light red, reticulated with whitish fibers, firm, breaking, juicy, 
sweet, rich, mingled with pleasant subacid; quality good; stone large, oval, semi-clinging; 
ripens the last of August and early September. 


230 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Byrnville. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed in this reference. 

Cameleon. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 16209. 

A strange cherry, changeable in color, spoken of by Parkinson because of its pecu- 
liarities. The fruit is very red in color and of good taste, but varies greatly in color, shape 
and arrangement. It also bears blossoms, green and ripe fruit at the same time. 
Cardinalskirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbdume 159. 1791. 2. Christ Worterb. 284. 

1802. 4 

A cherry similar to the Doctorkirsche in both tree- and fruit-characters; fruit dark 
brown, with a subacid flavor. 

Carmine Stripe. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
258. 1857. 

Cerise Carminée. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:23, 24, fig. 12. 1882. 

Carmine Stripe is a seedling from Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree 
vigorous, spreading, very productive; fruit above medium in size, heart-shaped, com- 
pressed on the sides, surface often uneven, with a suture on one side, followed by a line 
of carmine; stem variable; skin amber-yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, lively 
carmine; fiesh tender, juicy, sweet, with agreeable sprightliness; pit small; season the last 
of June. 

Caroline. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854. 

Originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree upright-spreading, 
vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblong, one side slightly compressed; color 
pale amber, mottled with clear, light red, becoming rich red in the sun; flesh tinged with 
pale red, translucent, tender, juicy, sweet; pit of medium size, oblong, oval; season the 
last of June. Delicious for dessert. 

Catskill. Species? 1. Chase Cat. 1888. 

This variety, sent out by R. G. Chase, Geneva, New York, in 1888, is probably now 
extinct. Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped; skin light yellow, nearly covered with light 
carmine; stem slender, long; flesh light yellow, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; good. 
Cerise Albanes. Species? 1. Rev. Hort. 284. 1861. 

Introduced from Revel, Haute-Garonne, France. It is a fruit of first size, excellent 
quality, with dark green leaves, productive; fruit white with more or less yellow. 

Cerise d’Angleterre Précoce. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 25, Pl. 1846. 

According to Poiteau, this cherry, sometimes called Cerise Nouvelle d’Angleterre, 
was confused by Duhamel with his Cerise Guigne. Fruit small in the first stages of 
ripening, later becoming larger, flattened at the base and apex; color clear red changing 
to almost black at complete maturity. 

Cerise de ’Ardéche. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 

Belle grosse d’Ardéche. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Schéne von Ardéche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889. 

Distinct from other varieties in its manner of growth, according to Thomas. 

Cerise Bellon. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 231 


Cerise de la Besnardiére. P cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:181. 1866. 2. Leroy 
Dict. Pom. 5:172 fig. 1877. 

Kirsche von Bénardiére. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1889. 

In 1841, Leroy mentioned this variety in his catalog stating that it was found in the 
gardens of the Baron of Besnardiére. Mortillet believed it to be Carnation not being 
convinced of the contrary until after he had published his description of the Carnation. 
Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit attached singly, large, globular, compressed at 
the ends; suture apparent; stem of medium length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; 
skin clear red, brilliant; flesh reddish at the surface, whitish near the center, tender, with 
abundant, slightly colored juice, pleasantly acidulated and sweet; first quality; stone 
small, round, plump; season the end of June in France. 

Cerise du Bicentenaire. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 284, 285, Pl. 1903. 

Bicentenairewetchsel. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907. 

.This variety is supposed to be a bud variation of Royal Duke found in a garden at 
Lieusaint, France. The trees resemble those of Royal Duke but the fruit is superior in 
size and ripens from three weeks to a month later. Said to be valuable on northern 
exposures which increase the advantages of late maturity. 

Cerise Blanche 4 Petit Fruit. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860. 

Similar to the Cerisier 4 Gros Fruit Blanc but smaller. 

Cerise Commune. P-. cerasus. 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 11, Pl. 1846. 2. Le Bon 
Jard. 346. 1882. 

One of the French varieties of cherries grown in the neighborhood of Paris to supply 
the early market trade. Sometimes called La Grosse Cerise Commune. 
Cerise 4 Cotes. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:258, 259 fig. 1877. 

This cherry is similar in tree and fruit to Large Montmorency but the fruit is traversed 
on both sides by a prominent suture. Fruit attached in threes, of medium size, globular, 
compressed at the ends; suture deep, completely encircling the fruit; stem variable in 
length, inserted in a large, deep cavity; apex slightly depressed; skin clear red; flesh yellow- 
ish, transparent, tender, juicy, sugary, acidulated; pit of medium size, round; second 
quality; season the end of June; moderately productive. 

Cerise d’Espagne. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 

Fruit large, deep red, delicious, acidulated, ripening from June to July. 
Cerise 4 la Feuille. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trazt. Arb. Fr.1:174, 175. 1768. 

The fruit is of medium size, roundish-cordate, faces flattened; stem long; cavity deep 
and straight; skin deep reddish-brown; flesh red, with an acid flavor which it loses some- 
what at complete maturity; stone large, lightly tinted; ripens the middle of July. 

Cerise de Gembloux. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 8:91, Pl. 1860. 

M. Staquet Berger of Gembloux, Belgium, grew this cherry from seed. Tree produc- 
tive, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, slightly cordate; suture pronounced; stem long, slender; 
skin thin, glossy, nearly black; flesh red, fine, melting, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone 
small, oval; ripens the last of July. 

Cerise Guigne. P. avium. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:195, 196, Pl. 16 fig. r. 1768. 
2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:140, 141 fig. 34, 142. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:150, 
160, fig. 78. 1866-73. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:254, 255 fig., 256. 1877. 


232 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Griotte Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149. 1832. 

Cerise Anglaise. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 26, Pl. 1846. 

Rothe Muskateller. 7. Ill. Handb. 159 fig., 160. 1860. 

This cherry is now of historical interest only. It has been called Cerise Guigne since 
Duhamel described it in 1768, and may be the variety known long ago by the Romans 
as Cecilienne. There is no record to show that Cerise Guigne was ever brought to Amer- 
ica. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, flattened 
at the base; suture distinct; stem of medium thickness and length; skin thin; color clear 
red becoming reddish-brown; flesh clear red, with abundant, colored juice, tender, slightly 
stringy, sweet, sprightly, agreeable; quality good; ripens early. 

Cerise de Mai Double. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40. 1771. 

Briefly discussed by Knoop. 

Cerise de Mai Simple. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 40, 41. 1771. 

Resembles Cerise de Mai Double but smaller. 

Cerise de Martigné. Species? 1. Mas Pom.Gen.11:147. 1882. 
The tree-characters are briefly described in this reference. 
Cerise de Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1.Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 

Ostheim. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:79, fig. 18. 1903. 

In 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, brought this variety to Iowa. It is 
very similar to the Minnesota Ostheim but a few days later. Fruit of medium size, round, 
occasionally cordate; stem of medium length, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin firm, 
deep red, with highly colored juice, mildly subacid; quality very good. 

Cerise du Prince Maurice. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 41. 1771. 

Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit scarlet, with whitish dots. 

Cerise de Prusse. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Certster 2:151 fig., 152, 153, 221, 304. 
1866. 

Guindoux de Provence. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 429, 430. 18109. 

Prussian Cherry. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832. 

Provencer Stissweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:50. 1858. 

Cerise de l’Esviere. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Cerise de Prusse noire? 6. Ibid. 11:160. 1882. 

This old variety is supposed to be of French origin. It is distinguished from other 
sorts by its cordate form, its more or less distinct suture, its thick skin, and its heart- 
shaped pit. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit rather large, partially cordate, 
marked by a suture on both sides, more pronounced towards the base; stem of medium 
length, inserted in a rather deep cavity; skin thick, tough, separating from the pulp, deep 
reddish, almost black; flesh rather firm, deep red, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a pro- 
nounced acidity; stone rather large, oval-pointed, turgid; ripens early in July. 

Cerise de Rouén Double. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771. 

Tree vigorous and productive; fruit cordate, marked with a suture of moderate depth; 
color streaked with clear red on a yellow ground; flesh brittle, sweet, very agreeable. 
Cerise de Rouén Simple. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:42. 1771. 

Resembles the preceding variety in form, color and quality but is somewhat smaller. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 233 


Cerise Rouge Pale. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:89, 90, fig. 43. 1866-73. 2. Leroy 
Dict. Pom. 5:383, 384 fig., 385. 1877. 
Cerisier & Gros Fruit Rouge-pdle. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:182, 183, 184, Pl. 9. 
1768. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 14 fig. 1. 1792. 

Villennes. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832. 

Bleichrothe Glaskirsche. 6. Ill. Handb. 75 fig., 76. 1867. 

This cherry is of interest only because of its past. Of its origin no record can be found. 
It is first mentioned by Duhamel, in 1768, under a somewhat longer name, “‘ Cerisier 4 
Gros Fruit Rouge-pale,” which many later writers have confused with Carnation. Tree 
large, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened; stem long, thick; cavity 
deep, broad; skin thin; color a clear, brilliant red growing darker as maturity advances; 
flesh transparent, juicy, firm, tender, sweet, yet sprightly; of very good quality; season 
late. 

Cerise Rouge Sanguine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed in this reference. 

Cerise Royale Ordinaire. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 22, Pl. 1846. 

This variety is known in Normandy as Cerise Musquée because of its slight musky 
taste. Fruit small, sides compressed; skin red; flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary; quality fair. 
Cerise de Soissons. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 

Franz6siche Stussweichsel. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:51. 1858. 

Admirable de Soissons. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869. 

Cerise de Soissons is described as a Morello, medium to above in size, broadly cordate, 
slightly compressed, with a slight suture; stem short; skin dark red; flesh red, tender, 
juicy, brisk subacid; ripens the middle of July. 

Cerise de Tiercé. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Cerise de Xavier. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Elliott Fr. Book ats. 
1854. 

A Morello cherry, first shown in 1851, by M. P. Wilder, Dorchester, Massachusetts. 
Fruit medium in size, round, dark red, acid. 

Cerisier Commun 4 Fruit Rond. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:172, 173. 
1768. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 658, 659. 18109. 

Under this heading are grouped many wild cherries in France, grown from seeds, 
whose trees, leaves and flowers vary as well as the size, taste and time of ripening of the 
fruits. One of the best of these is grown around Paris, the fruit being small; stem long; 
pit large; quality and flavor variable. 

Ceriser Commun Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 397. 1888. 

This cherry was found in a Sour Cherry plantation. It resembles Montmorency in 
habit of growth and the Heart cherries in texture of flesh. The tree is used for ornamental 
planting and its fruit for culinary purposes. Tree very productive, bushy, branches 
inclined to droop; fruit large, oblong; stem long, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy, dark 
red; flesh rose-colored, transparent, sugary, juicy; pit of medium size, elongated-oval; 
ripens early in June. 


234 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Cerisier 4 Feuilles Laciniées. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267, 268 fig. 1877. 

This is a chance seedling first mentioned by Leroy in his catalog in 1860. Because 
of its foliage it is often used as an ornamental. Tree strong, moderately productive; fruit 
generally attached singly, small, oval; suture apparent; stem long; cavity moderately 
large; skin clear red, marbled with reddish-brown; flesh firm, yellowish-white, with abun- 
dant, uncolored juice, sugary, slightly acidulated; pit of medium size, elongated-oval, 
plump. 

Cerisier 4 Gros Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:507. 1860. 

A cherry ripening in July but described as very sugary and very good; flesh watery, 
aromatic; productive. 

Cerisier Royal Tardif 4 Fruit Noir. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:506. 1860. 

The fruit ripens in July, becoming deep black. 

Cerisier Trés-fertile. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.1:175, 176. 1768. 

Weichselbaum mit biindelférmigen Frichten. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 

I. 1792. 
Cerise & Trochet. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:397, 
398 fig. 1877. 

Prolific Cherry. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:132. 1832. 

Amarelle trés-fertile. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:201 fig., 202, 203. 1866. 

Leroy states that this variety was long ago well known in France. Because it was 
grown in the neighborhood of Angers and Saint-Laud, and was of the Montmorency type, 
Leroy says it was locally named Cerisier Montmorency Hatif de Saint Laud. He is doubt- 
ful whether it existed before the Eighteenth Century; Duhamel was the first to describe 
it in 1768. The tree resembles the Cluster cherry and is probably but a variation of the 
Cerise Commune type. Tree small; fruit generally attached in threes, of medium size, 
globular, compressed at the stem; cavity rather deep; apex small, somewhat prominent; 
stem of medium size, unequal in length; skin transparent, clear red, deeper when mature; 
flesh tender, white, juicy, sugary, strongly acidulated; stone medium in size, roundish, 
turgid; ripens the middle of June. Its graceful habit and productiveness make it a favorite 
for ornamental purposes. 

Cerisier de Varenne. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860. 

Belle de Varennes. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Tree erect, very vigorous; fruit large, compressed; stem long; color bright red. 
Challenge. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 18096. 

Challenge is a Sand Cherry seedling grown in Canada; fair flavor and of medium 
size. 

Champagne. Species? 1. Horticulturist 5:76, 77 fig. 1850. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 
1854. 
Champagne is a seedling raised by Charles Downing,! Newburgh, New York, and so 


1 Charles Downing, whose likeness we show in the frontispiece, was born at Newburgh, New York, 
July 9, 1802. He spent his life in the place of his birth, dying January 18, 1885. His parents were natives 
of Lexington, Massachusetts, who shortly before the birth of Charles Downing, the eldest son, came to 
Newburgh, the father establishing a shop for the manufacture of wagons, a business which he soon 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 235 


named because of the peculiar and lively mingling of sweet and acid in its flavor. Tree 
very hardy, vigorous, bearing regularly, and withstanding the attacks of rot and blight. 
Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly angular; stem moderately long; cavity 
shallow, flat; skin lively brick-red, inclining to pink; flesh amber, juicy, sprightly, rich; 
ripens the middle of June. 

Champion. P. pumila. 1.Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 307. 1898. 

Champion is one of many seedlings of the Manitoba Sand, a native Canadian cherry 
named and described in 1898, by Wm. Saunders of the Canadian Experimental Farms. 
Fruit large, very dark red, nearly black when ripe; flesh sweet, nearly free from astringency; 
quality good; ripens in Manitoba the last of August. 

Chapman. P. avium. 1.Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 130. 1897. 2. Cal. Nur. Cat. 1:14. 18098. 
3. Ore. Nur. Cat. 21. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Chapman was grown by W. H. Chapman of Napa, California, and is supposed to be 
a seedling of Black Tartarian, surpassing that variety in size and earliness. By some 
horticulturists Chapman and California Advance are considered identical, but most growers, 
particularly in California, declare the two to be distinct. Fruit matures early; very large, 
roundish, purplish-black; stem long, slender; flesh slightly tender; very good in quality; 
stone small. 

Cheresoto. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl. 10, Pl. 11, 
185. Igri. 

Cheresoto is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the De Soto plum from the South 
Dakota Experiment Station. The tree resembles the plum in growth but the fruit, in 
looks and flavor, is like that of the Sand Cherry. Fruit rather long with a prickle at the 
apex; about one and three-eighths inches in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, 
thin, free from acerbity; flesh yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging. 


abandoned to become a nurseryman. Here, in the first successful nursery established in the region, were 
trained Charles and Andrew Downing, receiving under the careful guidance of the father a knowledge 
of the business and of fruits which with later self instruction made them the most distinguished pomol- 
ogists of their day. With the death of the father in 1822, before Charles had obtained his majority, the 
responsibility of conducting the business and the support of the family devolved upon him. Andrew J., 
the younger brother, in 1834, at the age of 19, united with Charles in the management of the nursery 
business under the firm name of C. & A. J. Downing, a partnership which lasted only until 1839. Charles 
continued in the nursery business for many years during which time he became the foremost pomologist 
in the United States and eventually, about 1850, sold his holdings to devote himself to the study of varie- 
ties of fruits and the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. This great pomological book was 
projected and published by Andrew but most of the work of the book as it is now known was done by 
Charles in revising the original and adding to its many editions. It is and has long been, as all know, 
the highest authority on American fruits. Naturally of an inquiring turn of mind Charles Downing 
studied closely the qualities of the varieties that came under his observation and seldom described with- 
out the fruit in hand. His variety orchard is said to have contained at one time 1,800 varieties of apples 
and 1,000 pears with lesser numbers of the other fruits. A few trees of this wonderful collection still stand. 
Charles Downing was one of the most modest and retiring of men, in his younger days delighting in the 
things of which his brother wrote and seldom putting pen to paper until after his brother’s death when 
he became a regular contributor to horticultural publications over the signature ‘‘C. D.’’ He was never 
known to make a public speech. He earned his high distinction in American pomology by his accurate 
and conscientious descriptions and discussions of varieties of fruits. 


236 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


China Bigarreau. P. avinm. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:126. 1832. 

China Heart. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 

This variety was raised from the seed of an Ox Heart by William Prince, Flushing, 
New York, and at first was called China Heart. W.R. Prince in his Pomological Manual 
of 1832, calls it China Bigarreau as it is more of the Bigarreau than of the Heart type 
of cherries. Tree vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish or oval-cordate, with a 
distinct suture; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin when fully ripe, glossy red 
mottled with lighter red; flesh firm, somewhat melting, with a sweet, rich, peculiar flavor; 
ripens just after Black Tartarian and forms a link between it and the later varieties; 
very productive. 

Choque. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat.15, 191. 1876. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:141, 
142. 1882. 

Guigne Choque. 3.Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904. 

Originated near Metz, Lorraine, Germany. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather 
large; of a deep red color at maturity; flesh white, slightly tinted with a rose color, firm, 
very juicy, sweet; ripens the last of June. 

Christbauer. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1892. 

A sort reported to ripen before Early Richmond. 

Christiana. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854. 

This variety was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York, and resembles 
May Duke in character of tree and fruit. The fruit is borne in clusters, is of a bright, 
lively red color, and has a sprightly subacid flavor. 

Churchill Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 
290. 1884. 

Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped; stem long; cavity shallow; skin 
glossy, of a clear, waxen, pale yellow, bright red when exposed to the sun, mottled with 
dark red and orange; flesh pale yellow, firm, sweet, rich, moderately juicy; season the end 
of July. 

Cistena. P. pumila X P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. 1911. 

Cistena is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi, interesting only 
because of its beautiful purple foliage. 

Clark September. P. avium. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 22:XVIII. 1890. 

Clark September is a local sort from Lower Granville, Nova Scotia. The fruits are 
of medium size and when fully ripe are of a dark red color; flesh firm, of a sweet and agree- 
able flavor. 

Cluster Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 481. 1904. 

Tree vigorous; fruit small or of medium size, cordate; stem long; skin glossy, black; 
flesh very dark red, tender, juicy, agreeably mild acid; ripens in July. 

Cocklin Favorite. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 3:249 fig., 1861. 2. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 458. 1869. 

Late Amber. 3. Horticulturist 172381. 1862. 

This seedling was introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pennsylvania, but 
its origin is unknown. Tree upright, conical, very productive; fruit large, roundish, 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 237 


regular, slightly compressed, somewhat flattened at the base, almost without a suture; apex 

depressed; stem long, slender; cavity deep; skin yellowish shaded and mottled in the sun 

with a light crimson; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; stone very small 

for the size of the fruit; season late. 

Coe Late Carnation. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 275. 1857. 

Coe’s Spate Rote Kirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 343, 344. 1889. 

This is a late variety of unknown origin — possibly a seedling of Carnation. Fruit 
medium to large, cordate; suture shallow; color yellowish-amber mottled with clear red; 
flesh tender, juicy, subacid; quality fair; season the last of July. 

Coeur de Pigeon Noir. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:148. 1882. 

Fruit of medium size, cordate, slightly elongated. 

Coeur de Poule. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124. 1832. 

Gros Bigarreau coeur-de-Poule 2. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881. 

According to Prince, this variety was rather extensively cultivated in the south of 
France especially in the vicinity of Toulouse, where it was known as Cor dé Galino. The 
fruit ripens in July, has the form of the Hearts; its vivid red changes to nearly black as 
does also the juice. 

Cole. P. cerasus. 

Cole is a rather small-sized Morello of little value and no doubt now out of culti- 
vation. Fruit cordate, compressed along the sutures; stem long, slender, set in a wide 
cavity; skin nearly black; flesh tender, rather meaty, dark red, lighter near the pit, having 
abundant, wine-colored juice, sour, sprightly; stone clings; season late. 

Columbia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1860. 

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, heart-shaped, inclining 
to a point, surface angular and uneven, sides compressed; suture deep, narrow; stem long, 
slender; cavity large, deep; skin whitish-yellow, blushed and mottled with light red; flesh 
whitish, stained with pink, tender, juicy, pleasant; season the last of June. 

Common Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:143, 144. 1832. 2. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Rpt. 103. 1852. 

Wild Morello. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 

Common Red Morello. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 144. 1886. 

This variety must not be confused with the well-known English Morello. Through 
self-propagation, it is widely known, as are its many seedlings which oft-times surpass it 
in size and quality. 

Como. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Comtesse de Médicis Spada. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Condé. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Conestoga. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:423. 1853. 2. Horticulturist 17:381. 1862. 

Conestoga was introduced by Casper Hiller, Conestoga, Lancaster County, Pennsyl- 


238 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


vania. Tree a rampant, spreading grower, very productive; fruit very large, obtuse- 

cordate, slightly compressed and indented at the apex; suture shallow; stem very long, 

inserted in an open cavity; skin deep red, purplish, somewhat mottled; flesh firm, rather 

tender, juicy, sugary, brisk; quality good; season early July. 

Constance Maisin. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 
1895. 

This is a Belgian variety, which, according to Guide Pratique, 1895, is very similar 
to Montmorency. 

Cook Imperial. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 25. 1904-05. 

This variety, a seedling of Napoleon, originated with Steven Cook, Benton Harbor, 
Michigan. It is mentioned as a promising new sort, resembling Black Tartarian in shape, 
flavor, color, and length of stem but earlier and larger. 

Cornelia. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 1869. 

Cornelia originated with Charles Pease, near Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright- 
spreading, very productive; fruit medium to above in size, compressed, heart-shaped; 
suture slight; stem long; cavity narrow, deep; skin whitish-yellow, shaded with bright 
crimson on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, rather lively; quality 
good; stone small; season the last of June. 

Corning. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 72. 1899. 2. Ia. Sia. Bul. 73:66 fig. 1903. 

Corning is a cross between the Wragg and Lutovka and originated with.A. F. Coll- 
man, Corning, Iowa. Fruit oblate-cordate, above medium in size; suture lacking; 
stem of medium length, stout, inserted in a medium deep, narrow cavity; skin rather 
thick, tender, red; flesh firm, breaking; juice slightly colored, briskly subacid; quality good; 
stone medium large, ovate; ripens in August. 

Corone. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 
3. Hogg Fruit Man. 291. 1884. 
Englische ‘Schwarze Kronherzkirsche. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 149-1 ese 
1819. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 1889. 

Corone, as the references show, is one of the oldest-named varieties, though strictly 
speaking, since it was largely grown from seed, according to the old writers, it is 
a type and not a variety. In character of fruit it seems to be midway between Black 
Mazzard and Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit below medium in size, 
roundish-cordate, compressed and often roughened; suture deep; stem slender, long; cavity 
deep, round, narrow; color a deep, shining black; flesh dark purple, very firm, sweet; 
ripens late. 

Corwin. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 216. 1854. 
This is a medium-sized, roundish, red Morello with tender, acid flesh and a large 
stone; season July. 
Coularde. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 424-427. 1819. 
Cerisier de Hollande. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr.1:184, 185, Pl. 10. 1768. 3. Leroy 
Dict. Pom. 5:298, 346. 1877. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 363. 18809. 
Holléndische Weichselbaum mit sehr grosser Frucht [or] Coulard. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 
1:5, Tab. 12 fig. 2. 1792. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 239 


Holldandische grosse Kirsche Coulard. 6. Christ Handb. 670. 1797. 

Hollandische grosse Weichsel [or] Coulard. 7. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 

Holland Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141. 1832. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 

1832. 

Hollandische Stissweichsel. 10. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obsikunde 3:51. 1858. 

Cerisier coulard de Holland. 11. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860. 

Leroy states that Coularde has been known since 1740 but is often confused with 
other cherries. According to Leroy, this variety was reintroduced as a novelty about 
1864, under the name Belle d’Orleans. American writers, however, list a Belle d’Orleans 
as early as 1850, which is of the Guigne type rather than the Griotte. Tree the largest 
of its class; branches strong and straight; blooms profusely; fruit large, round; skin red; 
flesh firm, reddish-white, sweet, agreeable; ripens the end of June. The pistils being 
much longer than the stamens, many flowers are never fertilized which gives the blossoms 
a blighted appearance. 

Courte-queue de Gaiberg. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23, 192. 1876. 

Courte-pendu de Gaiberg. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed as having been received from Germany on the recommendation of Oberdieck. 
Crawford. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed, not described. 

Crown Prince. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900. 

Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, cordate; skin yellow with a light red blush; 
flesh whitish, juicy, tender, refreshing; quality good; ripens the last of May. 
Cserszeger Honigkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

A yellow Heart cherry. 

Cullen Cherrie. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1620. 

“The Cullen Cherrie is a darke red cherrie like the Agriot, which they of those 
parts neere Cullen and Vtrecht &c. vse to put into their drinke, to give it the deeper 
colour.”’ 

Cumberland. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 205. 1854. 
Triumph of Cumberland. 2. Horticulturist 7:100. 1852. 3. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 267, 268. 1857. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:87, 88, fig. 44. 1882. 

Cumberland Heart. 5. Gard. Mon. 2:118. 1860. 

Cumberland Spice. 6. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862. 

Cumberland is a chance seedling found in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania; intro- 
duced by David Miller of Carlisle. Tree strong in growth, erect, vigorous, productive; 
fruit obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem rather long, slender, set in a broad, open 
cavity; apex slightly depressed; suture entirely around the fruit, but a line on one side; 
skin medium thick, tough, clear purple changing to a purplish-black; flesh deep purple, 
crisp, aromatic, with abundant, colored juice; quality good; pit roundish-oval, compressed, 
slightly clinging; ripens the middle of June. 

Cyclone. P. avium. 1. Nova Scotia Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 23. 1894. 

This variety is said in Nova Scotia to be somewhat similar to Wood and Rockport 

but to be superior to either in size and quality. 


240 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Dacotah. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 26:402, 403. 1860. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 459. 
1869. 

Dacotah is a seedling of one of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s sorts, originated by his 
son-in-law, Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. In growth it resembles Rockport; in fruit, 
Black Tartarian although it is later. The fruit is borne on spurs on the body as well 
as on the limbs, thus being protected from birds by the foliage. Fruit medium to large, 
heart-shaped, compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity deep, narrow; skin 
rich dark red, almost black, slightly roughened; flesh rather tender, purplish, juicy, sweet; 
of high quality; stone of medium size; productive. 

Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 344. 18809. 

Listed by Mathieu. 

Dankelmannskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 242-246, 677. 18109. 

Schwefelkirsche. 2. Krinitz Enc. 72, 73. 1790. 

Agatkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 666. 1797. 

Dankelmann’s Weisse Herzkirsche. 4. Ibid. 666. 1797. 

Kleine weisse Perlkirsche. 5. Ibid. 683. 1797. 

Dankelmann’s Molkenkirsche. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858. 

Bigarreautier a fruit jaune? 7. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504. 1860. 

Bigarreau jaune. 8. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:133. 1866. 

In 1791, Truchsess received grafts of what he thought were several distinct varieties 
and disseminated them as such. Later, they were found to be identical with the Dan- 
kelmann. The fruit is recognized from others of its class by its small size, its honey 
sweetness, its peculiar color and its transparent skin. Fruit more round than cordate, with 
a shallow suture; stem slender, inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin yellow washed 
with red, transparent allowing the pit to be visible; flesh yellowish-white, tender, very 
juicy, very sweet if ripened thoroughly; stone small, round, almost free when ripe; season 
the last of June to July. 

Datge. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:59. 1900. 

Mentioned in this reference as being moderate in growth. 
Davenport. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:154. 1832. 

Davenport's Early Red. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 218. 1835. 

Davenport's Early Black. 3. Ibid. 233. 1841. 

Davenport's Early. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 172, 173. 1845. 

This early cherry, resembling somewhat Black Heart, was originated nearly a century 
ago by Edward Davenport, Dorchester, Massachusetts. Tree medium in size, productive; 
fruit above medium to large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather thick; skin bright red 
becoming purplish-black; flesh firm but tender, sprightly, pleasant, juicy, sweet; very 
good in quality; season early. 

De Belleu. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:59. 1900. 

Mentioned in this reference as being a variety of moderate growth. 
De Jacap. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

De Ravaene. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 
Listed without a description. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 241 


De Sibérie 4 gros fruit et 4 rameaux pendans. Species? 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 
2:508. 1860. 

This is a dwarf ornamental tree bearing small, oval, mediocre fruits ripening in 
August and September. 

De Spa. P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278. 1857. 

De Spa is a medium-sized, dark red, acid Morello forming a prolific bush, ripening 
soon after May Duke. 

De Vaux. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. and Ser. 3:59. 1900. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Dearborn Red French. P. avium X< P. cerasus. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832. 

This is a Duke cherry imported from France by H. A. S. Dearborn, Roxbury, Massa- 
chusetts. The name having been lost, the importer renamed it. 

Dechenaut. P. avium X P-. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 78. 1866. 

Fruit large, roundish-cordate, broad at the base, rather flattened; suture faint; skin 
bright cornelian-red, becoming darker red when ripe, glossy; stem long, set in a wide, 
deep cavity; flesh tender, succulent; resembling May Duke in flavor and season. 
Delaware Bleeding Heart. P. avium. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 61. 1898. 

This is a medium-sized, dark red, nearly black fruit with solid flesh and good flavor. 
Delicate. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 193 fig. 

1854. 

Delicate was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit 
of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. 
Tree moderately vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish- 
oblate; suture rather pronounced; stem medium in length; skin thin, translucent, amber- 
yellow overspread and mottled with light carmine; flesh pale yellow, juicy, pleasant, 
sweet; very good in quality; stone small, roundish-oval; season the last of June and the 
first of July. 

Délicieuse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed by Mas. 

Denner Black. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 

Listed but not described. 

Des Cheneaux. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Deutsche Belzweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wérterb. 290. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 603, 604, 605. 1819. 

Probably this is but a wild seedling used in grafting. Fruit of medium size, round; 
suture indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin glossy, dark brown; 
flesh firm, dark, reddish directly under the skin, juicy, with a sourish wine-flavor; stone 
small, oval; ripens the middle of July. 

Disnoder Gewiirzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 1907. 

Listed as a black Bigarreau. 

Ditst. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 
Listed in the reference given. 
16 


242 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Dobbeete Moreller. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 

Listed in this reference. 

Doctay. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862. 

Reported in the reference as a good, late cherry of second size as grown by E. Man- 
ning, Harrisburg, Ohio. 

Doctor. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 1847-48. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 
1853. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:37, 38, fig. 17. 1866-73. 

American Doctor. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 71. 1866. 

Doctor was originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from 
a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May 
Duke. Hogg called it American Doctor to distinguish it from the German Doctorkirsche. 
Tree of medium vigor, upright-spreading, healthy, very productive; fruit medium to 
large, roundish-cordate; stem long, rather slender; skin light yellow, mottled, blushed and 
at times almost entirely overspread with red; flesh pale yellow, juicy, tender, aromatic, 
sweet; good in quality; stone small. 

Dr. Flynn. P. avium. 1. Coates Cat. 1911-12. 

Dr. Flynn is a chance seedling which originated in Portland, Oregon, with a Dr. Flynn. 
Fruit large, dark red; similar to Lambert in shape; preceding Napoleon. 

Dr. Wiseman. P. avium. 1. Van Lindley Cat. 23. 1892. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 
321. 1897. 

This cherry was named after Dr. Wiseman, Davie County, North Carolina, who 
claimed it to be the earliest Sweet Cherry. Van Lindley believes it to be the Doctor 
which originated with Professor Kirtland. Fruit of medium size, light yellow, shaded 
with bright red, resembling Wood. 

Doctorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbaume 161. 1791. 2. Christ Handb. 674. 
1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 402-405. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 497 fig., 
498. 1861. 

This variety was first mentioned in 1791. It should not be confused with another 
sort mentioned by Bittner and Truchsess as Doctorknorpelkirsche. Fruit large, roundish, 
somewhat compressed; stem long; cavity rather deep; skin tough, brownish-red changing 
to reddish-black; flesh dark red, melting, juicy, sweet yet with a sprightly flavor; pit 
round, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of July. 

Doctorknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 201, 202, 203. 1819. 
2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:37. 1858. 

According to Truchsess, this sort was received by him in 1797, from Buttner at Leipzig 
under the name of Doctorkirsche. Because one or two other sorts were growing at that 
time under this name, Christ changed this one, following Buttner’s description, to Doctor- 
kirsche mit Hartem Fleisch, which has since been shortened to Doctorknorpelkirsche. 
Fruit large, slightly compressed; stem long and slender; color black; flesh firm, clear red, 
juicy, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of August. 

Dollaner Schwarze. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 9 fig., 10. 1867. 

According to Oberdieck, this variety originated at Dollan, Bohemia, Austria, the 

home of the Dollaner prune. Fruit above medium in size, truncate-cordate, traversed 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 243 


entirely by a suture; stem slender, iong, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, 

brownish-black with light spots, wholly black when ripe; flesh and juice dark red, flesh 

firm, but tender enough to be classed among the Hearts, sweet, aromatic, with a slight 

sourness before fully ripe; stone elongated-oval; season late. 

Donna Maria. P. cerasus. 1. Barry Pr. Garden 326. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 
1862. 3. Am. Hort. An. 84 fig. 41, 85. 1869. 

This is a Morello cherry, probably of French origin. It is distinct from the Early 
May grown in the West with which it has been confused. Donna Maria held a place 
on the American Pomological Society’s catalog of fruits from 1862 until 1899. Tree small, 
productive; fruit medium in size, roundish, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly; good 
in quality; season late. 

Doppelte Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 505, 506, 507. 1819. 

Doppelte Amarelle. 3. Christ Obstbaume 158. 1791. 

Christ first described this variety as Doppelte Amarelle but in his later writings 
changed it to Doppelte Weichsel. It is distinguished from the Spanische Frithweichsel 
in being larger, longer in stem, and sourer. Fruit above medium in size, globular; suture 
shallow; stem long, rather stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red, thin, 
not glossy in wet years; flesh dark, firm for a Weichsel, juicy, light colored. pleasing sub- 
acid; pit small, more round than broad, free; season the end of June. 

Dorotheenkirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 18809. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Dérrells Neue Himbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 

Tree productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened; stem stout; skin dark red; flesh firm, 
whitish, sweet, aromatic; stone small; ripens at the end of June. 

Doty. Species? 1. Am. Inst. An. Rpt. 212. 1867. 

This is a small but pleasantly flavored seedling exhibited by William M Doty, Star 
Landing, New Jersey. 

Double Yellow Spanish. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885. 

This variety was imported to America by Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. The 
tree has a drooping habit, large foliage and sweet fruit of best quality. 
Douce de Bardowick. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Dougall. Species? 1. Cult. & Count. Gent. 39:454. 1874. 

Dougall is a large, black, seedling fruit introduced by James Dougall, Amherstburgh, 
Canada. Ripens before Early Purple. 

Doulin Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 460. 18609. 

This is a foreign variety which may not be distinct. Tree a rapid, spreading grower, 
bears early; fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one side; stem slender, curved, set 
‘in a deep cavity; suture slight; skin dark purplish-red; flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy, 
sweet, pleasant; quality good; season early June. 

Dove Bank. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed in the reference given. 


244 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Downing Red Cheek. P.avinum. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 186 fig.76. 1845. 2. Elliott 
Fr. Book 205. 1854. 

Rouge de Downing. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:85, 86, fig. 41. 1866-73. 

Downing’s Samling. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 346. 1889. 

This attractive cherry, resembling Yellow Spanish, was raised by A. J. Downing,! 
Newburgh, New York, about 1840; its exact parentage is unknown. Tree vigorous, 
upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; 
stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, yellowish-white blushed and 
mottled with attractive dark crimson; flesh yellowish but often very nearly white, half- 
tender, juicy, delicate, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens from the middle 
to the last of June. 

Downton. P. avium. 1. Pom. Mag. 3:138 PL 1830. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:124. 
1832. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 4. Ill. Handb. 485 fig., 486. 1861. 
Downtoner Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:30. 1858. 
Guigne Downton. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:98, 303. 1866. 7. Leroy Dict. Pom. 
5:321 fig. 1877. 
Impératrice Downton? 8. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 


1 Andrew Jackson Downing was born in Newburgh on the Hudson, the town in which he always lived 
and which he loved, October 30, 1815. He perished while trying to save other passengers in the burning 
of the steamer Henry Clay on the Hudson River, July 28, 1852, at the age of 37. Andrew Downing’s 
education was largely acquired from self instruction although he attended the schools of his native town 
and the academy in the adjoining village of Montgomery. His father, a nurseryman, whose work was 
mentioned in the sketch of Charles Downing, elder brother of Andrew, gave the younger son every oppor- 
tunity to cultivate an early developed taste for horticulture, botany and the natural sciences. When 
but a youth he joined his brother Charles as partner in a nursery firm, a relationship maintained for but 
a few years and which he severed to begin a career as a writer on landscape gardening and pomological 
subjects. His first publication was a Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening adapted 
to North America, with a view to the Improvement of Country Residences, with Remarks on Rural Architec- 
ture,a book published in 1841, the author being but 26 years of age. The work passed into instant 
popularity and is the word of authority which has told thousands of Americans what to do to make their 
grounds beautiful. Within a few months so great was the success of the first venture that in response 
to the demand he published his Cottage Residences, «2 companion book which was received with equal 
favor, thus giving Andrew Downing first rank as an authority on rural art. In 1845 the Fruits and Fruit 
Trees of America, then and now the chief pomological authority of this continent, was printed simultane- 
ously in London and New York, a second edition coming out in 1850. In 1846 Andrew Downing became 
the founder and editor of the Horticulturist, which he continued to publish until his death. In 1849 he 
wrote Additional Notes and Hints about Building in the Country, published in Wightwick’s Hints to Young 
Architects. The summer of 1850 was spent in England in the study of landscape gardening and rural 
architecture from the result of which came his Architecture of Country Houses. His last work was the 
editing of Mrs. Loudon’s Landscape Gardening for Ladies though Rural Essays appeared after his death 
as a collection of his writings with a memoir by George William Curtis and a Letter to his Friends by 
Frederika Bremer. He was employed in planting the public grounds of the Capitol, the White House 
and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington when he met his untimely death. Downing is the creator 
of American landscape gardening and shares with his brother Charles the honor of being the most dis- 
tinguished pomologist of the country. In the epoch-making Fruits and Fruit Trees of America Andrew 
Downing was the real genius, Charles Downing the conscientious and painstaking student who worked 
out the details. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 245 


Downton was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A. Knight, Downton 
Castle, England, from a seed of Elton. Tree strong in growth, spreading; fruit attached 
in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, roundish; stem rather long, slender; skin pale yellowish, 
heavily specked with red, which oftens merges into a blush on the sunny side; flesh light 
yellow, very tender, juicy; high in quality; stone slightly adherent; ripens after May Duke. 
Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 

A very early Heart cherry received by Thomas from Germany. 

Drogan White Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 79. 1866. 2. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 20, 188. 1876. 
Drogan’s Weisse Knorpelkirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 341, 684. 1819. 
4. Ill. Handb. 55 fig., 56. 1867. 

This is one of Drogan’s seedlings from Guben, Prussia, Germany, 1809. Leroy includes 
Drogan’s White and Yellow Bigarreaus with his Guigne Blanche (Grosse) but the three 
are distinct varieties. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, flattened 
on one side; suture distinct; stem rather short, stout; cavity wide, deep; apex pointed; 
skin tough, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with red where much exposed; flesh firm, pale 
yellow, juicy, sweet; stone plump, ovate to oval; desirable for table and kitchen use; late. 
Drogan Yellow Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 147 fig., 148. 1860. 2. Hogg 

Fruit Man. 79, 80. 1866. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:111, 112, fig. 54. 1866-73. 

Bigarreau (Golden)? 4. Fell Cat. 41. 1893-04. 

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, oblate-cordate, resembling May 
Duke, compressed on the faces, truncate at the base, traversed by a shallow suture; stem 
long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, clear yellow, golden in 
the sun; flesh firm, yellowish, having abundant, uncolored juice, with a sweetness which 
increases as the season advances; quality high; pit small, turgid, roundish-oval, truncate 
at the base; ripens late. 

Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 206, 
207, 677. 18109. 

A Prussian seedling from Guben, Germany, which in favorable years is of good size 
and pleasant flavor; skin black; flesh firm, juicy, colored; ripens the middle of July. 
Drooping Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832. 

Guignier a rameaux pendans. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860. 

Noisette lists this variety under the Merisiers while others take it to be Toussaint 
which it resembles in habit of growth. Fruit large, roundish or heart-shaped, glossy 
black, with a long stem; flesh reddish-black, watery, sweet; season July; very productive. 
Du Comte Egger. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed, not described. 

Du Nord Nouvelle. P. cerasus. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 326. 1851. 

Mentioned as a Morello from France ripening in August. Fruit of medium size, 
bright red, tender, acid; useful because of its lateness. 

Duchesse d’Angouléme. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:155, 156, fig. 76. 1866-73. 
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261. 1877. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:67, fig. 12. 1903. 
Herzogin von Angouleme. 4. Ill. Handb. 535 fig., 536. 186r. 


246 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Duchesse d’Angouleme is supposed to have come from the vicinity of Vienna, Austria, 
although some writers give France as its place of origin. It is often confused with other 
sorts. Tree large, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, productive; fruit medium to 
above in size, roundish-oblate; stem rather long and thick, set in a large, deep cavity; skin 
firm, bright red; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably aromatic at 
extreme maturity; quality fair to good; stone nearly round, slightly compressed; ripens 
from the middle to the end of June. 

Duchesse de Palluau. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:407 fig. 28. 1853. 
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:261, 262 fig. 1877. 3. Rev. Hort. 236, 237, Pl. 1gor. 

Herzogin von Paluau. 4. Ill. Handb. 169 fig., 170. 1860. 

Précoce Lemercier incor. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:142-146, fig. 1866. 

Duchesse de Palluau was raised about 1840 by M. Pierre Bretonneau near Tours, 
Indre-et-Loire, France. In 1844 he gave cions of this variety, under the name Duchesse 
de Palluau, to Leroy who propagated and probably disseminated the sort. Tree large, 
productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; skin 
thin, dark purple becoming almost black; flesh tinged with red, juicy, brisk subacid 
becoming sweet; good in quality; stone nearly free, oblong-ovate, small; ripens in early 
mid-season. 

Duke of Edinburgh. P. avium. 1. Agr. Gaz. N.S. Wales 19:998. 1908. 

Tree stunted, upright; fruit too small and soft for market; similar to Belle d’Orleans; 
ripens in November in Australia. 

Dumas. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 680-682. 
1819. 

Bigarreau & Longue Queue. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:121, 122 fig., 123, 219. 1866. 

Bigarreau Rouge Foncé. 3. Ibid. 2:302. 1866. 

Bigarreau Violet. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:249 fig. 1877. 

This variety probably originated with Van Mons in Belgium about 1790. It was 
received by Truchsess a little later as a French sort under the name Bigarreau Violet. 
Fruit large, elongated-cordate, sides compressed; suture very distinct dividing the fruit 
into halves; stem very long, more deeply inserted in unripe fruits; skin firm but not tough, 
yellowish, overspread with dark red, verging to violet; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy; quality 
excellent; stone free, small, roundish-oval; apex acutely pointed; ripens the middle of June. 
Duraccia. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 292. 1893. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 175. 

1895. 

E. E. Goodrich, Santa Clara, California, received cions of this variety from Lucca, 
Italy, thinking it to be the famous “‘ Pistojese ’ used extensively in Italy for brandying. 
Fruit above medium in size, cordate; stem long, slender, set in a large, deep, regular cavity; 
suture deep, extending beyond the apex; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, finely pitted, 
dark purple to almost black; flesh red with lighter veinings, firm, meaty, rich, sweet; quality 
very good; pit of medium size, plump, partially adherent; season at Santa Clara the last 
of July to August; ships well; has not been reported from the eastern states. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 247 


Dure Noir Grosse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Not described. 

Dwarf Siberian. P. fruticosa. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:153. 1832. 

Dutch Weeping. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 

De Sibérie. 3. Ibid. 55. 1831. 4. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2:No. 20, Pl. 1846. 

Weeping. 5. Kenrick Am. Orch. 283. 1832. 

De Sibérie a fruit rond? 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860. 

Dwarf Siberian belongs to Prunus fruticosa, the dwarf cherry of the Old World, of 
which Cerasus chamaecerasus is a synonym. This cherry was introduced into America 
by Prince of Flushing, New York, and was thought by him to be the most suitable species 
to furnish stocks for dwarf trees. At best the variety reaches a height of from three to 
four feet with branches very numerous, forming a dense shrub. The flowers have long 
peduncles, often solitary but are usually united in umbels of from three to five each, 
which are sessile and axillary; fruit globular, red, small; flesh red, very acid, tender. 

Early Amarella. P. cerasus. 1. Albertson & Hobbs Cat. 26. 1904. 2. Vincennes Nur. 
Cat. 26. 1906. 

Tree upright, hardy, very productive; fruit large, brilliant red becoming darker as 

it gets riper; stem very long. 
Early Amber. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69. 80. 1866, 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 
45. 1831. 
River’s Early Amber Heart. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 234. 1841. 4. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 177. 1845. 
Guigne panachée précoce. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:97, 208. 1866. 
Bigarreau Ambré Précoce. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:49, 50, fig. 23. 1866-73. 7. Leroy 
Dict. Pom. 5:174, 175 fig. 1877. 

Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, is given credit for this variety as a 
strain of the old Early White Heart. Leroy, however, states that his grandfather propa- 
gated this cherry under the name Cerise Panache or Suisse, as early as 1790 but without 
knowing its origin. He dropped the précoce because other varieties ripened long before 
this one. Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit borne in threes, medium in size, obtuse- 
cordate, slightly compressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a straight, deep cavity; 
skin firm, medium thick, changing from lively red to reddish-brown; flesh yellowish, tender, 
cracking, with uncolored juice, sweet, aromatic; pit large for the fruit; season early. 
Early Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 80. 1866. 2. Mortillet Le 

Cerister 23302. 1866. 

Fruit large, distinctly heart-shaped; stem long; color jet black; flesh dark purple, 
firm, rich, sweet; excellent; season the last of June and the first of July. 
Early Eugene. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 1808. 

Reported by H. L. McGee, Villa Ridge, Illinois, as being a hardy and productive 
variety. 

Early May. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 12:375. 1861. 2. Trans. Ill. Agr. Soc. 5:199. 
1861-64. 3. Am. Jour. Hort. 1:123. 1867. 4. Ibid. 3:18-22. 1868. 5. Am. 
Hort. An. 84. 1869. 6. Country Gent. 39:118. 1874. 


248 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This variety originated a generation or more ago in Virginia and was known there and 
in neighboring states as Early May. Later, it became widely disseminated in the Middle 
West where it was often confused with Early Richmond, Late Kentish and Montmo- 
rency. Early May should not be confused with a European cherry of the same name 
formerly grown upon the continent but now seldom seen. The fruit of the American sort 
is much like Early Richmond though of inferior quality and is now probably wholly 
replaced by the latter variety. 

Early Prolific. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 193, 194. 1854. 

Early Prolific was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842. Tree 
healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading; fruit large, round, obtuse-cordate; suture 
distinct; stem variable; skin bright carmine-red mottled on a light amber-yellow ground; 
flesh rather tender, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; very productive; season early June. 

Early Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2. Hogg Fruit 
Man. 69, 81,94. 1866. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 

Bigarreau Rouge de Guben. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:242 fig., 243. 1877. 

This variety originated about 1845, from seed in the garden of the Pomological Society, 
at Guben, Prussia, Germany. The Russians, who were growing it in 1858, sent the variety 
from Crimea to M. Eugéne Glady, who in turn gave cions of it to Leroy. Tree moderately 
vigorous, productive; fruit usually attached in pairs; above medium to large, obtuse-cor- 
date, more or less irregular, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, inserted in 
a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to reddish-brown; flesh dark colored, firm, 
breaking, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality excellent; stone rather large, ovate; ripens the 
last of June. 

Early Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 
1895. 3. Rivers Cat. 18. 1898-99. 

This cherry, of unknown origin, was propagated by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridge- 
worth, England. It is thought by some to be Elton. Fruit large, pale red; flesh very 
tender, rich and good; ripens in early June. 

Early Red and Yellow. P.avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842. 

This variety was raised by Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, from the seed of 
a white Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; light red on a yellow ground; 
sweet, juicy; good; ripe the last of June. 

Early Rivers. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 5 fig., 6. 1872. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 28, 
204. 1876. 3. Flor. & Pom. 117. 1878. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 
162, 1881. 5. Hogg Fruit Man. 296. 1884. 

Guigne Early Rivers. 6. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 104 fig., 105. 1904. 

Early Rivers is a seedling of Early Purple raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, 
England; first fruited in 1869. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; 
fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface; stem long, 
rather slender; skin thin, deep red changing to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, very 
tender, rich, sweet; very good in quality; stone very small, elongated; season early. 

Early York. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 666. 18097. 

Fruit medium in size; flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy, subacid. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 249 


Ebenter Cherry. Species? 1. Flor. & Pom. 111. 1879. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 
1889. 

This cherry is said to be cultivated on the shores of Lake Constance, Germany, notably 
at Lindau and Tettnang, and is distinguished for its firm flesh, large size and small stone. 
Ripens after all other table cherries. 

Edouard Seneclause. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 


Not described. 
Elfner Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 347. 18809. 
Listed by Mathieu. 
Elizabeth. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11: 160. 
1882. 


Elizabeth is a seedling from Caleb Atwater, Portage County, Ohio, 1823. Tree 
vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, flattened on the sides; 
stem of medium length, set in a regular cavity; skin rich, dark red; flesh yellowish, slightly 
tinged with red, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit roundish-ovate; season the 
middle of June. 

Emperor Francis. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:111, 112, fig. 56. 1882. 2. Bun- 
yard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 42. 1904. 3. Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 30:133. 1906. 
Bigarreau Empereur-Francois. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 16. 1876. 
Kaiser Franz Josef. 5. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 6. Reut. Pom. Inst. Fest- 
Schrift 122. IgQI0. 

The origin of Emperor Francis is not given in any of the references though the variety 
seems to be quite well known in both France and England. Tree vigorous, productive; 
fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem rather short; cavity medium in size; skin marbled with 
red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, crisp, sweet, high flavored; stone small, bluntly 
pointed; ripens rather late. 

English Amber. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207, 208. 1854. 

Probably this is an old variety known under some other name. Tree vigorous, strong 
in growth, very productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, regular; stem long; 
skin delicate amber, mottled with pale red; flesh whitish-yellow, half-tender, delicate, 
juicy, very sweet; pit of medium size; ripens the last of June. 

English Bearer. P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 9. 1817. 2. Brookshaw 
Hort. Reposit. 2:131, Pl. 71 fig. 3. 1823. 

English Preserve. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 

This variety is grown in Kent, England, where it is known as English Preserver. It 
is distinguished from the Kentish only by its larger size and the dark, irregular spots under 
the skin. Ripens early in July. 

English Gaskin. Species? 1. U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 309. 1854. 

An almost worthless sort mentioned in the reference given. 

Englische Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 284. 1810. 

Fruit large, roundish; stem long; skin tender, ground-color milky-white, crimson 
where exposed, on maturity the white changes to yellowish; juicy, vinous, aromatic; ripens 
in July. 


250 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Englische Weisse Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 

Englische weisse ganz fruhe Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 3. Christ 

Worterb. 280. 1802. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 251, 252, 253. 1819. 

Possibly this is the same as the White Heart of England. It is without a doubt a 
separate variety from the Guignier 4 gros fruit blanc of Duhamel. Fruit above medium 
in size, elongated-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a deep cavity; suture a line 
skin yellowish-white, tinged with red in the sun, uneven, glossy, transparent; flesh white, 
not very tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, cordate, acute; ripens 
at the end of June. 

Enopa. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:178 PI. 
8. Igtt. 

Enopa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was sent out in 1908 
by the South Dakota Station. Fruit one and one-sixteenths inches in diameter, round, 
with a minute prickle at the apex; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark red, with blue 
bloom; flesh green. 

Episcopale. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25, 193. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 
5:265 fig. 1877. 

This variety, according to Leroy, was found in the vicinity of Paris and was intro- 
duced by M. Jamin-Durand, Bourg-la-Reine, in 1846. The tree is distinguished from 
that of Montmorency in being more erect, less dense, less productive; the fruit is more 
acid and later in ripening. 

Eppers Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:67. 1858. 

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval, flattened at the base, brownish-red, with 
a deep suture; flesh clear red, juicy, strongly subacid; pit elongated; ripens in September. 
Erfurter Augustkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obsitbaume 159. 1791. 2. Truchsess- 

Heim Kirschensort. 550-554. 1819. 

D’ Aout Erfurt. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:89, 90, fig. 45. 1882. 

Délices d’ Erfurt. 4. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 

Erfurt Delicious. 5. Gard. Chron. 19:429. 1896. 

Hochgenuss Von Erfurt. 6. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 

This cherry is well known in and about Thuringia forest, Germany, where it is propa- 
gated by suckers and is valued for its lateness. Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in 
size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem of medium length, set in a noticeable cavity; suture 
indistinct; skin tender, glossy, brownish-red changing to purplish-black; flesh tender, 
reddish, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone free, small, pea-shaped; ripens the last of July. 
Etopa. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:179. 

IQIl. 

Etopa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum. Said to be excellent 
in quality and remarkable for its intense black, purplish color of skin, flesh and juice; 
skin thin, free from acerbity; ripens there about September twelfth. 

Eugéne Furst. P. avium X P cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 18. 1895. 
Furst’s Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl ihr. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858. 
Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem of medium length, slender; skin 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 251 


black; flesh red, sugary, acidulated; matures the last of June to July. Said to be similar 

to May Duke. 2 

Everbearing. P. cerasus. 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. 
Man, 2:276. 1903. 

Fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat compressed; stem long, inserted in a broad, 
shallow cavity; skin dull red to dark red when ripe; flesh quite tender, juicy, mildly 
acid; quality good. 

Excellente Douce Tardive. P. avium. 1. Ann. Pom. Belge 2:101, 102, Pl. 1854. 

This cherry was produced from seed, in France in 1839. Tree vigorous, productive; 
fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; stem long, stout, inserted 
in a deep, wide cavity; skin thin, glossy, deep red mottled with clear red changing to reddish- 
black, often yellowish-amber in the shade; flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly acid- 
ulated; quality very good; pit small, yellowish, roundish, apex pointed; ripens in August. 
Eyami. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:179. 

IQII. 

Eyami is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum and was sent out 
by the South Dakota Station in 1908. Fruit one and three-sixteenths by one and five- 
sixteenths inches in size, round; skin thin, dark red, semi-transparent; flesh green, 
pleasant; pit large. 

Ezaptan. P. pumila X P-. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:180 Pl. 9, 181. 1911. 

Ezaptan, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was introduced 
in 1911 by the South Dakota Station. It is remarkable for its early and heavy bearing; 
skin thin, free from acerbity, dark purple; flesh black purplish-red to the pit. 

Faversham Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 
Mentioned in the reference given. 
Favorite. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 207 fig. 1854. 
Elliott's Favorite. 2. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 
361. 1849. 4. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 

Favorite is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s cherries originating in Cleveland, Ohio, 
in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Maz- 
zard, or May Duke. The tree resembles American Heart while the fruit is similar to 
Choisy in flavor and texture but larger. Tree vigorous, half-spreading, productive: 
fruit medium in size, round, regular, slightly compressed; stem long, set in an even and 
regular cavity; skin pale amber-yellow, with a bright, marbled, carmine-red cheek; flesh 
pale amber, translucent, tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor; pit small, angular, 
smooth. 

Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 35 fig., 36. 1867. 
Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 7 fig. 1. 
1792. 

Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
193-195. 18109. 

Bigarreau-noir a chair trés-ferme. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 189. 1876. 

This cherry has the hardest flesh of all the black, hard-fleshed cherries, differing from 


252 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche in its firmer flesh. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit 

rather large, plump, truncate at the apex, sides compressed; suture not prominent; stem 

stout, long, set in a variable cavity; skin tough, almost black at maturity; flesh very firm, 

juicy, colored, very sweet, although with a mixture of sourness; stone small, turgid, cordate, 

sides compressed, clinging; ripens late. 

Flagg. P. cerasus. 1. Cult. @ Count. Gent. 41:502. 1876. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
3rd App. 164. 1881. 

Flagg was introduced by its originator, D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, as Wier’s Early 
Kentish, a selected seedling of Early Richmond, hardier and ten days earlier. Tree slender, 
short-jointed, regularly conical, moderate in growth; at its best in high, dry, airy situations, 
with light soil; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped; skin black, firm; flesh tender, purplish- 
red, juicy, changing from a rich subacid to a very sweet, rich flavor; pit small; adapted to 
kitchen and table use. 

Flamentine. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 211-215. 1819. 2. Mas Le 
Verger 8:137, 138, fig. 67. 1866-73. 

Bigarreautier & petit fruit hatif. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:165, 166. 1768. 

Bigarreau a petit fruit blanc. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831. 

Early Guigne. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:111, 112. 1832. 

Early White Bigarreau. 6. Ibid. 2:129. 1832. 

Petite Bigarreau hatif. 7. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:130, 131. 1866. 

Bigarreau Blanc (Petit). 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:182 fig., 183. 1877. 

Turkine? 9. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 121. 1910. 

This cherry probably originated more than a century ago in the vicinity of Angers, 
France. Names of wholly distinct varieties have sometimes been attached to it causing 
much confusion in the nomenclature. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually in 
threes, above medium in size, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, compressed; suture 
often a line; stem long, almost stout, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin thin, glossy, 
whitish-yellow, mottled with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, rather firm, 
juicy, aromatic, sugary; first quality; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of June. 
Flemish Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

A small, red, obtuse-cordate fruit of fair quality and tender flesh, ripening early in 
July. 

Fleurs Doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174. 1768. 2. Lond. Hort. 
Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 
Great rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1629. 
Double Floured Cherry. 4. Gerarde Herball 1505 fig. 8. 1636. 
Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771. 
Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefullter Bluthe. 6. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:5, Tab. 11 fig. 
I. 1792. 

Glaskirsche mit dickgefillter Blithe. '7. Christ Handb. 680. 1797. 

Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefullter Bliute. 8. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 640-644. 
1819. 

Small Double Flowering. 9. Prince Treat. Hort. 31. 1828. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 253 


Dwarf Double Flowering. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 22151, 152. 1832. 

Gefulltbhihende Amarelle. 11. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:68. 1858. 

The tree of this variety, unlike many other double-flowering sorts, attains but mod- 
erate size, in many cases is but a bush or shrub. The blossoms are exceedingly double, 
very showy, with a slight tinge of pink on opening, the blooming season extending over 
three or four weeks. Frequently the blossoms have small leaflets intermingled with the 
petals, while often a smaller flower appears to rise out of the center of another. The 
trees very seldom, if ever, bear. Truchsess reports having fruited it twice in ten years. 
The early English writers make brief mention of several double-flowering sorts which 
have been included under this variety. 

Fleurs Semi-doubles. P. cerasus. 1. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:173, Pl. V. 1768. 
2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 

Lesser rose. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 402, 574. 1629. 

Red-flowered. 4. Ray Hist. Plant. 1538. 1688. 

Bloem-kers double. 5. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771. 

Gefiullter Kirschbaume. 6. Krinitz Enc. 43, 44. 1790. 

Weichsel mit halbgefiullter Blithe. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:9, Tab. 21 fig. 1. 1792. 

Glaskirsche mit halbgefiullter Blithe. 8. Christ Handb. 680. 1797. 

Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefullter Blite. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 646-649. 

1819. 

Halbgefulltbluihende Amarelle. 10. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:68. 1858. 

Amarelle mit halbgefullter Blithe. 11. Ill. Handb. 93 fig., 94. 1867. 

The home of this cherry is not known, it having been greatly confused with other 
double-flowering sorts. The flowers have a double row of from fifteen to twenty petals and 
often have two pistils, especially on the older trees. These generally bear twin-fruits though 
often the pistils are changed into small, green leaves, in which case the flowers are neither 
large nor attractive. The tree is of the Amarelle type, small, blooming profusely; fruit 
moderately round, compressed on one side with a shallow suture; stem long, stout; cavity 
wide; skin clear red, becoming darker and flecked with brown; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, 
sweet, pleasing, subacid at first; stone oval, bluntly pointed, often small and round, free 
when fully ripe; ripens the middle of July. 

Florianer Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858. 

A productive seedling Bigarreau of medium size, elongated, angular; stem short, stout; 
skin black; flesh sweet, aromatic; second quality; ripens at the end of June. 
Folgerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 283. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen- 

Sort. 415-419. 18109. 

Hollandische Folgerkirsche incor. 3. Christ Handb. 673. 1797. 

Cerise de Folger. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:158, 209. 1866. 

A few authors describe this cherry as Volgers; the Volger described by Knoop in 1771, 
however, is a distinct variety. Duhamel’s variety, Cerise-Guigne, is possibly the same. 
Fruit large, roundish, truncate at the base, in unfavorable seasons the apex and sides are 
strongly compressed, with a noticeable suture; stem stout, long, set in a wide cavity; skin 
deep reddish-purple, glossy, tender; flesh delicate, sweet with a piquant taste; stone small, 
turgid, roundish-oval. 


254 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Folgers Swolfe. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 292. 1802. 

According to Christ, Salzman says that in Holland several Sour Cherries were known 
as Folgers. This is a large, black, pleasant subacid fruit with a very characteristic growth. 
Fouche Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Am.Gard.g:264. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:75. 1903. 

This variety is said to have been imported by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa, 
from Riga, Russia, where it was found planted along walks and drives. Tree rather small; 
fruit small, roundish-oblate; cavity shallow, broad; stem slender, rather long; suture a line; 
skin thin, rather tough, dark red changing to crimson; flesh firm, breaking, juicy, colored, 
sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone nearly round, of medium size; ripens early in July. 
Frauendorfer. PP. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:125. 1900. 

Frauendorfer Weichsel. 2. Ill. Handb. 513 fig., 514. 1861. 3- Montreal Hort. Soc. 

Rpt. 103. 1886-87. 

Griotte de Frauendorf. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 194. 1876. 

This variety was imported into this country by Professor J. L. Budd in 1883 from 
North Silesia. The Montreal Horticultural Society believes two forms exist, one from 
North Silesia being perfectly hardy while another from Metz, Germany, is far less so. 
Tree productive; branches drooping; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; suture 
shallow; stem long; cavity small; skin thin, glossy, dark red at maturity; flesh tender, 
tinted with abundant, uncolored juice, acidulated; stone large; matures the last of June 
and the first of July. 

French Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 492453. 1890. 

Trees thrifty and tall but set fruit sparingly; fruit large, yellow with a blush, two 
weeks later than Early Richmond. 

French Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1891. 

In the reference this cherry is listed as a Russian variety introduced by Professor 
J. L. Budd. If so, it was probably under some other name, as it seems not to be mentioned 
by Budd. 

Frogmore Early Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Gard. Chron. 606. 1865. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 
298. 1884. 3. Flor. & Pom. 148 fig. 1867. 4. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 43. 
1904. 

Frogmore Early Prolific. 5. Daniels Bros. Cat. 51. 1895. 

Frogmore Bigarreau. 6. Agr. Gaz. N.S. Wales. 998. 1908. 

Unlike the rest of its class, this cherry has tender flesh but is a Bigarreau in tree-habit, 
leaf and in appearance of fruit, and is therefore classified as such. The variety is a seedling 
raised by Thomas Ingram of the Frogmore Royal Gardens at Windsor, Berkshire, Eng- 
land. Tree bears freely in clusters; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, with 
a faint suture; stem long, set in a small cavity; skin waxen, orange-yellow, with a net- 
work of red and a blush of deeper red on the sunny side; flesh of a primrose color, very 
tender, translucent, rich, sweet; stone spoon-shaped, indented on one side; season early but 
short. 

Frogmore Early Crown. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 364. 1866. 

Also a seedling from Mr. Ingram. It is a small, red fruit about ten days earlier than 

May Duke, of a rich flavor when fully ripe. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 255 


Frogmore Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 229, Pl. fig. 1. 1874. 2. Guide 
Prat. 15. 1895. 

Still another seedling raised by Ingram of the Frogmore Royal Gardens. Fruit large, 
bluntly heart-shaped, hanging long without cracking; suture slight; stem very long; skin 
pale, waxy-yellow, bright red on the sunny side; flesh tender, juicy; season very late. 
Frogmore Morrelo. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 

New Frogmore Morello. 2. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2543. 1885. 

This variety attracted notice on account of the perfection to which it had been brought 
in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, Berkshire, England, where it is believed to have 
originated. For productiveness and size it is said to far surpass the old Morello. 

Fromm Heart. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 63 fig., 64. 1860. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 
2:68, 69 fig., 70. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:322, 323 fig. 1877. 4. Can. Exp. 
Farms Rpt. 549. 1901. 

Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 164, 674. 1819. 6. 

Liegel Syst. Anleit. 150, 151. 1825. 

Fromm Heart was obtained from seed in 1806 by Fromm, at Guben, Prussia, Germany. 
In sandy soils and favorable years the trees are very productive; fruit usually borne in 
pairs, above medium in size, truncate-cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem of 
single fruits long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin dark reddish-brown to glossy 
black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated, aromatic; second quality; 
pit medium in size, turgid, roundish; ripens the third week of the cherry season. 

Friihe bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 222, 223, 224. 
1819. 

Fruhe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 278. 1802. 

Guigne panachée longue précoce. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876. 

This cherry is easily recognized by its elongated, cylindrical form and should not be 
confused with several others of similar type. It was found near Weinberge, Germany, 
by Buttner who sent it to Truchsess in 1797. Fruit medium in size, cylindrical, flattened 
on both sides, slightly drawn in at the apex and base; suture distinct on one side; stem 
long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin yellow, blushed and faintly splashed with red where 
exposed; flesh pale yellow with a slight red tinge underneath the skin, moderately firm, 
juicy, without much sweetness; stone small, elongated, pointed at the apex; ripens early. 
Friihe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 55. 10907. 

Mentioned as a black, hard-fleshed cherry. 

Friihe Maikirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 391-394. 
1819. 

Frithe Maikirsche differs from May Duke in being darker of skin and juice, smaller 
in size, sweeter, and less distinct in suture. 

Friihe Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 185 fig., 186. 1860. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 
23306. 1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:47, 48, fig. 24. 1882. 4. Mathieu Nom. 
Pom. 349. 1889. 

An old variety of uncertain origin. Tree large, spreading; fruit often large, roundish, 
flattened; suture indistinct; stem slender, shallowly inserted; skin tender, nearly black 


256 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


when mature; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, acidulated; stone round, plump; ripens the 
first of June in France. 
Friihe Sduerkirsche. P-. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 554, 555. 1819. 

This cherry is thought to be a sub-variety of Kirsche von der Natte. Tree medium 
in growth; branches slender; fruit medium in size, round, sides compressed; stem long; 
cavity shallow; skin tough, black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sour, without a trace of 
sweetness; ripens the middle of July. 

Friihe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wérterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truch- 
sess-Heim Kuirschensort. 197, 198, 674, 675. 1819. 

Obtained by Buttner in 1797 who later sent it to Truchsess. Tree productive; fruit 
small, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture distinct; stem of medium length; skin glossy, 
reddish-black deepening to black; flesh hard, reddish-black, juicy, sweet, with a slight 
bitterness; stone ovate, rather large; ripens the first half of July. 

Friihe von der Natte. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 153 fig., 154. 1860. 

Frihe Natte aus Samen. 2. Christ Handb.671. 1797. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen- 

Sort. 413, 414, 415. 1819. 

Frihe Stssweichsel von der Natt. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858. 

Hative de Nattes. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:158, 304. 1866. 

Natte hative de semis. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Christ received this cherry in 1793, as Frithe von der Natte aus Saamen. Fruit 
above medium in size, cordate, flattened on one side; suture distinct; stem long, often 
dividing about an inch down into two, three, or four stems; apex depressed; skin glossy, 
dark brown when ripe; flesh dark red, soft, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; stone medium, 
oval; ripens early. 

Friiher Gobet. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 619-621. 1819. 

Gobet Hatif. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:125, 126, fig. 61. 1866-73. 

Truchsess received this variety from Mayer as Gros Gobet which it resembles very 
closely in size, form, and flavor but is much earlier and not as flattened. Fruit of medium 
size, flattened; suture but a line; stem one inch long, often shorter, straight; cavity shallow; 
color clear red, becoming darker; flesh whitish with a reddish cast, tender, juicy, pleasingly 
acid; stone small, round, free but hanging to the stem. 

Friiheste Bunte Herzkirsche. P avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 207-210. 
1819. 
Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 3 fig. 1. 1792. 
3. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802. 

Frihkirsche? 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797. 

Fruheste bunte Molkenkirsche. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3: 26. 1858. 

Guigne panachée trés-précoce. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 7 Mas Pom. 

Gen. 11:13, 14, fig. 7. 1882. 

The origin of this variety is unknown although it probably originated in Austria, 
as the celebrated Austrian pomologist, Kraft, was the first to mention it. Tree vigorous 
and in favorable seasons productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, compressed, 
with a suture; stem medium, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender, yellowish-white, 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 257 


striped with red around the base, spotted about the apex; flesh yellowish-white, with 

clear juice, sweet, pleasing, deteriorates on hanging; stone small, oval-cordate, clinging; 

ripens the last of May. 

Friiheste der Mark. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 350. 1889. 2. Lucas Handb. 
Obst. 121. 1893. 3. Lange Allgem. Garten. 440. 1897. 

Fruit medium to above, truncate-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a wide, 
deep cavity; skin purplish, glossy; flesh reddish, firm, pleasing; ripens early. 

Fiirst Schwarze Septemberkirsche. P. avium. 1. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 153. 1825. 

Discovered by Liegel in Braunau, Bohemia, Austria, and named for his friend I. E. 
First. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, oblate; stem very long; skin black; flesh 
firm, sweet, aromatic; stone large; one of the last to ripen, September to October. 
Galusha. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 1881. 

This cherry is seedling No. 11 from D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois. Tree hardy, vigorous, 
an abundant bearer; fruit above medium in size, light red changing to a very dark, bright 
red; subacid becoming a rich sweet; ripens three days before Early Richmond. 

Gamdale. Species? 1. Horticulturist 17:498. 1862. 

A cherry described by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio, as of second rank in size and 
quality. 

Garcine. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:75 fig., 76, 77. 1866. 2. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 24, 198. 1876. 

Garcine was obtained from seed about 1808 by M. Garcine, near Grenoble, Isére, 
France. It is propagated in that locality by suckers, hence it was called by some, 
Aventuriére. Tree pyramidal, productive; fruit large, oblate, ends drawn in and flattened, 
sides convex; stem long, inserted in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy black; flesh dark, 
firm, sugary, aromatic, juicy; stone large, turgid; ripens the middle of June. 

Gardiner. P. avium. 1. Me. Sta. An. Rpt. 223175. 1906. 

Gardiner is a seedling of Black Tartarian. It is frequently killed back by severe 
winters in Maine. 

Gaskins. Species? 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 298. 1884. 

Gaskins is a corruption of Gascoignes. About Rye, Sussex, England, the name is 
still in general use, the people believing the variety was brought from Gascony, France. 
Gauchers Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 

Listed in this reference. 

Geer. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 18097. 

Geer is a new cherry from eastern Oregon said to be later than Napoleon and to 

surpass it in size and quality. 
Gelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbdume 161. 1791. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 342-349. 1819. 
Grosser weisser glanzender Herzkirschbaum. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 4 fig. 1. 
1792. 

Guigne Jaune. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:99, 303. 1866. 

Guigne Grosse ambrée. 5. Le Bon Jard. 345. 1882. 

First mentioned in 1786 as Gelbe or Weisse Herzkirsche. It is distinguished from 

17 


258 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Goldgelbe Herzkirsche through its cordate form, lighter color and earlier ripening. Fruit 

above medium in size, borne in twos and threes, cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; 

stem long, slender, slightly inserted; skin pale yellow, glossy, tough, adherent, blushed 

with red on the sides; flesh clear, not tender, juicy, acidulated; stone free, small, elongated- 

cordate; ripens in July. 

Gelbe Wachskirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 355, 685, 686. 1819. 
2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:33. 1858. 

An unproductive seedling from the North Sea, ripening later than Gelbe Herzkirsche 
which it resembles. Fruit medium in size, round, flattened; stem long; skin glossy, clear 
waxy-yellow, transparent; flesh yellowish, firm, moderately sweet, without aroma; ripens 
from the middle to the end of July. 

Gemeine Glaskirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 292. 1802. 

This is a well-known Duke cherry in Germany. Tree large; fruit large, almost round; 
skin clear, light red on a yellow ground; flesh melting, with uncolored juice, pleasant sour- 
ness; ripens early in July and lasts a long while. 

Genesee. P. avium. 

A chance seedling of the Bigarreau type originating about twenty-five years ago 
and recently introduced by J. A. Morgan of Scottsville, New York. The fruit is above 
medium in size, cordate, compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex 
roundish; stem slender, long; skin medium thick, tender, adherent, dark red mottled 
with amber; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, meaty, crisp, 
mild, sweet; quality good; stone clinging, medium, ovate, flattened, smooth, slightly 
tinged red; use late market. 

German. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sia. Bul. 169:199. 1899. 

German (Kraus). 2. Ibid. 143:181. 1897. 

German is said to have been introduced into Michigan from New York. Tree vigorous, 
though not productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem long, slender, set in a broad, 
moderately deep cavity; color very dark red, nearly black; flesh firm, red, sweet, slightly 
bitter, with dark juice; ripens early in July. 

German Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:147. 1832. 
Griotte d’Allemagne. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:192, 193, Pl. XIV. 1768. 
3. Christ Obstbaume 159. 1791. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:276, 277 fig. 1877. 
Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 16 fig. 2. 1792. 
Deutsche Griotte. 6. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. '7 Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 
569, 570, 571. I819. 

Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche. 8. Ibid. 421. 1819. 

Griotte de Chaux. 9. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

German Duke. 10. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832. 

Deutsche Weichsel. 11. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:62. 1858. 

Stissweichsel von Chaux. 12. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1867. 

De Chaux. 13. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 478. 1860. 

Cerise d’Allemagne. 14. Le Bon Jard. 346. 1882. 

This old variety is badly confused with other cherries and its origin is uncertain. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 259 


Fruit large, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; skin glossy, tough, 
brownish, almost black; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, with pleasing acidity, sweet if in a 
dry, warm soil; stone large, oval-pointed; ripens the middle of July; productive. 
Germersdorf. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:60. 1900. 

Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 22, 189. 1876. 

Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche. 3. Lauche Deut. Pom. TI: No. 7, Pl. 1882. 

A seedling of German origin. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, 
roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem medium, set in a deep, wide cavity; skin dark 
brown with dark spots and streaks; flesh rather firm, light red, juice tinted, sweet, pleas- 
ingly acidulated; stone of medium size, oval; ripens the fifth week of the season. 
Geschiltztblattrige Siissweichsel. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:47. 1858. 

An ornamental cherry distinguished from May Duke through its smaller fruit and 
laciniated leaves. 

Gestriefte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 259, 260. 18109. 
2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:30. 1858. 

Fruit cordate; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin thin, tender, white, 
streaked with red, which, if allowed to remain on the tree, becomes nearly solid red; flesh 
tender, soft, fibrous under the skin, juicy, colorless, honey-sweet, refreshing; ripens in 
July lasting about three weeks. 

Gewohnliche Muskatellerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 672. 1797. 

Fruit smaller than that of the Black or Red Muskateller, roundish, very dark brown, 
almost black; flesh red, pleasant subacid; ripens at the end of June. 
Giant. P. avium. 1. Burbank Cat. 8. 1914. 

Giant was grown in 1900 by Luther Burbank and introduced by The Luther Burbank 
Company in 1914. It is claimed by its introducer that it is the largest cherry grown. 
Tree rapid in growth, with large and heavy foliage; fruit glossy black, rich, sweet, delicious; 
ripens in California about June 2oth. 

Gibb. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 2:39. 1888. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1890. 
3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:17. 1910. 

Gibb was imported from Orel, Central Russia, without a name. It is much like 
Brusseler Braune in tree, fruit, and in habit of bearing a double crop of blossoms and fruit, 
but is hardier. Fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem stout; skin thick, tender, dark crim- 
son changing to purplish-red; flesh dark red, meaty; quality good; stone large, oblong; 
ripens the last of July to early August. 

Gifford. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 270. 1857. 

Fruit small, light red, roundish-cordate, very sweet; productive; season the last of 
June. 

Glasherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 246-248. 1819. 

Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Wérterb. 281. 1802. 

Glas-Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obsitkunde 3:30, 31. 1858. 

This cherry differs from others of its class in being rounder, darker, and later. Fruit 
of medium size, roundish-cordate, convex on one side, compressed on the other, with 
a shallow suture; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin mingled with dull red and 


260 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


clear white, often streaked; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, but not high; stone 

large, acutely pointed; ripens the middle of July. 

Glaskirsche von der Natte. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 470-473, 689. 
18109. 

According to Truchsess this variety is very similar to, and often taken for Double 
Natte, Frihe von der Natte, and Double Glass. 

Glasskirsche Kurzstielige. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 331. 1885. 

This Sweet Cherry is supposed to have come from Vilna, Russia. 

Gloire de France. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. 
Pom. 5:271, 272 fig. 1877. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 162. 1881. 

Bonnemain. 4. Guide Prat. 9, 184. 1895. 

Originated from seed by Auguste Bonnemain, Etamps, Seine-et-Oise, France, fruit- 
ing in 1845 for the first time. On Mazzard stock the tree never reaches full size but on 
Mahaleb it grows large and regular and is more globularin form. At best it is only 
moderately productive. Fruit borne in threes, medium in size, roundish-oblate, somewhat 
depressed; suture broad, shallow, often indistinct; apex rather large, slightly depressed; 
stem short, thick, inserted in a wide cavity; skin a reddish-brick color, occasionally 
mottled with greenish-brown in the shade and red on the sunny side; flesh pale red, grayish, 
transparent, rather tender and fibrous, with abundant juice, sprightly acidulated, agree- 
able; pit of medium size, roundish-oval, convex; season the first of July. 

Golden Knob. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

Golden Knob is a worthless, medium-sized, oval cherry ripening the middle of July; 
skin yellow and flesh firm. 

Goldgelbe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 350-354. 1819. 

Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 4 
fig. 2. 1792. 

Kleine Ambra. 3. Christ Handb. 665. 1797. 

Distinguished from other yellow Heart cherries by its round form, dark yellow color, 
and rather firm flesh. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture a line; stem very long, 
slender, deeply inserted; skin thin, tough, readily removed, transparent, glossy, golden- 
yellow; flesh moderately tender, yellowish, with darker spots showing through the skin, 
very juicy, with a pleasing sweetness when ripe; stone of medium size, oval, slightly 
adherent; ripens the last of June. 

Goldsmith Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 

Mentioned but not described in this reference. 

Goodspeed. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:70. 1903. 

Goodspeed is of the Montmorency type ripening just after Early Richmond. The 
trees are long-lived and regular bearers. Fruit of medium size, oblate, slightly cordate; 
cavity deep, broad; suture shallow; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh 
moderately firm, tender, with uncolored juice, slightly subacid; quality good; stone free, 
of medium size, roundish-ovate. 

Gormley. Species? 1. Can. Hort. 20:317. 1897. 2. Ibid. 21:297. 1897. 
This hardy seedling, now about twenty-five years old, was found by John Gormley 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 261 


of Pickering, Canada. It resembles Montmorency in color, English Morello in shape, 

and a Bigarreau in texture. Its firm, yellowish flesh parts readily from the pit. 

Gottorper. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 289, 290, 291. 1819. 2. Liegel 
Syst. Anleit. 159. 1825. 

Gottorper Marmorkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:41. 1858. 

Cerise de Gottorpe. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:117-119. 1866. 

Originated in the vicinity of Coburg, Germany, toward the latter part of the Eight- 
eenth Century. It resembles Yellow Spanish. Tree above medium in size, very pro- 
ductive; fruit abruptly cordate to roundish; stem short, slender; cavity shallow; skin 
tough, red, mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish-white, not very firm, juicy, usually very 
sweet, slightly aromatic; stone small, oblate, free; ripens the fourth week of the cherry 
season; cracks in the rain when nearly mature; excellent for home use. 

Gould No. X. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 211. 1896. 

Reported by the Illinois Horticultural Society in 1896. 

Governor Luce. Species? 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 143:181. 1897. 

Listed as growing at the Michigan Station. 

Grafenburger Friihkirsche. Species? 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 121. 1910. 

A very productive, strong-growing cherry recommended for table and market use; 
fruit large, truncate-cordate, red, early. 

Graham. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:28. 1910. 

The Washington Experiment Station lists this variety as: Tree of medium size, 
upright, with abundant foliage; fruit small, round; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh light 
red, juicy, rich, sweet; good; season the last of July; productive. 

Grande Ronde. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 156. 1897. 

A new, early, large, black cherry recommended in eastern Oregon; ships well. 

Great Bearing. P. cerasus. 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 

Fruit large, blackish-red on the outer side when ripe, blood-red within. Ripens 
late, with a sharp taste; bears well. 

Great Leafed. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1620. 

This is a variety with very large leaves; relatively unproductive, bearing pale red fruit 
of only medium size. 

Gridley. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 23123, 124. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 187. 1845. 3. Gard. Mon. 11:219. 1869. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 
Apple. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 234. 1849. 

This variety was discovered by William Maccarty about the beginning of the Nine- 
teenth Century, growing in the garden of Deacon Samuel Gridley, Roxbury, Massachusetts. 
For a good many years it was considered a valuable cherry but later was supplanted by 
better sorts. Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size, roundish; 
stem short; color black; flesh firm, purplish-red, medium juicy, sprightly, rather acid 
at first becoming milder when fully ripe; stone small; matures in mid-season. 

Grenner Glas. P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 94. 10914. 

Tree upright, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit borne in clusters, large, oblate, 
one-sided; suture distinct on one side; stem long; cavity broad, shallow; apex a small 


262 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


depression; skin bright red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, tart; quality good; season 

the middle of July. 

Griotte Acher. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:275 fig., 276. 1877. 2. Mas Pom. 
Gen. 11:67, 68, fig. 34. 1882. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 482. 1904. 

Griotte Double. 4. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38, 39. 1771. 

Acher’s Wetchsel. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 332. 1889. 

The origin of Griotte Acher is not known but it may have sprung up by chance in Hol- 
land a century and a half ago. Tree medium in growth, productive; fruit usually borne in 
pairs, medium to large, flattened heart-shaped with truncate sides; cavity narrow; suture 
distinct; stem variable, usually long, medium thick; skin rather firm, vivid purple shading 
to almost purplish-black; flesh tender, slightly stringy, reddish-purple, medium sweet, 
somewhat pleasing because of a slight tart, acid flavor, with abundant, violet juice; stone 
medium in size, ovoid, truncate at the base, turgid; ripens the last of July and the first 
of August. 

Griotte de Biittner. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 9:264. 1888. 
A dwarf sort that blossoms and ripens late; much like Imperial Morello. 
Griotte Commune. P. cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard.2:508. 1860. 2. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 26, 194. 1876. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:282 fig., 283. 1877. 
Griotte. 4. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:187-189, Pl. XII. 1768. 5. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 431, 432. 1819. 

Griotte simple. 6. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 39. 1771. 

Griottier Weichselbaum. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:6, Tab. 15 fig. 2. 1792. 

Common French Griotte. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832. 

Gemeine Stissweichsel. g. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858. 

Cerise Commune. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:146 fig., 147, 148, 220. 1866. 

The origin of this variety is unknown but according to French writers it was brought 
from Syria by the Crusaders about 1485. Tree large, productive; fruit medium in size, 
usually borne in pairs, distinguished from others of its class by its firm flesh, its black 
skin, and its colored juice, oblate, flattened at the base; suture slight; stem long, rather 
stout, set in a broad, shallow cavity; skin thin, glossy, dark red, changing to black; flesh 
colored, firm, vinous, aromatic, juicy; first quality; pit small, turgid, round; ripens the 
first of July. 

Griotte Douce Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 39. 1771. 2. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 21, 194. 1876. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:118. 1900. 
Stisse Fruhweichsel. 4. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 170. 1825. 5. Ill. Handb. 183 fig., 184. 
1860. 

Liegel’s Stisse Frihweichsel. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:58. 1858. 

This variety is often confused with Siisse Frithweichsel. The two are distinct, how- 
ever, in that the latter has light colored flesh while the former is a dark fleshed sort. Tree 
vigorous, drooping, productive; fruit often borne in twos or threes, of medium size, roundish, 
compressed; suture shallow; stem rather slender, variable, medium to above in length, 
inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red changing to reddish-black; 
flesh tender, dark red, juicy, subacid, becoming milder at maturity; stone small, roundish; 
ripens the forepart of June. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 263, 


Griotte de Kleparow. P-. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2. Mortillet Le 
Cerisier 2:186 fig., 187, 221. 1866. 

Polnische grosse Weichsel. 3. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 2. 1792. 

Pohlnische Kirsche. 4. Christ Handb. 682. 1797. 

Polnische Wetchsel. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858. 

Kleparower Siissweichsel. 6. Ill. Handb. 69 fig., 70. 1867. 

Kleparavoska. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 

Griotte Kleparite. 8. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:277. 1903. 9. Ia. Sta. Bul. 

73:71 fig. 1903. 

Budd found this variety very hardy about Galicia, Austria, and Warsaw, Russia, 
and imported it for central and southern Iowa. It is grown from seed in the forests of 
Poland. The Griotte Kleparite of Budd-Hansen is probably the same variety. Tree 
strong in growth, large, productive; fruit of medium size, generally attached in pairs, 
roundish-cordate, sides often compressed; suture shallow, often a line; stem long, slender, 
set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, clinging to the flesh, glossy, dark brownish-red, 
deep black when ripe; flesh tender, fibrous, lightly colored, juicy, acid, although sugary, 
aromatic; quality fair; pit small, turgid, almost spherical; ripens the last of July. 

Griotte Lodigiana. P.cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:290, 291 fig. 1877. 

Introduced into France from Florence, Italy, by Leroy about 1864. Fruit of medium 
size, globular, compressed at the ends; stem of medium length, inserted in a wide cavity; 
apex depressed; skin deep red; flesh pale yellow, tender, slightly fibrous, juicy, very sugary, 
slightly acidulated; second quality; stone of medium size, round, turgid; ripens the last 
of June. 

Griotte Noire. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 

Listed as a large, blackish-red, acidulated fruit, ripening in July. 

Griotte Noire de Piémont. VP. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:294, 295 fig. 1877. 

Griotte & gros fruit noir de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 

This variety, probably from Piedmont, Italy, was received by Leroy in 1864. Fruit 
generally borne in pairs, above medium in size, globular, compressed at the ends; suture 
indistinct; stem long, set in a deep cavity; skin uniformly blackish-red; flesh tender, red- 
dish, very juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet; quality fair; stone of medium size, roundish- 
oval, swollen; ripens the middle of June. 

Griotte du Nord Améliorée. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 

Mentioned as possibly larger and better than Griotte du Nord. 

Griotte 4 Petit Fruit. P.cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Griotte Précoce. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1885. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. 
Hort. Man. 22277. 1903. 

According to the first reference, this variety was brought into Spain from Central 
Asia and was known in parts of Europe as ‘“‘ Early Spanish.’”’ It was imported to America 
from Russia. Tree hardy; fruit large, flattened; suture distinct; stem medium in size, 
curved, set in a deep cavity; skin bright, glossy red; flesh soft, breaking, uncolored; quality 
very good; ripens the middle of June. 


264 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Griotte Rouge de Piémont. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:303 fig., 304, 385. 1877. 

Griotie & gros fruit rouge de Piémont. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 

According to Leroy, it is not at all improbable that this cherry is the one spoken of 
by Pliny under the name, ‘‘Apronian.” Fruit attached in pairs, above medium in size, 
globular, compressed at the ends; suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a small 
cavity; skin lively red; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, acidulated, somewhat bitter yet sugary; 
second quality; stone of medium size, roundish-oval, swollen; ripens the last of June. 
Griotte de Schaarbeck. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 353. 1889. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Griotte Tardive d’Annecy. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Listed in this reference. 

Griotte Tardive de Plombiéres. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 503. 1888. 

This variety is recommended because of its lateness but it remains a local variety, 
little known outside of Plombiéres, Vosges, France, where it was found. Fruit oval- 
cordate, elongated at the apex; skin glossy, brownish at complete maturity; flesh firm, 
adherent to the stone, whitish-gray, very sweet, agreeable; pit cordate; ripens the last 
of August, remaining on the tree during September. 

Griotte de Toscane. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:304, 305 fig., 396. 1877. 

Leroy brought this cherry from Florence, Italy, to France about 1864. Fruit glob- 
ular, more or less compressed at the ends; suture very shallow; stem long, set in a pro- 
nounced cavity; skin intense red changing to blackish; flesh of a garnet color, tender, 
juicy, sugary, slightly bitter: second quality; stone of medium size, round, turgid; ripens 
in early July. 

Griotte de Turquie. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

Fruit large, round, red; flesh tender, ripens early in July. Similar to Choisy. 

Griottier 4 Feuilles Cucullées. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:267, 286 fig., 287. 
1877. 

Cerisier cuculle? 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Originated at Tours, Inde-et-Loire, France. Its only point of merit is in its cucul- 
lated foliage. Fruit small, globular, compressed at the ends; suture imperceptile; stem 
short; cavity variable; skin almost clear red; flesh tender, light rose-colored, juicy, acidu- 
lated, mildly sweet; quality hardly fair; pit very small, round, more or less swollen; ripens 
at the end of June. 

Griottier 4 Fruit Aigre. P.cerasus. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:508. 1860. 

Tree of medium size, rather vigorous; fruit small, oval-roundish, blackish; flesh tender, 
juicy; mediocre quality; ripens in September and October in France. 

Griottier 4 Longues Feuilles. P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:291, 292 fig. 1877. 

Leroy grew this cherry as early as 1845 but did not know its origin. Fruit above 
medium in size, globular, slightly compressed at the ends; stem very short, inserted in a 
pronounced cavity; skin deep red, with gray dots; flesh tender, fibrous, yellowish-white, 
juicy, acidulated, slightly sweet, agreeable; second quality; stone of medium size, round- 
ish-oval, turgid; ripens the first of July. 

Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 354. 1889. 

Listed in the reference given. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 265 


Gros Bigarreau Rond. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:114, 208. 1866. 

Fruit large, even, roundish, though often larger and less flattened than Bigarreau 
d’Italie; stem medium in length; color becoming black; flesh red, firm, sweet, pleasing; 
pit small and slightly elongated; ripens the last of May. 

Gros Guindoul Hatif. P.cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71. 

Tree large; fruit of first size, superior quality, large, dark red, juicy, sprightly; ripens 
in June-July. 

Grosse Blanche Carrée. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 1843. 

A firm, red, heart-shaped cherry of second size and quality, used principally for the 
table, ripening in July. 

Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 226, 227, 228. 
18109. 

Weiss Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obstbdume 161. 1701. 

Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858. 

This cherry is distinguished from others of its class by its peculiar coloring. At one 
time it was recommended because of its size, flavor, and length of season. Fruit large, 
thick at the base, both sides compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender, set 
in a shallow opening; ground color a dingy pale yellow more or less covered with red; flesh 
tender, melting, pleasing; ripens at the end of June. 

Grosse Friedrichskirsche. Species? 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:39. 1858. 

Fruit large, compressed, roundish-cordate, pale yellow, washed with crimson; flesh 

slightly aromatic; ripens the end of June; productive. 
Grosse Glaskirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Krinitz Enc. 57, 58. 1790. 2. Christ 
Worterb. 292. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 473-475. 1819. 
Grosse Cerise Transparente. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:172-175, fig. 1866. 5. Guide 
Prat. 18, 190. 1895. 

Through an error which he later rectified, Truchsess described the Double Glass as 
this variety. This cherry differs in having a shorter stem, larger size and in ripening later. 
Fruit very large, almost round, flattened at the ends, depressed at the apex; stem stout, 
short, inserted in a large cavity; skin glossy, becoming dark red; flesh pale yellowish, melt- 
ing, juicy, mild yet with a piquant, pleasing sourness; stone roundish, turgid, clinging 
to the flesh more than to the stem; ripens in August. 

Grosse Gomballoise. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:150, 151. 1882. 

Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise. 2. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 

Fruit large to very large, thickly cordate, often elongated, truncate at the ends; suture 
deep, but a colored line on one side; stem long, stout, set in a large, deep cavity; skin thick, 
firm, intense purple changing to almost black; flesh purple, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous, 
aromatic; pit of medium size; ripens at the end of June. 

Grosse Guigne Blanche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 258. 1819. 2. 
Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:315, 316 fig. 1877. 
Guigne & gros fruit blanc. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:161, Pl. 1 fig. 3. 1768. 
4. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:98, 99. 1866. 
Kleine weisse Fruhkirsche. 5. Christ Worterb. 278. 1802. 


266 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Guigne Blanche. 6. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 7. Pom. France 7:No. 20, Pl. 
20. 1871. 

Early White Guigne. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 22112. 1832. 

White Heart. 9. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 107. 1846. 

An old variety, probably of French origin, which, according to Leroy, was described by 
Merlet in 1667. Fruit large, attached in pairs, cordate, slightly elongated; stem medium 
in length, set in a wide cavity; skin dull yellow, tinged and mottled with dull red; flesh 
whitish, tender, juicy, slightly acidulated; quality fair, insipid in wet seasons; stone large, 
ovoid, clinging; ripens the last of June. 

Grosse Guigne Noire 4 Court Pédicelle. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 
22503. 1860. 

Guignier & Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule. 2. Pom. France 7:No. 28, Pl. 28. 
1871. 

An old variety of uncertain origin. Fruit large, roundish-cordate; suture broad; 
stem short, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tender but firm, beautiful black at matu- 
rity; flesh soft, juicy, agreeable; quality good; stone of medium size, oval, reddish; ripens 
the last of June. 

Grosse Hockerige Marmorkirsche. P.avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858. 

Fruit very large, uneven, roughened, dark red; flesh hard, rather sweet; ripens at the 
end of July; not very productive. 

Grosse Mogulkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Obstbaume 160. 1791. 

Fruit large, cordate, red, dotted here and there with white; flesh mild; excellent; pit 
small. 

Grosse Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 545-548. 18109. 

Grosse Morelle double? 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Fruit large, globular; stem medium in length, slender, set in a smooth cavity; skin 
glossy, smooth, inky-black; flesh blood-red, veined, juicy, wine-sour, not unpleasant; 
stone of medium size, blood-red; ripens from the end of June to July; often dried. 

Grosse Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 287. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 517, 518, 519. 1819. 

Varrenne, De. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 

Grosse Cerise des Religieuses. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:97, 98, fig. 49. 1882. 

Probably of French origin. Tree moderately productive; fruit of medium size, round, 
sides unevenly compressed, with a shallow suture; stem long, set in a wide cavity; skin 
brownish-black, glossy; flesh tender, colored, juicy, subacid; stone small, very broad, 
clinging to the stem; ripens the middle of July. 

Grosse Picarde. P. cerasus. 

The United States Department of Agriculture received this variety from F. Jamin, 
Bourg-la-Reine, France, in 1905, after which trees were sent to this Station for testing. 
Tree vigorous, rapid in growth; fruit of the Montmorency type, above medium in size, 
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity intermediate in depth and width, abrupt; 
suture a line; apex roundish; stem slender, long; skin moderately thick, tough, separating 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 267 


readily from the pulp, very dark red; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh dark red, stringy, 

tender, melting, astringent, sour, juicy; poor to fair in quality; stone of medium size, ovate, 

slightly pointed, smooth, tinged with purple; season very late. 

Grosse Schwarze Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 2 fig. 2. 
1792. 2. Christ Worterb. 274. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 158. 1819. 

Guigne & Gros Fruit Noir Hatif. 4. Pom. France '7:No. 25, Pl. 25. 1871. 

This cherry differs from Frihe Maiherzkirsche in having a firmer flesh. Fruit above 
medium in size, cordate, pointed, black; suture distinct on one side; stem long, slender, 
deeply set; ripens in June. 

Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 275. 1802. 

Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 142-145, 156,157. 1819. 

Guignier a gros fruit noir? 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2502. 1860. 

Fruit large, cordate, flattened on one side; stem long, set in a deep cavity; skin thick, 
dark red changing to black, pitted; flesh rather firm, tender, fibrous, dark red, juicy, 
exceedingly sweet and refreshing, with a slightly bitterish after-taste; stone clinging; ripens 
in July. 

Grosse Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802. 
2. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 200, 201. 1819. 

Found in a German garden in 1797; distinguished from Elkhorn in ripening later. 
Fruit large, round, flattened on the sides and apex; skin black, glossy; stem thick; flesh 
firm, juicy; ripens early in August. 

Grosse Siisse Maiherzkirsche. P-. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 126-130. 
1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:20. 1858. 

Grosse Stisse Matkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 17097. 

Fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium 
length, stout, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin tough, almost black; flesh tender, red- 
dish-black, juicy, sprightly, rich; stone of medium size, broadly cordate, with a faint point; 
ripens at the end of June; used for table and kitchen. 

Grosse Tardive. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17. 1876. 

Grosse spate Amarelle. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907. 

Grosse Tardive is thought to have originated near Paris, France. It ripens the first 
of August when all other sweet, black cherries are gone. The tree resembles Montmorency. 
Grosse Transparente. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:60. 1900. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Grosse Ungarische Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Krinitz Enc. 66-68. 1790. 

Ungarische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 661. 1797. 

Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:20. 1858. 

Fruit large, oval, rather angular; stem medium in length; cavity deep, irregular; 
suture distinct; skin glossy, black; flesh dark red, fine-grained, aromatic, sweet; stone 
large, oval; ripens early in July; productive. 

Grosse de Verrirées. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 71, 72, Pl. 1870-71. 

This cherry is extensively grown at Verriéres, France, where it is often called, ‘‘ La 

Grosse.” The fruit, however, is but a trifle larger than Cerise Commune from which it 


268 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


differs only in its slightly elongated-cordate form; stem medium in length; skin deep red; 
flesh red, juicy, sweet; season the middle of July. 
Grosse de Wagnellee. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 465. 1869. 

A vigorous, productive cherry of Belgian origin; fruit large, oval; skin yellow, washed 
and spotted with red; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; ripens in July. 

Grosse Weinkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 385. 188r1. 

Grosse-Griotte d vin. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 196. 1876. 

Fruit flattened, roundish, rather large; stem rather long; suture indistinct; skin very 
dark, glossy red; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sprightly, acid; pit egg-oval; ripens in July; 
used for conserves and coloring wines. 

Grosse Weisse Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 285, 679, 680. 
1819. 

Fruit large, truncate-cordate, one side compressed, with a shallow suture; stem long, 
stout, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin firm, tough, pale yellow, washed with deep red; 
flesh firm, juicy, sweet, pleasing; stone small, round, plump, partly clinging; ripens the 
middle of July. 

Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1889. 

Listed without description in this reference. 

Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 

Bigarreau jaune de Groth. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27, 189. 1876. 

Groth’s Wachskirsche. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 337, 358. 1889. 

Tree vigorous and very productive; fruit rather large, truncate-cordate; skin trans- 
parent, brilliant yellow; flesh rather firm, very sweet, agreeable; first quality; matures 
early in July. 

Griinstiel-Kirsche. P.cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fihr. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858. 

Fruit black, of medium size, obtuse-cordate, noticeably furrowed; stem long, shal- 
lowly inserted; flesh firm, colored, subacid; pit of medium size, round, somewhat clinging; 
ripens the middle of July. 

Guben. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901. 

Bigarreau noir de Guben. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 

Gubener Schwarze Knorpel. 3. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 369. 1881. 

Late Black Bigarreau? 4. Guide Prat. 18. 1895. 

Guben originated near the town of the same name in Prussia, Germany. Fruit large, 
obtuse-cordate, sides slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem rather long; cavity 
shallow; skin firm, glossy, nearly black; flesh firm, dark red, sweet, with a pleasing sourness; 
pit roundish; ripens the last of June. 

Gubens Ehre. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 358. 1889. 2. Lange Allgem. Garten. 
423. 1897. 
Fruit large, dark red, with a slightly aromatic flavor. 
Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 
Listed in the reference given. 
Guigne d’Argovie. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 
Mentioned in the reference given. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 269 


Guigne Blanche Précoce. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:316. 1877. 

Received by Leroy from Germany in 1860 and said by him to lack size and quality. 
Guigne Bonne Alostoise. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Guigne de Buxeuil. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Guigne Carnée Winkler. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 52317, 318 fig., 319. 1877. 
Winkler weisse Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 278, 279. 1819. 
Guigne Blanche de Winkler. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:161, 162, fig. 79. 1866-73. 

Guigne de Winkler. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 15,199. 1876. 

This variety is said to be a seedling raised by a Herr Winkler at Guben, Prussia, 
Germany, about 1816. Fruit attached in pairs, large, roundish-cordate, compressed; 
suture not prominent; stem long, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin flesh-colored; 
flesh tender, slightly fibrous, light yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasingly aromatic; pit of medium 
size, plump, oval; ripens the second week of the cherry season. 

Guigne de Chamblondes. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 359. 1889. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Guigne Chamonale. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:151. 1882. 

Flowers and foliage only described. 

Guigne Chavanne. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom. 

Pom. 359. 1889. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Guigne Courte-queue d’Oullins. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:62 fig., 63, 218. 

1866. 

Guigne a courte queue? 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 20. 1887. 

This variety is said to have originated at Oullins, near Lyons, France. Tree vigorous, 
upright, productive; fruit rather large, obtuse-cordate, truncate; stem short to very short, 
inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; suture a well-marked line; skin rather thick, glossy, 
shaded with red changing to deep black; flesh red, tender but not soft, sweet with some 
acidity, agreeable; quality excellent; pit large for the size of the fruit, ovoid; ripens early 
in June. 

Guigne Ecarlate. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

A worthless, medium-sized, red, oval fruit, with firm flesh, ripening in July. 

Guigne de l’Escalier. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 11. 

1895. 

This is a large, brownish-black, French cherry of the Heart class. Fruit with an 
uneven surface; flesh red, sugary, sweet; first quality; ripens the first of July. 

Guigne de Gland. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 213. 1880. 

Guigne de Gland received its name from the small community of Gland, Aisne, France, 
where it appears to have been first cultivated. It is one of the first to be found on the 
markets; is very productive, and of good quality; fruit large, clear red, very sweet. 
Guigne Grosse Rouge Hative. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

A firm, red, cordate cherry of second quality for table use; ripens in July. 


270 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

Listed in this reference. 

Guigne Guindole. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18,198. 1876. 

Many writers, including Leroy, believe this cherry to be identical with the Flamen- 
tine. Tree vigorous, productive; grown for market; fruit large, elongated-cordate; skin 
deep red with carmine mottling on a yellowish ground; flesh tender, soft, juicy, sugary; 
matures the last part of June. 

Guigne Hative d’Elsdorf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27,198. 1876. 

A German variety ‘‘ much recommended.” 

Guigne Marbrée. P. avium. 1. Pom. France 7:No. 18. Pl. 18. 1871. 2. Wickson Cal. 
Fruits. 286. 1889. 3. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 523. 1906. 

The origin of this variety is uncertain. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate: suture wide, 
shallow; stem of medium length, set in a shallow, wide cavity; skin glossy, white, washed 
with a rose color changing to carmine, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellowish, firm, sweet, 
faintly aromatic; pit small, roundish; ripens early in July. 

Guigne Marie Besnard. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15. 1876. 

A large, oblong, Heart cherry of good quality; skin light yellow overspread with red; 
flesh tender, juicy; late. 

Guigne de Nice. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 11. 1895. 

Fruit very large, oblong, light red; season early in warm years; trees rather tender. 
Guigne Noir Luisante. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 208. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. 

Cat. 74. 1862. 
Guignier a gros fruit noir luisant. 3. Duhamel Trait Arb. Fr. 1:162, 163. 1768. 
Grosse glanzende schwarze Herkirsche. 4. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:2, Tab. 3 fig. 2. 1792. 
5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 146, 147. 1819. 

Grosse Guigne noire luisante. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:72 fig. 73, 74, 218. 1866. 

Guigne Reinette noire. 7. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 

Guigne notre hdtive a gros fruits. 8. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 108 fig., 109. 1904. 

This variety should not be mistaken for the Black Spanish of the Germans although 
Elliott speaks of it as such with the statement that it was grown in New Jersey about 
1823, from whence it was introduced into Ohio. It was known as Guigne Reinette Noire 
about the provinces of Main and Anjou, France, where it is said to have originated. Some 
authors have confused it with Hogg’s Black Heart from which it differs in being more 
firm. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually attached in threes, obtuse- 
cordate, plump; suture wide; stem medium in length, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; 
skin thick, glossy, brownish-red changing to black; flesh colored, tender, fibrous, juicy, 
sweet, vinous; quality good; pit small, roundish-oval, turgid; ripens the last of June. 
Guigne Noire Hative. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

Guignier a Gros Fruit noir hatif. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:330 fig., 331. 1877. 

This old variety originated in France early in the Sixteenth Century. Tree moderately 
productive; fruit attached in threes, large, obtuse-cordate, irregular; stem long, stout; 
cavity large; skin becomes reddish-black; flesh deep red, fibrous, juicy, acidulated, sweet; 
quality fair; pit above medium, ovoid, plump; ripens the last of May. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 271 


Guigne Noire de Monstreux. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 

Described by M. M. Vérilhac, nurseryman at Annonay, France, as a large, good, 
productive cherry ripening the first part of June. 

Guigne Nouvelle Espéce. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Guigne Olive. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:70, 80 fig., 81, 220. 1866. 

Fruit large, elongated-oval, more pointed at the cavity; suture wide; stem long, slender, 
set in a slightly deep, abrupt cavity; skin at first rose-colored, marbled with red changing 
to almost black; flesh tender, colored, agreeably acid, with a slight bitterness; pit very 
large, oval, resembling the pit of an olive; ripens at the beginning of July. 

Guigne Petite Blanche. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Guigne Petite Rouge. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 51. 1831. 

Listed in this reference. 

Guigne la Plus Hative. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:51-54, fig. 1866. 

Guigne marbrée précoce. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:115, 116, fig. 56. 1866-73. 

Guigne d’Annonay. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 15,197. 1876. 

Fruit of medium size, cordate, often slightly elongated; skin thin, mottled with red 
changing to almost black; stem moderately slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity; 
flesh purplish, tender, juicy, agreeably acidulated; pit small, ovoid; ripens the last of May. 
Guigne Précoce Leo d’Ounons. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 65. 1881. 

This variety was found in an orchard near Vigne, France. The fruit is large and 
sweet with an agreeably aromatic juice; ripens the first half of June. 

Guigne Précoce de Mathére. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 

Early Mathere. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 416. 1899. 

Tree vigorous; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval; stem short; skin red; flesh yellow- 
ish-red, juicy, sweet; stone small, clinging; early. 

Guigne Précoce Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:208. 1866. 

A variegated cherry with uncolored juice, mentioned by Mortillet. 

Guigne de Provence. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 
II:152. 1882. 3. Guide Prat. 18. 1895. 

Although very similar to Transparente de Coé, according to Guide Pratique, 1895, 
Guigne de Provence is a distinct variety. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit of medium 
size, obtuse-cordate; skin reddish-carmine; flesh rather firm, sweet; first quality; matures 
the last half of June. 

Guigne Ramon Oliva. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 355. 1888. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France 
Pom. 112 fig., 113. 1904. 

A chance seedling noticed first by M. Charozé, horticulturist, at Pyramide-Trelazé, 
near Angers, France. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually borne in twos or threes, 
roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long; color brownish-black, glossy; flesh fine, 
juicy, sweet; pit large, oval; ripens early in June. 

Guigne Rose Hative. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 199. 1876. 
Kleine frihe rothe Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 164. 1819. 


272 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Rosenrothe Matkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:18. 1858. 4. Ill. Handb. 
55 fig., 56. 1860. 

Guignier a fruit rose hatif. 5. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:503. 1860. 

Guigne Rose Hative was received by Jahn from Dochnahl who believed Rheinpfalz, 
a former palatinate in Germany, to be its home. Tree productive, drooping; fruit of 
medium size, uneven particularly about the stem, roundish-cordate, sides flattened; suture 
indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity shallow; skin rose-colored in the middle of May, 
later changing to a reddish-purple or black; flesh tender, with colored juice, sweet if ripe; 
stone rather large, ovate to oval; ripens at the end of May or the beginning of June. 
Guigne Rouge Commune. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:152. 1882. 

The flowers and foliage only are described. 

Guigne Rouge Ponctuée. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:89 fig., 90, 91, 218. 
1866. 

This cherry is similar to Rothe Molkenkirsche but is different in pit. It was found 
in the province of l’Isere, France. Fruit large to above, depressed at both extremities, 
flattened on both sides, one of which is traversed by a wide, shallow suture; stem above 
medium in length, set in a shallow, rather narrow cavity; skin firm, thick, brilliant, changing 
to deep red, mottled; flesh white, faintly rose-colored especially about the pit, moderately 
firm, at maturity it loses its sourness becoming sugary and aromatic; pit large, oblong- 
oval; ripens at the beginning of June. 

Guigne de Russie 4 Fruit Blanc. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Guigne Trés Précoce. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 275, 301. 1884. 

A very early, black cherry, a week earlier than the Early Purple. Fruit rather small, 
obtuse-cordate, irregular in outline; stem long, slender, deeply inserted in a wide cavity; 
skin quite black; flesh very tender; juice colored; good. 

Guigne van der Broek. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:39, 40. 1771. 

A very small, juicy cherry similar to the Black Guigne in form, color and taste; some- 
what oblong; dark, brownish-black; of a very sweet, agreeable taste. 
Guigne Villeneuve. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 15. 1876. 

Villeneuver Herzkirsche. 2. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907. 

This variety is believed to be native to the region around the Auvergne mountains, 
France. Fruit very large, quadrangular; skin a vivid rose color overspreading a whitish 
ground; ripens late in June. 

Guignier 4 Fruit Noir et Trés-long Pédoncule. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. 
Jard. 2:503. 1860. 

Obtained from seed and fruited first in 1824. Tree erect, vigorous; fruit small, 
conical, black; stem nearly four inches long; flesh watery, colored, sweet, agreeably 
acidulated. 

Guignier 4 Petit Fruit Noir. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:502. 1860. 

This variety differs from the Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche only in size of fruit. 
Guindoux Noir de Faix. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 

Mentioned by Thomas without description. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 273 


Gunsleber Spite Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 320, 321. 
1819. 

A seedling of White Spanish ripening early in August. Fruit small, blushed with light 
and dark red on a white ground; flesh firm, sweet; unproductive. 

Halbgefiilltbliihende Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:66, 67. 1858. 

Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefullter Blute. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 606, 607, 

608. 1819. 

Truchsess says that only the semi-doubles have perfect pistils and the other flowers 
do not produce fruit. Fruit oblate; stem long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, 
tough, glossy, black; flesh tender, fibrous near the stem, with dark juice, pleasing. 
Halifax. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 94. 1854. 

Halifax is an old variety reported from Maryland. 

Hallock. P. avium. 

Hallock is a supposed seedling of Downer found by Nicholas Hallock, Milton, New 
York; not disseminated. It resembles Downer in color but is slightly smaller and about 
two weeks later. 

Hallowell. P. avium. 1. Me. Sia. An. Rpt. 22:175. 1906. 

Hallowell is a seedling of Black Tartarian. 

Hamell Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Hamels Arissen. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Hartlib. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Hartlippe. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 

“The Hartlippe Cherrie is so called of the place where the best of this kinde is noursed 
up, being betweene Sittingbourne and Chattam in Kent, and is the biggest of our English 
kindes.” 

Hartz Mountain. Species? 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1874. 

This variety was brought from Germany by a Mr. Meyer of St. Peter, Minnesota, 
with whom it has proved hardy and productive. 

Hative de Balis. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 18809. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Hative ou Précoce. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

HAtive de Prin. P.cerasus. 1. Rev. Hort. 280, 281, Pl. 1893. 2. Guide Prat.17. 1895. 

Priner Friihweichsel. 3. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 

This variety was introduced by M. Maquerlot of Fismes, Marne, France. It resembles 
Montmorency in shape, with a longer stem. Fruit often borne in fours; cavity deep; 
skin thin, deep red; flesh of a rose color, transparent, sugary, acidulated, juicy; pit of 
medium size, orbiculated. 

Hative de St. Jean. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

18 


274 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Headley. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Healy. P. avium. 1. Sweet Cat. 11. 1897. 

Healy is an old, sweet variety thought to have come from Pennsylvania; intro- 
duced by George A. Sweet, Dansville, New York. 
Hedelfingen. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901. 

Hedelfingen Risenkirsche. 2. Ill. Handb. 77 fig., 78. 1860. 

Colassale d’Hedelfingen. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866. 

Géante d’Hedelfingen. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 194. 1876. 

Monstrueuse d’Hedelfingen. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:59, 60, fig. 30. 1882. 

Bigarreau de Hedelfingen. 6. Gard. Chron. 20:160. 1806. 

This variety probably originated in the village of Hedelfingen, Germany. Tree 
strong, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, obtuse-cordate; suture noticeable on both 
sides; stem very long; cavity deep, narrow; skin glossy, tough, dark brown changing to 
black, with light red dots; flesh fibrous, dark red, more tender than many Bigarreaus, 
yet firm, juicy, pleasing, aromatic; stone of medium size, long, truncate at the base; ripens 
in July; good for table, kitchen and market. 

Hedwigs Kirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 
362. 1880. 
Listed but not described. 
Heidelberger Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 290. 1802. 

A very dark, black, small, short-stemmed Sour Cherry ripening at the beginning of 
September. 

Heiges. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895. 

Heiges is a seedling of the Bigarreau type, from C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon, 
ripening there the last of June. Fruit large, heart-shaped, very smooth; cavity medium 
in size and depth, regular, flaring; stem short, slender; suture shallow, narrow; skin thin, 
tenacious, dark purplish-black, with minute golden, indented dots; flesh very dark, pur- 
plish-black, with a few light veins, meaty, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality best; 
pit large, oval, semi-clinging. 

Heintzen (Heintze’s) Friihe Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 18809. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Henneberger Grafenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 675. 1797. 2. Truchsess- 
Heim Kirschensort. 548, 549, 550. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:64. 
1858. 4. Christ Obstbdume 159. 1791. 

Cerise du Comte de Henneberg. 5. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:307. 1866. 

Fruit of medium size, flattened, without a suture; black when ripe; stem long, slender, 
shallowly inserted; flesh tender, with a pleasant sourness; ripens in July. 

Hensel Early. Species? 1. Horticulturist 22:233 fig. 1867. 

Hensel is an accidental seedling found on the grounds of G. W. Zahm, Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania, and named after the former owner of the property. Tree moderate in 
growth, hardy, productive; fruit roundish, obtuse at the base; stem slender; flesh half- 
tender, juicy; good; ripens the first part of June; not disposed to rot. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 275 


Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 362. 1889. 

Mentioned but not described by Mathieu. 

Herzkirsche Trauben. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153. 1882. 

The flowers and foliage only are described. 

Herzkirsche Wils Friithe. Species? 1. Lange Allgem. Garten. 439. 1897. 

Listed without a description. 

Herzkirschweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 673. 1797. 

According to Christ, this cherry is a Morello; fruit large, with an indistinct suture; 
stem rather long, deeply set; color reddish-black; flesh tender, subacid; stone cordate; 
ripens the middle of July. 

Herzog May. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Ohio Hort. 
Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 

Imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Southwestern Russia where it does well on 
wet, unfavorable soil. Tree open and upright, a true Duke of the best quality. 
Hoadley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 209 fig. 1854. 

Hoadley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, and was 
named by Elliott in honor of George Hoadley of Cleveland. Tree healthy, vigorous, 
with a round, spreading head; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate; stem of 
medium length; cavity shallow; skin pale yellow, mottled and striped with clear carmine; 
flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, almost translucent; pit of medium size; 
season the last of June; valuable for table use but will not stand shipment. 

Hockenberg. P. cerasus. 

Mentioned in a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton, Indiana, as resembling 
an Amarelle; of no particular value. 

Hogg Black Gean. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 84. 1866. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 
Ii:161. 1882. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; stem long; skin black, glossy; flesh and juice 
dark, rich, sweet, tender; season at the beginning of July. 

Hogg Red Gean. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 84. 1866. 

Fruit medium large, roundish, inclined to heart-shape; stem long; skin red, mottled 
with amber-yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, rich, with uncolored juice; ripens the 
first of July. 

Hoke. P. avium X P.cerasus. 1. U.S. D.A. Pom. Rpt. 24. 1894. 

Hoke isa Duke, long known in York County, Pennsylvania, and regarded as worthy 
of wider dissemination. It originated at Hanover, Pennsylvania, with Henry Wirt, and 
was known as Wirt until the farm changed hands in 1848, when it became known as 
Hoke. The fruit, as grown at this Station, is large, obtuse-cordate; cavity large, deep; 
skin thick, tough, resisting rot in rainy weather, dark, mottled with red; stem long, 
moderately thick, swollen at either end; flesh firm, meaty, dark pink, subacid, sprightly; 
quality very good; stone medium; season the last of June. 

Hillandische Spate Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 677. 1797. 2. Christ 
Worterb. 288. 1802. 
Héllandische Kirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 597-599. 18109. 
Hollandische Weichsel. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858. 


276 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This variety is distinguished from others of its class by its smaller stone, tender flesh, 
longer stem and later ripening. Tree never large, productive; fruit large, nearly round, 
sides slightly compressed; suture distinct; stem long; color brownish-red; flesh tender, 
colored, juicy, very sour; ripens in August but hangs until September. 

Holman Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Langley Pomona 86, Pl. 17 fig. 1. 1729. 
2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:135, 136. 1832. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 99. 
1846. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:346, 347 fig. 1877. 

Cerise Royale Tardive D’Angleterre. 5. Ann. Pom. Belge 1:107, 108, Pl. 1853. 

Cherry-Duck. 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860. 

Royale Tardive. 7. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:155, 156 fig., 157, 158, 305. 1866. 

8. Pom. France '7:No. 1, Pl. 1. 1871. 9. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Holman Duke is thought to be of English origin and a seedling of May Duke. The 
name, Royale Tardive, a synonym of Holman Duke, has been used interchangeably for 
several Duke cherries. Fruit large to above, roundish-cordate; suture moderate; stem 
above medium in size, set in a rather deep, narrow, irregular cavity; skin thin, brownish- 
red changing to nearly black when fully mature; flesh red, fibrous, juicy, vinous, acidulated; 
pit of medium size, ovoid; dorsal suture not very apparent; ripens the middle of July. 
Holme Late Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 

Mentioned by Thomas without a description. 

Holstein. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 17:363. 1851. 

A medium-sized, round, red, seedling cherry. 

Homer. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:71, 72. 1903. 2. Jewell Cat. 35. 1906. 
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Homer is a seedling of the Morello type from New Haven, Connecticut, introduced 
from Homer, Minnesota; said to be valuable in the Northwest. Fruit medium to large, 
roundish-oblate; stem short, stout; cavity shallow, moderately broad; skin red, becoming 
darker, thin, rather tough; flesh tender, uncolored, juicy, mildly subacid; pit round, semi- 
clinging; ripens the last of June. 

Honey. P. avium. 1. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 251. 1817. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 217. 1854. 
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1858. 

Large Honey. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Yellow Honey. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:110. 1832. 

Cream. 6. Horticulturist 1:148. 1846-47. 

Summer's Honey? 7. Cole Am. Fr. Book 228. 1849. 

Late Honey? 8. Ibid. 235, 236. 1849. 

Honey, though grown only in America, is probably of foreign origin — an old sort 
renamed. Tree similar to Black Mazzard but more spreading. Fruit small, roundish- 
oval, yellowish, mottled with red, becoming deep amber-red; stem long, slender; flesh 
tender, melting, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July. 

Honey Dew. P. avium. 1. Conn. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 11:340. 1877. 

Spoken of as a valuable variety originating in Connecticut. 

Honeywood. P.avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort.g:205. 1843. 

Mentioned as unworthy of cultivation. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 277 


Hoppock Yellow. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 12:164. 1886. 

This variety originated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, from seed sown by Cornelius 
Hoppock. Fruit of medium size, cordate, sweet; very productive. 

Hoskins. P. avium. 1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Ibid. 292, Pl. VI. 1803. 
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1895. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 

Hoskins originated with C. E. Hoskins,’ Newberg, Oregon, about 1880, as a seedling 
of Napoleon. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading; fruit large, roundish-cordate 
suture a line; stem short, set in a roundish cavity; color dull purplish-red; flesh purple, 
fibrous, firm, sprightly, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season. 

Hovey. P. avium. 1. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:25, 26, Pl. 1851. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:405, 406 
fig. 27. 1853. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 

Hovey originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Massachusetts, being selected from 
a bed of seedlings in 1839; first fruited in 1848. For a time it was considered a cherry 
of considerable value but at present it is but little known. Tree very vigorous, upright, 
spreading, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem short, rather stout; skin rich 
amber mottled with brilliant red; flesh pale amber, rather firm but tender, sprightly 
becoming sweet; very good in quality; stone slightly adherent to the pulp, small, oval. 
Hoy. P. avium. 1. Chase Cat. 12. 1909. 2. Ibid. Pl. 1910. 

A new cherry recently found in one of the suburbs of Philadelphia and introduced 
in 1909 by the Chase Nursery Company, Geneva, New York, as a very valuable Sweet 
Cherry. As grown at the Geneva Station it is smaller and no better than Napoleon. 
Tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, unproductive on the Station grounds. Fruit large, roundish- 
cordate, slightly flattened, with irregular surfaces; cavity deep; suture a line; stem of 
medium thickness and length, adhering to the fruit; skin rather thin, of medium toughness, 
adhering to the pulp, amber covered with light red, sometimes spotted; flesh whitish, 
juicy, stringy, tender, somewhat meaty, crisp, sprightly, sweet; quality good; stone cling- 
ing, roundish, plump; ripens in mid-season. 


1 Oregon has given to pomology two notable breeders of cherries, Seth Lewelling and C. E. Hoskins, 
the subject of this sketch. Cyrus Edwin Hoskins was born on a farm in Clinton County, Ohio, July 3, 
1842, and there he grew to manhood. Almost at the first call for men to defend the Union in the Civil 
War, Mr. Hoskins responded and joined the 13th Ohio regiment, serving until the close of the war. 
Returning to Ohio, he gave attention to fruit culture, testing many varieties of several fruits and producing 
some new grapes and berries. In 1877 Mr. Hoskins moved to Newberg, Yamhill County, Oregon, settling 
on new land and thus becoming a pioneer in the Northwest. His first pomological venture in Oregon 
was in growing prunes, his orchard of this fruit being one of the first, and he is credited with having built 
one of the first evaporators for the curing of prunes in America. . For some years he maintained his prune 
ranch and evaporator, developing a product that gave him the highest reputation in prune markets and 
made him one of the leading authorities on this fruit in the United States. Early in his orchard work 
in Oregon Mr. Hoskins began to produce new varieties of cherries and soon offered for sale a number of 
promising seedlings of which Vesta, Lake, Occident, Stryker and Hoskins were most worthy. Unfortu- 
nately, ill health in the family compelled Mr. Hoskins to move from Yamhill County, to which place, after 
having spent several years in Jackson County, Oregon, and in the Hawaiian Islands, he returned with the 
expectation of taking up his work in breeding cherries and prunes, but his death, August 18, 1908, occurred 
before his work had been again well begun. The Pacific Northwest owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Hoskins 
for the spendid part he played in developing the fruit industry of that region and pomologists the country 
over owe him much for his labors in breeding cherries. 


278 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Hubbard. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 437. 18098. 

Hubbard is a variety of the Morello class grown about Villa Ridge, Illinois. Tree 
dwarfish, drooping, bears early, productive; fruit large, cordate, nearly black; precedes 
Early Richmond. 

Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 
302. 1884. 

Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. 4. Rea Flora 

+ 2906. 1676. 

Although there seems to be a discrepancy in the size of the cherry mentioned by 
Parkinson and Rea and the one described by Hogg, all three writers undoubtedly referred 
to the same sort. While the first two references describe the variety as exceptionally 
large no definite statements are made, thus giving strength to the following description 
made by Hogg many years later. Tree productive; fruit rather below medium in size, 
obtuse-cordate; skin amber, mottled with red on the sunny side; flesh white, half-tender, 
mildly sweet; quality fair; stone large, ovate; ripens in July. 

Hyde Late Black. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849. 2. Downing Fr. Trees 
Am. 262. 1857. 

This variety originated with T. & G. Hyde, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree strong 
in growth, productive; fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh half- 
firm, melting, juicy; resembles Eagle but is later. 

Hyde Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
175. 1845. 

Hyde's Seedling. 3. Cole Am. Fr. Book 232. 1849. 

Another seedling from T. & G. Hyde, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, hardy, 
spreading, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate; stem short; skin pale yellow, becoming 
lively red; flesh tender, with a pleasant sprightliness, juicy; season early July. 

Imperial Morello. P- cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 279. 1857. 

Poitou griotie. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832. 

Imperial. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 209. 1854. 

Griotte Impériale. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 195. 1876. 5. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 

17:9. 1892. 

Griotte a Courte Queue. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:284 fig., 285. 1877. 

Guindoux du Poitou. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:113, 114, fig. 57. 1882. 

Kaiserliche Weichsel. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 18809. 

An old variety recently introduced into the Northwest where it has proved very hardy. 
Tree small, low-headed, productive, bears early; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval; 
stem very short, shallowly inserted; skin very dark red; flesh tender, juicy, pleasantly 
acid when ripe; pit small, long, pointed; ripens the middle of July. 

Incomparable en Beauté. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Intorka. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 667. 1897. 

Intorka is an importation from Russia. Fruit of medium size, round, yellow and 
red; flesh firm, yellowish, subacid. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 279 


Jaune de Prusse. P. avium. 1. McIntosh Bk. Gard. 2:544. 1855. 2. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 466. 1869. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:93, 94, fig. 47. 1882. 

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, obtuse-cordate; stem long, slender, inserted 
in a narrow cavity; skin firm, light yellow, translucent; flesh yellowish-white, tender, 
juicy, sweet but slightly bitter before it is fully ripe; pit large for the size of the fruit; 
ripens after Downer. 

Jean Arendsen. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:37. 1771. 

According to Knoop, it closely resembles the round Pragische Muskateller in both 
form and color but is not as good in quality. 

Jenkin Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 

Mentioned without description. 

Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:153, 154. 1882. 

Flowers and leaves only are described. 

Jerusalemskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kurschensort. 557-561. 18109. 

Spdte Konigliche Weichsel. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 19 fig. 2. 1792. 

3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 561-563. 1819. 

Spate grosse kénigliche Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 

Pyramidenkirsche. 5. Christ Worierb. 291. 1802. 

Pyramidenweichsel. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 529-531. 18109. 

The origin of this old variety is unknown but it was chiefly grown in Germany. Tree 
unproductive; fruit large, oval, with a shallow suture; stem long, set in a shallow cavity; 
skin dark red, changing to black, glossy; flesh moderately firm, juicy, pleasing subacid; 
pit large, walnut-shaped, clinging; ripens the last of July in Germany. 

Jocosot. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168, 404. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 197 
fig. 1854. 

Jockotos. 3. Hooper W. Fr. Book 270. 1857. 

Jocosot was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit 
of the Yellow Spanish and named after an Indian chief. Tree thrifty, round-topped, 
productive; fruit large, regular, obtuse-cordate, indented at the apex, sides compressed; 
suture broad; stem long, set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, of a dark-liver color, 
almost black; flesh tender, with indistinct radiating lines, juicy, sweet; pit below medium 
in size, smooth; ripens the last of June. 

Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:22. 
1858. 

Fruit small, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; 
skin black; flesh rather firm, sweet, juicy, colored; pit oval, clinging; ripens the middle 
of July to the middle of August. 

June Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:72. 
1903. 

Cerisier juniat. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 649, 650, 691. 1819. 

Junius Amarelle. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:70. 1858. 

Juniat Amarelle. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 6. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 

1888. 7. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:243. 1898-99. 

June Morello. 8. Ia. Sta. Bul. 197548. 1892. 


280 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Truchsess refers to this cherry as having been described by Sickler in 1805. Budd, 
in his importations of 1883, from Russia, included this variety. Tree of medium size, 
vigorous, rather unproductive; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; stem stout, 
of medium length; suture indistinct; skin thin, rather tough, separating readily from the 
pulp, light red; flesh firm, meaty, yellowish, juicy; flavor subacid; quality fair; stone of 
medium size, somewhat round; season that of Early Richmond which it resembles in size, 
flavor and color. 

June Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Hooper W. Fr. Book 269. 1857. 

Shippen. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 248. 1817. 

A tart variety similar to May Duke, known about Philadelphia as Shippen and 
Wetherill. Tree vigorous; fruit large and pleasing; ripens late in June. 

Justinische Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 523, 524. 1819. 

Justinische Amarelle. 3. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 

This variety is separated from other Sour Cherries ripening with it, through its firm 
flesh, its straight, shallowly set stem and its astringent, sour flavor. Fruit of medium 
size, roundish, sides broadly compressed; stem of medium length, rather stout; suture 
shallow; skin tough, brownish-red; flesh dark red, with clear red juice. 

Kamdesa. P. pumila X P. persica. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 

Noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Opulent peach. 
“The blossoms show a tendency to double.” 

Kappenblattrige Siissweichsel. P. avium xX P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 
3:47. 1858. 

Distinguished from May Duke through its smaller fruit and rolled leaves. 

Kassin Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Lauche Ergdnzungsband 601. 1883. 2. Can. 
Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:60. 1900. 

Kassin, a vineyardist, in Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, raised this sort from 
seed. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; stem of 
medium length, thick, set in a small cavity; skin dark brown changing to reddish-black, 
dotted; flesh dark, juicy, sweet; excellent; stone roundish-oval; ripens the first week of 
the season. 

Katie. (P. avium X P. cerasus) X P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86 fig. 1869. 

Katie is a seedling of Louis Philippe crossed with a Mazzard. The tree has the 
Mazzard habit of growth, yet produces fruit resembling May Duke in form and size but 
deeper in color; flesh tender; matures with Downer. 

Kaufmann. P cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 345. 1906. 

Kaufmann is a stray seedling of English Morello from Minnesota. It is larger and 
a little longer in stem than the supposed parent and ripens with the last of the Early 
Richmond. 

Kazan Seedling. Species? 1. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:240. 1898-99. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Kelly. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 253. 1903. 
A Sweet Cherry from Berrien County, Michigan. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 281 


Kennicott. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 210 fig. 1854. 

Kennicott was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland and named by Elliott after Dr. 
J. A. Kennicott of Northfield, Illinois. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive; 
fruit large, oval-cordate, compressed; suture shallow; stem short, inserted in an irregular 
cavity; skin amber-yellow, mottled with bright, clear, glossy red; flesh yellowish-white, 
firm, juicy, sweet; pit below medium in size, smooth; ripens about the middle of July. 
Kentish Drier. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

A medium-sized, red cherry of first quality used for culinary purposes; ripening in 
July. Confused by some with Early Richmond. 

Kentish Preserve. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Keokuk. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 210 fig. 
1854. 

Keokuk is another seedling raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from 
a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May 
Duke. Tree vigorous, strong; fruit large, cordate; stem stout; skin dark purplish-black; 
flesh half-tender, purple, rather coarse; deficient in flavor; pit of medium size; season 
early in July. 

Kesterter Frith Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 364. 1889. 

Listed in the reference given. 

King George the Second. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 6. 1817. 2. Brook- 
shaw Hort. Reposit. 1:3, Pl. II fig. 1. 1823. 

This variety is distinguished from other black cherries by its uneven surface. Fruit 
large, with a rich, sweet flavor; ripens the first of June and hangs for six weeks. 

King Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 
and Ser. 3:60. 1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:277. 1903. 

King Morello is another of Budd’s importations from Russia. Tree very hardy, 
moderate in growth; fruit large, oblate; stem variable; skin dark red; flesh yellowish- 
white, firm, sprightly, juicy, good; pit very small; ripens with Early Richmond. 

Kirsche von Basel. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 19 fig., 20. 1867. 

Jahn, in his Handbuch, calls attention to the error in calling this variety Bigarreau 
Hatif de Bale as it is not a Bigarreau but a variegated Heart. Fruit compressed unevenly 
giving it a cordate appearance, small; suture shallow; apex slightly depressed; stem long, 
slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin thin, bright yellow washed with pale red, mottled 
and streaked; flesh pale yellow, soft, with abundant, uncolored juice, pleasing but not 
high in quality; stone large, roundish, slightly pointed; ripens the middle of July. 
Kirchheimer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 290. 1802. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 

IQOI. 

Kirchheimer Weichsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 580-583. 1819. 4. Til. 
Handb. 85 fig., 86. 1867. 

This old cherry is from Kirchheim, Erfurt, Prussia, Germany. It is propagated 
by root cuttings and is used for wine and for canning. It is mentioned as growing in 
British Columbia but is otherwise not spoken of by American writers. Tree large, vigorous, 


282 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


drooping; fruit of medium size, round; suture a line; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; 
skin thin, glossy, almost black when ripe; flesh mild subacid, pleasing, juicy; stone small, 
oval, turgid; ripens at the end of July. 

Kirtland Morello. P-. cerasus. 1. Horticulturist 22:292, 293 fig. 1867. 

Kirtland’s Large Morello. 2. Horticulturist N.S. 3:123. 1853. 

Large Morello. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 210. 1854. 

A seedling originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio; it thrives in sections 
of the south and west where Sweet Cherries are generally unsuccessful. Tree vigorous, 
spreading; fruit uniformly distributed, borne in pairs, large, uniform, roundish; stem 
short; cavity round, narrow; skin glossy, dark red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; high quality; 
pit small; ripens early in July. 

Kleindienst Braune Knorpel. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1880. 

Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:184, 185 fig. 1877. 

Leroy, in 1866, stated that this variety was raised from seed by M. Kleindienst, 
a vineyardist at Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree moderately productive; fruit usually 
borne in pairs, large, cordate, flattened; stem long, moderately stout; skin vivid red, 
changing from grayish-red to almost black; flesh of a whitish-rose color, firm, filamentose, 
juicy, sugary, acidulated, aromatic; first quality; pit large, ovoid; ripens the last of June. 
Kleine Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 644-646. 1810. 

Truchsess states that this variety was described by Bittner in 1797, as Kleine Glas- 
kirsche but that it belongs to the Amarelles. Tree productive; fruit small, globular, pale 
reddish-yellow; flesh melting, watery; ripens the middle of July. 

Kleine Bunte Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 248-251. 1819. 

Bigarreau a petit fruit rouge hatif. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:166, 167. 1768. 

3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 47. 1831. 

Bigarreautier a petit fruit rouge. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 308-310. 18109. 

Bigarreau rouge hatif (petit). 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:243 fig., 244. 1877. 

Petit Bigarreau Hatif? 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:105, 106, fig. 53. 1882. 

Fruit of medium size, usually attached in pairs, irregular, cordate, flattened on both 
faces; stem long, slender; skin almost wholly red, occasionally showing streaks of yellow; 
flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, aromatic; pit of medium size, ovoid; ripens about the middle 
of June. 

Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 219-222. 1819. 

Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:28. 1858. 

Fruit small, nearly round, sides compressed; suture distinct; stem long, slender, 
deeply inserted; skin dull blood-red, with yellow spots; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, 
honey sweet; stone small; ripens at the end of June. 

Kleine Friihe Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 650-652. 18109. 

Fruit small, round, flattened; stem short; suture a line; skin clear red, transparent, 
tender; flesh tender, pleasant subacid; stone small, adhering more to the stem than to 
the flesh; ripens the last half of July. 

Kleine Natte. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889. 

Listed in the reference given. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 283 


Kleine Nonnenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 585-588. 1819. 
2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:65, 66. 1858. 

This variety is a seedling of the common wild Sour Cherry. The fruit is the smallest 
of the Sour Cherries and resembles the black Bird cherries but has a shorter stem. ‘Tree 
of medium size, drooping; fruit very small, oblate; stem short, shallowly inserted; skin 
glossy, black, thin but tough; flesh firm, tender, juicy, with a peculiar sourness; stone small, 
round, adhering to the flesh more than to the stem, stained violet; ripens early in August 
continuing for three weeks. 

Kleine Schwarze Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 155, 
156. 1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:20. 1858. 

No doubt this variety, the Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, and the Black Heart greatly 
resemble each other and some writers combine them. 

Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb 275. 1802. 2. Truchsess- 
Heim Kuirschensort. 148, 149. 1819. 

Mayer's kleine schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858. 

This variety is distinguished from the Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche only through 
its size and later ripening; fruit regular, cordate, somewhat flattened; skin brownish-black; 
flesh soft, tender; ripens the latter part of July. 

Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 277. 1802. 2. Truch- 
sess-Heim Kirschensort. 195-197, 674. 1819. 

Distinguished from others of its class through its smallness and firmness. Fruit 
small, variable, flattened at the ends; suture often lacking; skin very dark brown; flesh 
firm, dark red, juicy, not unpleasant but not excellent; stone small; ripens early in August; 
productive. 

Kleine Weisse Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 256-258. 
1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 

Described as one of the first to ripen. Fruit of medium size, oblate, compressed; 
stem long, inserted in a shallow basin; skin tough, yellowish-white, shaded with red; flesh 
tender, juicy, sweet; ripens early in June. 

Kleiner Friiher May Herzkirschbaum. P. avium. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:1, Tab. 2 
fig. 1. 1792. 

Distinguished from the Grosser Frither Mai-Herzkirschbaum by its inferior size and 
lighter flesh and juice; ripens at the end of May. 
Knapp. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 18809. 

This cherry is a seedling from George Knapp, Lafayette, Oregon; introduced by 
E. R. Poppleton, 1885; fruit of medium size, round, black. 

Knight Late Black. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 2. Mag. Hort. 9:204. 
1843. 

Bigarreau-noir de Knight. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 

Fruit large, black, obtuse-cordate, firm; second quality; ripens at the end of July. 
Knudson. P. avium X P. cerasus. 

According to a letter from the Utah Experiment Station, this variety was discovered 
by William O. Knudson, Brigham City, Utah, in 1896. Although similar to Late Duke, 


284 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


further testing may prove it distinct. Tree bears early, hardy; fruit medium to large, 

bright scarlet; ripens over a long period; used for pies and canning. 

Knyasnaia Sjevera. P. cerasus X P. avium. 1. S. P.I. Bul. 72:519. 1912. 2. Ibid. 
732536 Pl. 1912. 

This is a large-fruited cherry, originated in 1888 by the Russian plant-breeder, I. V 
Mijurin, at Kozlov, Central Russia, and named ‘‘ Knyasnaia Sjevera,” meaning ‘‘ Queen of 
the North.” The United States Department of Agriculture introduced it into this country 
under the number 32674. It is claimed to be a hybrid between an early Vladimir and a 
variety of Sweet Cherry called “White Winkler.’ It possesses excellent shipping and 
keeping qualities. This cherry has stood the severe winters of Central Russia very well 
and may be expected to thrive in parts of the Middle West and where the climate is more 
or less semi-arid. Tree vigorous, upright, with few side branches; trunk smooth and 
clean; fruit large, pale red, with a fresh sour-sweet flavor; ripening about the end of 
June. 

Koch Spiate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:38. 
1858. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 365. 1889. 

Originated about 1851. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture shallow; stem medium 
long, shallowly inserted; skin glossy, black; flesh firm, piquant; quality high; stone 
small, roundish-oval; ripens at the end of August. 

Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 

Kochs verbesserte Ostheimer Weichsel. 2. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 122. 1910. 

A strong-growing, productive variety, said to exceed its parent, Ostheim, in size, color, 
and flavor. 

Koeper. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 341. 1893. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Kolaki. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:20, 30, fig. 15. 1882. 

According to Oberdieck, this variety is of Bohemian origin. Fruit of medium size, 
cordate, slightly elongated; apex obtuse; suture distinct; stem medium long, slender, set 
in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, transparent, yellow in the sun, purplish 
in the shade; flesh tinged yellow, tender, juicy, somewhat sugary; first quality; pit small, 
oval, flattened at the base, obtuse at the apex; ripens the first of June. 

Korkovanyer Kirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 

Listed but not described. 

Koslov. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:278. 1903. 

Koslov bush Morello. 2. Can. Hort. 123216, fig. 58, 218. 1889. 

Koslov-Morello. 3. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:128. 1900. 

The Koslov cherries are seedlings, not a single variety. A number of seedlings were 
imported by the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association in 1889, from Koslov, Crimea, Russia, 
where they were grown by Russian peasants, being propagated from pits. The trees are 
low, bush-shaped, slow in coming into bearing and most of the fruit is worthless. The 
one most grown is moderately large, roundish, pointed at the apex; suture barely traceable; 
stem long, set in a slight depression; skin dark red, turning black; flesh dark red, tender, 
juicy, acid; ripens from the last of July to the last of August. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 285 


Kostelnice. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:19, 20, fig. 10. 1882. 

Originated in Neustadt, Prussia, Germany. Tree moderately vigorous; fruit medium 
to below in size, obtuse-cordate; stem short, set in a straight, rather deep cavity; skin 
tough, vivid purple changing to almost black; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, agreeably acid- 
ulated; good; stone very small, ovoid, turgid; ripens early in June. 

Kostelniti. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Kriek van den Broek. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 165, 166. 1819. 

This variety, coming to Truchsess in 1808, from Holland, was confused with several 
others received at the same time. 

Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche. Species? 1. Obstzichter 8:52. 1910. 

An intensely black, large, late cherry which is valued for market because of its color. 
Kronberger Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 274. 1802. 

Kronkirsche. 2. Christ Handb. 663. 1797. 

Kronberg Black Heart. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kzurschensort. 124-126. 1819. 4. Mag. 

Hort. 9:203. 1843. 

Kronberger Herzkirsche. 5. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 48. 1831. 

Wildling von Kronberg. 6. Ill. Handb. 29 fig., 30. 1867. 

Bigarreau de Kronberg. '7. Guide Prat. 15, 182. 1895. 

According to German pomologists, this variety was raised from seed at Kronberg, 
Prussia, Germany. Tree productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, sides unevenly 
compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin tough, glossy, 
black when mature, lighter along the suture; flesh firmer than others of its class, dark red, 
aromatic, sweet; pit broadly cordate, somewhat adherent; ripens at the end of June. 
Kronprinz von Hannover. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 479 fig., 480. 1861. 

Prince Royal du Hanovre. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 

Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:232 fig. 1877. 

Prince de Hanovre. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:43, 44, fig. 22. 1882. 

Grown by M. Lieke, a nurseryman at Hildesheim, Prussia, Germany, fruiting for the 
first time in 1854. Tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit large, usually attached in 
pairs, roundish to pointed-cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender, inserted in a rather 
deep cavity; skin rather tender, glossy, yellowish, streaked and mottled with red; flesh 
firm, yellowish, juicy, pleasingly acidulated; pit medium large, ovate, plump; ripens early 
in June. 

Kriiger Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 67 fig., 68. 1860. 

Kriigers schwarze Herzkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 161, 162. 18109. 

Kriigers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 52. 1831. 

Guigne de Kruger. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 18,198. 1876. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:77, 

78, fig. 39. 1882. 

This cherry was first heard of at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in 1810. It is distin- 
guished from Eagle in being larger, shorter stemmed, lighter in color, and less tender in 
flesh. Tree vigorous, productive, upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, oblate; suture 
shallow; stem medium long, rather deeply inserted; skin dark brown or black; flesh dark 


286 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


red, juicy, vinous, tender, yet often firm; stone small, roundish-oval, plump, adhering 
slightly to the flesh on one side; ripens about the middle of July. 
La Nappe. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 
Listed in this reference. 
Lacure (Large). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 16209. 

“The great Lacure or Hart Cherrie differeth not in forme, but in greatnesse, being 
usually twice as great as the former [Lacure (Small)], and of a reddish blacke colour also: 
both of them are of a firme substance, and reasonable sweete. Some doe call the white 
cherrie, the White hart cherrie.”’ 

Lacure (Small). P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 

“The smaller Lacure or Hart Cherrie is a reasonable faire Cherrie, full above, and a 
little pointing downward, after the fashion of a heart, as it is usually pointed, blackish 
when it is full ripe, and lesser than the next ” [Lacure (Large)]. 

Ladé Late. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:60. 1900. 

Von Lade’s Spate Knorpelkirsche. 2. Lauche Ergdnzungsband 605. 1883. 

Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé. 3. Guide Prat. 15, 184. 1895. 

A German variety probably raised from seed by M. Ladé. Fruit of medium size, 
long, cordate, compressed at the stem, roundish at the apex; suture indistinct; stem long, 
thin, slightly curved; cavity shallow; skin yellowish overspread with glossy light red, 
darker in the sun, faintly streaked; flesh firm, yellowish, sweet, vinous; excellent; stone 
long, oval; ripens in September lasting a month; productive. 

Lady of the Lake. P. avium. 1. Country Gent. 28:398. 1866-67. 2. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 467. 1869. 

Lady of the Lake is a seedling from Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, 
upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-obtuse-conic, compressed, 
with a shallow suture; stem medium, inserted in a deep cavity; skin light yellow, shaded 
and mottled with bright crimson; flesh half-tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; season 
according to the climate, early May to late June. 

Lady Southampton. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 85. 1866. 
Lady Southampton’s Yellow. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 3. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 187. 1845. 

According to the reference, this is an almost worthless yellow Bigarreau. Fruit of 
medium size, heart-shaped; skin yellow; flesh pale, firm, rather dry, with uncolored juice, 
season the middle of July. 

Laeder Kirsebaer. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 

Mentioned but not described. 

Lake. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1909. 

Lake was named in honor of Professor E. R. Lake, then of the Oregon Agricultural 
College, by the originator, C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. The tree came into bearing 
about 1892 and is reported in the American Pomological Society’s fruit list of 1909 as 
succeeding well in the northwest. Fruit large, sweet, and very good. 

Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Listed in the reference given. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 287 


Lamaurie. P avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177231. 1899. 
Early Lamaurie. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 461. 1869. 3. Wickson Cal. Fruits 
286, 291. 1880. 

The chief asset of this variety is its earliness for which it is cultivated in England, 
France and America. The parentage and originator are unknown. ‘Tree of medium vigor 
and productiveness; fruit large, roundish-cordate, compressed; stem slender; skin thin, 
moderately tough; color dark reddish-purple; flesh dark red, juicy, stringy, tender, mild, 
sweet; of very good quality; season very early. 

Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 204, 
205, 676. 1819. 
Lampers Knorpel- Kirsche. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 
Bigarreau noir de Lampé. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 4. Thomas Guide 
Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:226 fig., 227, 352. 1877. 

A German cherry raised from seed at Guben, Prussia, Germany, in 1810, and named 
for its originator. Fruit above medium in size, attached in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; 
stem slender, set in a wide, shallow cavity; skin thin, rather dark reddish-brown; flesh 
dark red, rather firm, juicy, sugary, wine-like; second quality; pit large, oval; ripens early 
in June. 

Lancaster. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881. 2. Del. Sta. 
An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900. 

Lancaster is an accidental seedling on the grounds of Daniel Smeych, Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, more open and spreading than Early Richmond; 
fruit medium large, heart-shaped to oblate, slightly roundish; cavity deep, broad; stem 
long, slender; suture very slight; apex small; skin light red, very thin, tender; flesh white, 
moderately soft, juicy, sweet with a sprightly flavor; stone roundish, slightly ovate, par- 
tially free; season June. 

Langsurer Prachtweichsel. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Large Black Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

A medium-sized, firm, black Heart cherry of poor quality, ripening early in July. 
Large Double Flowering. P.aviwm. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 2. Prince Pom. 

Man. 2:111. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 199. 1845. 

Merisziere. 4. Rea Flora 20. 1676. 

Merise a Fleur Double. 5. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:157. 1768. 6. Lond. Hort. 
Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 

Kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefullter Blithe. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:4, Tab. 8. 
1792. 

Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefullter Blithe. 8. Christ Handb. 668. 1797. 

Stisskirschenbaum mit ganz gefullter Blite. 9. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 363-370. 
1819. 

Gefillibliihende Stisskirsche. 10. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:18. 1858. 

This variety in growth and foliage resembles the Mazzard and Black Heart and not 
the common double-flowering cherry with its small tree and small, pointed leaves. The 


288 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


flowers which appear at the usual season are produced in the most showy profusion being 
from one to one and one-half inches in diameter; they are composed of about forty white 
petals disposed in the form of a rose, with about thirty stamens and a large, abortive pistil. 
The numerous double flowers, resembling clusters of small, white roses, make the tree a 
very useful ornamental. 
Large Griotte. P.cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:148. 1832. 

Large Griotte resembles Griotte Commune but is larger and earlier; skin glossy 
black; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, pleasing. 
Large Guindolle. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:149, 150. 1832. 

Leaves are deeply indented, double-toothed; fruit large, flattened at the ends, pale 
red; flesh white, melting, juicy; ripens at the end of June or beginning of July. 

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:129. 1832. 2. 
Elliott Fr. Book 199 fig. 1854. 

Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831. 

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. 4. Ibid. 46. 1831. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 453. 18609. 

Monstrous Heart. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 78, 87. 1866. 

A variety of French origin which was never extensively grown in America. Tree 
strong, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate; suture often raised; stem vari- 
able, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark, glossy red, nearly black, surface uneven; flesh 
firm but tender, reddish, pleasant, moderately juicy; good in quality; stone large, oval; 
ripens the first of July. 

Large Late Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:128, 129. 1832. 

Bigarreau a gros Fruit Rouge Tardif. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 46. 1831. 

The fruit is somewhat smaller and much later in maturity than that of the Large 
Red Bigarreau. The color is dark red on the shaded side and on the other a brownish-red, 
almost black which has given it the name Black Bigarreau; flesh firm, juicy and of 
excellent flavor. 

Large Spanish. Species? 1. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Laroses Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 177 fig., 178. 1860. 

Larose. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:352 fig., 353. 1877. 

This cherry was raised from seed in 1826 by M. Larose, of Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. 
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate; sides com- 
pressed; suture shallow; stem medium in length, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, 
tough, mottled with pale red becoming darker; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly fibrous, 
juicy, mildly acid; pit rather large, plump, oval, flattened at the base; ripens the last of 
July. 

Late Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:124. 1847-48. 2. Cole Am. Fr. Book 
235. 1849. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 199. 1854. 

Late Bigarreau was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Tree vigorous, round-topped, very productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, occasionally 
somewhat angular; stem long; skin attractive yellow, occasionally nearly overspread with 
crimson-red, delicately blotched or mottled; flesh yellowish, with distinct radiating lines, 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 289 


juicy, firm, crisp, sweet, pleasant; very good in quality; stone rather small, roundish; 

season late, the same as Downer. 

Late Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:130. 1832. 2. Mortillet Le 
Cerister 2:112 fig. 25, 113, 114. 1866. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 338. 1889. 

This variety differs from Black Bigarreau in being smaller, less heart-shaped, and 
in ripening later. It was first known as Bigarreau Noir Tardif but Prince, in 1832, at 
which time he possibly brought it to America, translated the name into English and called 
it Late Black Bigarreau under which name it is now known in English and American 
pomologies. Tree large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; suture 
indistinct; color dark brownish-red changing to glossy black; flesh purplish-red, with 
abundant, highly colored juice, very firm, crisp, sweet yet sprightly, aromatic; quality 
good; ripens in mid-season or later. 

Late Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

According to the reference, this is a small, black Heart of poor quality ripening early 
in July. 

Late Large Black Griotte. P.cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145, 146. 1832. 

Worthy of consideration because of its beauty and lateness, often remaining on the 
tree until October. Tree of medium size; branches numerous, slender; fruit large, roundish; 
stem very long; skin dark red, nearly black; flesh red, very acid and bitter, somewhat 
milder at maturity. 

Late Purple Guigne. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 85. 1866. 2. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 468. 1869. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 
A large, dark red, German variety ripening the latter part of July; flesh firm, juicy, 


agreeable. 
Late Richmond. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:111. 1900. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 
73°73. 1903. 


The origin of this variety is uncertain but it seems to have been grown in the Middle 
West about forty years ago. It is supposed to bea seedling of Early Richmond differing 
from its parent in ripening later, being of better quality, and more upright in growth. 
Fruit round, conical; stem thick, moderately long; cavity shallow, broad; skin thin; flesh 
tender, with abundant, colorless juice, acid; quality good; ripens a week or ten days later 
than Early Richmond; unproductive. 

Late Ripe. P.cerasus. 1. Gerarde Herball 1504, 1505, fig. 5. 1636. 

According to Gerarde, this cherry is similar to the wild English cherry in branches 
and foliage but the flowers are often doubled; fruit small, round, dark red, often dried 
with the stems on; used by physicians. 

Late White Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:113. 1832. 
Fruit nearly round, with a deep suture; skin whitish or very pale amber, tinged with 
light red; flesh firm, agreeable; ripens in France in September. 
Latham. Species? 1. Ont. Sta. An. Rpt. 3:45. 18096. 
Listed as having been grown at the Simcoe Station. 
Laura. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 1869. 
Laura originated with Charles Pease, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree spreading, upright, 
19 


290 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, globular, often one-sided; stem medium, 

inserted in a shallow depression; skin pale yellow, largely overspread with rich, bright 

red; flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, half-tender; pit medium to small; ripens early in June 

and hangs well. 

Leather Stocking. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Pr. Book 
211, 212. 1854. 

Leather Stocking was grown by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, 
from a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, hardy, moderately productive; fruit large, 
heart-shaped, often obtuse; skin faint red becoming a rich reddish-black when fully ripe, 
with irregular stripes and blotches of black; cavity deep, open; flesh firm, tinged with 
red, sweet, fair; pit of medium size; season the last of July. 

Leib. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 14:28. 1872. 2. Horticulturist 29:256. 1874. 3. 
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 188r. 

This variety was brought from Germany about 1850 and planted in the garden of 
a Mr. Leib, Galena, Illinois. It resembles Early Richmond and was claimed to be very 
productive and hardy at the time of its introduction; it has not been widely disseminated. 
Tree hardy, healthy, upright in growth, bearing abundantly; fruit of a crimson color, 
sweet; quality good; season the end of June, following Early Richmond. 

Leitzkauer. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wérterb. 287. 1802. 

Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche. 2. Kranitz Enc. 73,74. 1790. 

Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 567-569. 1819. 

No doubt the name of this cherry arises from the cloister, Leitzkau, in Magdeburg, 
Prussia, Germany, where it is widely planted. It is propagated by root cuttings and if 
not pruned, grows tall, weak and drooping. Fruit medium to small, roundish; stem long; 
skin dark brown to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, sour; stone small, red; ripens in August; 
of little value. 

Lemercier. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Hort. Reg. (Am.) 1:343, 344. 1835. 2. Mag. 
Hort. 13:399 fig., 400. 1847. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 85. 1866. 4. Thomas Guide 
Prat. 25. 1876. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:353, 354 fig. 1877. 

Friuhe Lemercier. 6. Ill. Handb. 157 fig., 158. 1860. 

Discovered by M. Lemercier in Brabant, Belgium, about 1830; introduced into Paris 
in 1835 and into America in 1842. It resembles Late Duke with which it ripens. Fruit 
large, obtuse-cordate; suture shallow; stem long, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin 
glossy, transparent, mottled with red; flesh yellowish before ripe, becoming red, firm but 
melting, juicy, slightly acidulated, with a peculiar fragrance; stone rather large, roundish, 
truncate at the base, slightly clinging; ripens the last of July. 

Léopold (II). Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1889. 

Mentioned but not described. 

Leopoldskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 564-566. 1819. 

Griotte de Léopold. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 195. 1876. 

This variety was received by Truchsess in 1796 from Pastor Winter as Brusseler 
Bruyn by which name it was called by a few German pomologists. It should not be con- 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 29I 


fused with the present Brusseler Braune. Fruit large, almost round, compressed on one 
side; skin dark brown changing to nearly black; flesh dark red, juicy, melting, mild when 
mature; stone almost round; ripens toward the end of July. The drooping branches, 
the small, sour cherry leaves which turn yellow and drop and the sweetness in flavor sepa- 
rate it from the Grosse Morelle. 

Leschken (Leschke’s) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 

367. 1889. 
Mentioned in the reference given. 

Lethe. P. avium. 1. U.S. D.A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895. 

Lethe was grown by C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit of the Bigarreau 
type, large, heart-shaped, surface smooth, glossy; cavity medium in size and depth, irreg- 
ular, flaring, marked by irregular waves; suture shallow; stem very long, slender, curved; 
skin thin, tenacious, purplish-black; dots minute, indented; flesh very dark purplish-red, 
firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet; quality good; pit large, oval, semi-clinging; 
ripens the last of June in Oregon. 

Liefeld Braune. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367. 1880. 

Guigne brune de Liefeld. 2. Guide Prat. 6, 191. 1895. 

Tree of medium size, very vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, brownish, 
mottled; flesh red, sweet; of first quality; matures early in June. 

Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. awum. 1. Ill. Handb. 61 fig., 62. 1867. 2. Mathieu 
Nom. Pom. 367. 1889. 

Bigarreau Tardi de Lieke. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190. 1876. 

Originated with Herr Lieke of Hildesheim, Prussia, Germany, fruiting for the first 
time in 1851. The fruit is one of the latest to ripen; large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; 
stem long, slender, inserted in a rather wide, deep cavity; suture indistinct; skin glossy, 
tough, yellow, streaked and spotted with a mild red; flesh faintly yellow, firm, sweet with 
a pleasing sourness; stone small, oval; season late. 

Lincoln (I). P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 468. 18609. 

Lincoln is a vigorous, spreading variety, found near Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit large, 
oblong-cordate, pointed; suture broad, shallow; stem long; cavity deep; skin dark brown 
when ripe; flesh firm, veined and mottled with shades of red, juicy, sprightly, sweet, pleas- 
ant; pit above medium in size; season the first to the middle of July. 

Lincoln (II). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:20. 
IgIo. 

Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon, raised this variety in 1865 probably from a 
seed of Eagle. Tree large, spreading, with an open top, seriously affected with black 
aphis; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; skin very dark, thick, tough; stem short; 
flesh firm, deep red, juicy; good quality; pit small, round. 

Lindley. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854. 

Lindley was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland from seeds given him by M. Lindley, 
Euclid, Ohio. Tree vigorous, moderately prolific; fruit large, heart-shaped, surface 
uneven; skin dark purplish-red; flesh almost firm, tinged red, juicy, deficient in richness; 
season the first of July. 


292 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Lipp. P. avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 22279. 1903. 

Lipp Late Blood. 2. Green Cat. 29. 1906. 

Lipp originated in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, dark red or crimson; stem 
long; flesh and juice very dark, meaty; late. 

Litham. P. cerasus. 1. Stone & Wellington Cat. 33. 1907. 

This is a Russian cherry introduced by Stone & Wellington, Toronto, Ontario. Fruit 
of medium size; color red; flesh firm. 

Little Phil. Species? 1. Wyo. Sia. Bul. 34:129. 18097. 

Mentioned as not hardy in Wyoming. 

Logan. P.avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 200 fig. 1854. 
r. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 24, 201. 1876. 

Logan is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s cherries originating in 1842 from a pit 
of Yellow Spanish. Tree hardly healthy, somewhat spreading; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, 
with a shallow depression at the apex; stem variable, set in a deep cavity; skin purplish- 
black when ripe; flesh firm, dark red, with white, radiating lines, juicy, sweet, rich; pit 
above medium in size, oval; mid-season. 

Long Finger. Species? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. 

“The long finger Cherry is another small long red one, being long and round like a 
finger, whereof it took the name: a 
Look No Further. P. avium. 1. U.S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 294. 1853. 

This variety was introduced into this country in 1815, from the Royal Gardens of 
Luxembourg, Paris, by Samson V. S. Wilder of Bolton, Massachusetts. Said to be very 
productive, sweet, large and attractive. 

Lord Belhaven White Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 

Mentioned but not described. 

Lothaunner Erfurter. Species? 1. Mas Pom.Gen.11:161. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Lothkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschen- 
sort. 595-597. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:65. 1858. 

Fruit large, nearly round, flattened on one side; stem long; skin reddish-black; flesh 
very tender, red, sour; ripens the first of August. 
Louise. P. cerasus. 1. Chase Bros. Cat. 20. 1907. 

Louise was found about 1887 by the late Lewis Chase in the vicinity of Rochester, 
New York. Tree hardy, productive; fruit large, dark red, sour; ripens in June. 

Louisiana Iron Clad. P. cerasus. 1. La. Sta. Bul. 22:682. 1893. 2. Ibid. 112:11. 1908. 

This cherry originated in Louisiana about 1900 with A. K. Clingman. It is said to 
be the only cherry which will produce fruit in Louisiana; of the Morello type. 

Liéwener Friihkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 359. 1881. 

Frihe Englische Kirsche aus Lowen. 2. Ill. Handb. 79 fig., 80. 1867. 

Hative de Louvain. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 200. 1876. 

Lowener Friuhweichsel. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 

This variety probably originated in Belgium nearly half a century ago. Fruit variable 
in size, often large, sides and ends compressed giving it a square appearance; suture shallow; 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 293 


stem long, strongly inserted in a wide, regular, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, dark brown- 

ish-red; flesh dark red, tender, juicy, acidulated, refreshing; stone plump, almost round, 

base abrupt, with a slight depression; early. 

Lucien. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 228, 229. 1819. 2. Liegel Syst. 
Anlett. 157. 1825. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:79, 80, fig. 38. 1866-73. 4. Mathieu 
Nom. Pom. 367. 1889. 5. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. and Ser. 3:61. 1900. 

Guigne Lucien. 6. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 

This foreign variety is planted in Canada but is not known in the United States. 
It was found by Uellner in Liineburg, Prussia, about 1806. Leroy is of the opinion that 

‘this is the cherry he calls Guigne Carnée Winkler which came out a few years later as a 
seedling of Winkler from Guben, Prussia. 
Ludwig Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 86. 1866. 
Guigne Ludwig. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:326 
fig. 1877. 

Ludwig’s Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 367, 368. 1889. 

Ludwig is a seedling obtained by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, about 
1860. Fruit large, cordate, terminating in a sharp point; suture slightly indistinct; stem 
very long, slender, inserted in a wide cavity; skin glossy, bright red, paler on the shaded 
side; flesh pale yellow, tender, melting; pit small, roundish, plump; ripens the last of June. 
Lukeward. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Phillips Comp. Gard. 79. 

1831. 3- Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 106. 1846. 

Lukeward’s Heart. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:125. 1832. 

A variety supposed to have come from Italy which has long since passed from culti- 
vation. Fruit cordate, dark brown or nearly black; ripens early in August. 

Lundie Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2. Prince Pom. 
Man. 2:118. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 218. 1854. 

Lundie Guigne is an old English cherry first spoken of by Forsyth in 1803. Tree 
vigorous, large; fruit medium in size, roundish-elongated, dark purplish-black; flesh tender, 
juicy, subacid, pleasant; season July. 

McAdow. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 88 fig. 1869. 2. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1869. 

McAdow is supposed to be a cross between Black Tartarian and Elton, grown from 
seed by Dr. McAdow, Chillicothe, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive, bears early; fruit 
large, obtuse-cordate, compressed, without a suture; stem slender, deeply inserted; skin 
light, pale yellow, overspread and mottled indistinctly with light, clear red; flesh firm, 
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant but not rich; quality good; stone medium to large, oval. 
MacRoach. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Green-River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899. 

This cherry was found near Guthrie, Kentucky, on the farm of John MacRoach, 
where it has fruited for many years and is considered a very good cherry of the May Duke 
type. 

Madame Courtois. P. avium. 1. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870-71. 

Found by Bonamy, a nurseryman, in 1860, upon a farm belonging to the Chateau 
of Lamothe, near Puylaurens, Tarn, France. Tree productive; fruit large; skin clear 
red; flesh tinted with a rose color, sweet, very agreeable; ripens in June-July. 


294 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Madame Grégoire. P. avium. X P.cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 2. Guide 
Prat. 18. 1895. 

This variety is said in Guide Pratique, 1895, to be very similar to Reine Hortense. 
Madeleine. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26, 201. 1876. 

Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine). 2. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 12, Pl. 1846. 

Cerisier de la Madleine. 3. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:507. 1860. 

Amarelle de la Madleine. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:205. 1866. 

Madeleine is probably a late strain of the old Cerise Commune formerly extensively 
grown about Paris. Fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture a line; 
stem medium in length; skin clear red changing to brownish-red; flesh whitish, tender, 
acid; pit small; ripens the last of July; productive. 

Madison. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854. 
Madison Bigarreau. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 
367. 1840. 

Madison’s Bunte Herzkirsche. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 368. 1889. 

Madison is a seedling of the White Bigarreau, raised by Robert Manning, Salem, 
Massachusetts. Tree healthy, productive, moderate in growth, spreading; fruit of medium 
size, regular, heart-shaped; stem rather short, slender; skin heavily dotted and mottled 
with rich red on amber-yellow ground; flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with agreeable 
sprightliness; pit small, oval; season the last of June. 

Magann. P. avium. 1. New Haven Nur. Cat. 12. 1899-1900. 

Magann is a hardy, Sweet Cherry originating in Franklin County, Missouri; fruit 
large, nearly black, borne in large clusters. 

Magése. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:327 
fig. 1877. 

Magése was received by Leroy from Florence, Italy, about 1864. Fruit large, attached 
in twos and threes, obtuse-cordate; stem stout, short, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; 
skin yellow, washed with carmine; flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sugary, 
acidulated; first quality; stone small, round, plump; ripens the first of June. 

Magnifique de Daval. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:154. 1882. 2. Mathieu Nom. 
Pom. 368. 1889. 
The flowers and foliage are described by Mas in his Pomologie Générale. 
Magog. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892. 
Listed in the reference given. 
Mammoth. P. avium. 1. Ohio Pom. Soc. Rpt. 10:44. 1862. 
Kirtland’s Mammoth. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 198 fig. 1854. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:31, 
32, fig. 16. 1882. 

Mammuthkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 

Mammoth was raised, probably about 1842, by Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, 
Ohio, from a pit of a Yellow Spanish tree grown apart from other cherries. Tree large, 
vigorous, round-topped, usually unproductive; fruit of the largest size, often averaging 
three and one-half inches in circumference, obtuse-cordate, with a large, prominent suture; 
stem of medium thickness, long; skin moderately thick, attractive clear yellow, blushed 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 295 


or mottled with light red; flesh whitish, with abundant, uncolored juice, fine-grained, 
with distinct radiating lines, nearly tender, sweet yet almost sprightly; very good in 
quality; stone roundish-oval, regular; season early. 
Mammoth Oxheart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06. 

Listed, probably not propagated at present. 
Manger. Species? 1. Jil. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 211. 1896. 

Mentioned without a description. 

Manning Early Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:282. 1842. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 
218. 1854. 

This variety was grown from a pit of Black Heart by Robert Manning, Salem 
Massachusetts. It differs from the parent only in time of ripening, which is ten days 
earlier, and in form of tree, which is more spreading. 

Manning Early White Heart. P. avium. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 243. 1841. 

Still another seedling raised by Robert Manning, this one coming from a seed of White 
Turkey Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, cordate, pale red, amber in the sun, sweet, 
fine; ripens in June. 

Manning Late Black. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Cole Am. Fr. Book 
234. 1849. 

Manning Black Bigarreau. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 235. 1841. 

Black Bigarreau. 4. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:54. 1847. 

This is another of Robert Manning’s seedlings of the Black Heart. Tree vigorous, 
hardy, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate; skin deep purple, nearly black; 
stem long; flesh purplish-red, firm, rather juicy, sprightly, with a pleasant, luscious flavor; 
ripens the second week in July. 

Manning Mottled. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 176. 1845. 2. Thomas Am. 
Fruit Cult. 361. 1849. 

Mottled Bigarreau. 3. Mag. Hort. 8:283. 1842. 

Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, raised this cherry from a seed of White 
Bigarreau. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large, roundish-cordate, flattened on 
one side, with a distinct suture; stem slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin amber, 
shaded and mottled with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance; flesh yellow 
when fully ripe, tender, with a sweet, delicious juice; stone large; season at the end of 
June. 

Maple Heart. P. avium. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 8. 1817. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. 
Cat. 53. 1831. 
This a rather firm-fleshed, red Heart of second size and third quality, ripening in 
July. 
Marells Royal. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:65. 1895. 
Mentioned as having been planted in Arizona. 
Maria Gaucher. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907. 
Listed as a variegated, hard-fleshed cherry. 
Marie de Chateauneuf. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 18. 1876. 
Probably named after the wife of the Marquis de Chateauneuf; fruit very large, 


296 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


obtuse-cordate, purplish-black; flesh rose-colored, moderately firm, juicy, sugary, agree- 
able; ripens the middle of June. 
Marie Thérése. P. avium. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:358 fig. 1877. 

This variety originated with M. de Luigné near Chateaugontier, Mayenne, France, 
and was named after his daughter Marie Thérése. Tree strong, vigorous, moderately 
productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture broad; 
stem long, slender; cavity small; skin transparent, firm, red, dotted with whitish- 
gray; flesh yellow, compact, melting, juicy, aromatic; first quality; ripens the last of 
June. 

Markirsche. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:29, 30. 1910. 

Tree large, upright, open-topped, productive; foliage frequently attacked by aphis; 
fruit large, dark red, cordate, with a short stem; skin thick, tender, while the flesh is meaty 
and deeply stained; stone round, smooth; ripens the third week in July, often hanging 
on the trees until the middle of August. 

Marsotte. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 12. 1895. 

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size; stem of medium length; skin black; 
flesh juicy, sugary; used in making Kirschwasser. 
Mary. P. cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 211. 1854. 

Mary was raised by B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, New York. Fruit borne in clusters, 
having a bright, lively red color and a sprightly subacid flavor. 
Master White Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 

Listed in this reference. 

Mastodon. P. avium. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 185. 18094. 

Black Mastodon. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 18809. 

Mastodon is a seedling of Pontiac and originated with W. H. Chapman, Napa, Cali- 
fornia; introduced by Leonard Coates, then of the same place. Fruit very large, obtuse- 
cordate, base very broad; cavity large, deep; stem stout, long; skin entirely mottled with 
pinkish or heavy red; flesh firm, yellowish, tinged with red, meaty, moderately juicy, 
with a rich, lively sweet flavor. 

Matilda. P. avium. 1. U.S. D.A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 

Matilda originated with C. E. Hoskins, formerly of Newburg, Oregon. Fruit medium 
to large, broad-cordate, surface smooth; skin glossy, dark red, nearly black; dots very 
fine; flesh dark red, firm, sprightly, sweet; very good; ripens in Oregon about the middle 
of June. 

Matts. P. avium. 

J. G. Youngken, Richlandtown, Pennsylvania, writes that this cherry is a seedling 
of Black Tartarian. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large. 
Mayo. P. avium. 1. Samuels & Co. Cat. 22. 1892. 

The original tree of Mayo is on the farm of a Mr. Mayo near Jackson, Tennessee. 
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive; fruit large, amber shaded with red, tender; resembles 
Wood. 

Mazarine. Species? 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 216. 1822. 
Listed as one of the twenty principal varieties in the United States. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 297 


Mednyansky. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sia. Bul. 177:31. 1899. 

Moduyansky. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 185. 1894. 

This Hungarian variety was introduced to this country in 1894. In the second 
reference the name is spelled Moduyansky but in the first it is given Mednyansky which 
form is deemed best to follow here. Tree upright, spreading, rather vigorous; fruit 
cordate; suture variable, indistinct on some specimens but a noticeable ridge from the 
cavity to the apex on others; stem stout, long, inserted in a narrow, deep, irregular cavity; 
skin very dark purple turning black; flesh firm, rich, sweet, sprightly; quality very good. 
Meininger Spate Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 137 fig., 138. 1860; 

2. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 370. 1881. 

Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 190. 1876. 

Tree vigorous, productive, blooming late; fruit of medium size, cordate, sides com- 
pressed; suture shallow; stem slender, variable in length, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; 
color pale golden-yellow, spotted with pale red, which often conceals the ground color; 
flesh firm, whitish-yellow, reddish-yellow under the skin, juicy; stone large, oval, usually 
somewhat adherent; ripens in August lasting until September. 

Meissener Weisse. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 

Probably a small, wild variety. 

Merise Petite Ronda. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Merisier Fastigié. Species? 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 3, Pl. 1846. 

Poiteau was uncertain as to the name of this variety which he noticed in the gardens 
of M. Cels. Tree very pyramidal; fruit yellowish-amber. 
Michigan, P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 17. 1885. 

Michigan is a supposed cross between Black Tartarian and Yellow Spanish fruiting 
for the first time in 1877. It was grown by Stephen Cook, Benton Harbor, Michigan. 
Fruit large, cordate, slightly compressed; stem long; suture lacking; skin deep red, nearly 
black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens early in July. Said to be nearly rot proof. 

Miller. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Listed but not described. 

Millet. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. Pl. 7. 1817. 2. Brookshaw 
Hort. Reposit. 1:45, Pl. 23 fig. 2. 1823. 

Described as one of the best black, heart-shaped late Dukes, ripening the last of June 
and continuing until September; flesh moderately firm; stone small; excellent. 

Minnesota. P. cerasus. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:280. 1903. 2. Mich. Sta. 
Bul. 205:27. 1903. 

Sprouts of this variety were brought from Sweden to Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, 
Iowa. Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long; skin 
dark red; flesh dark, tender, juicy, subacid; very good. 

Minnesota Ostheim. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:120. 1900. 

Ostheim. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 371. 1881. 


298 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This variety was introduced into Minnesota from North Germany by E. Meyer, 
St. Petersburg, Minnesota. It is well adapted to cold regions where the Montmorency 
group does not flourish. Tree upright, dense; fruit large, roundish-oblate, dark red; 
flesh dark, tender, sweet subacid; good in quality; stone roundish, slightly flattened; ripens 
the middle of July. 

Minnie. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 18096. 

Minnie is a vigorous seedling of Prunus pumila grown in Manitoba, Canada; fruit 
large and good. 

Monkirsche Rote. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Monstrous Duke. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:360 fig., 361. 1877. 

Monstrous Duke is mentioned by MM. Simon-Louis in 1866 as a new sort of the 
Anglaise hative. It is probably of English origin, but the name is misleading as the fruit 
is only moderately large; attached in pairs, globular; stem stout, short, shallowly inserted; 
skin transparent, yellowish, partly covered with red; flesh yellowish, tender, slightly fibrous, 
very juicy, sugary, sprightly; pit small, roundish, plump, adhering to the stem; ripens 
the last of June. 

Monstrueuse Hennequine. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 

Listed without description. 

Montmorency Pleureur. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17, 196. 1895. 

Described as a handsome tree with drooping branches. Its fruit is somewhat similar 
to that of the Montmorency. 

Montmorency de Sauvigny. P.cerasus. 1. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 120 fig., 121. 1904. 

Cerise de Sauvigny. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 

Belle de Sauvigny. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 334. 1880. 

Schone aus Sauvigny. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 

This cherry is a popular fruit about Paris where it is used for confitures and brandy. 
Fruit large, roundish, attached in twos or threes; stem short; cavity large, shallow; color 
dark red; flesh yellow, transparent, slightly fibrous, acidulated; stone small, round; ripens 
the second half of July. 

Montmorency Stark. P. cerasus. 1. Stark Bros. Cat. 4:46. 1913. 

Montmorency Stark is described as having been produced on the Stark Brothers 
Nursery grounds, Louisiana, Missouri, from a select tree which bore large fruit. 
Montreuil. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 80:23. 1892. 2. Ibid. 194:41. 1901. 

3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 

Belle de Montreuil. 4. Rev. Hort. 451. 1875. 

Schéne von Montreuil. 5. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 123. 1910. 

This variety was mentioned by European writers as early as 1875 but was not known 
in America until recently. It is a valuable cherry and was placed on the fruit list of the 
American Pomological Society in 1909. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, more pro- 
ductive than Reine Hortense; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate; stem long, stout; skin 
mottled red approaching black; flesh tender, light red, with abundant, colored juice, 
subacid, pleasing; quality good; season July; valuable for dessert and culinary purposes. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 299 


Moorhouse. P. avium. 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. 1911. 

Moorhouse is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent, Napoleon. 
Morella Extra Noir. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Morella Wye. P-. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900. 

Listed in this reference. 

Morelle von Wilhelmshcdhe. P. cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 16. 1895. 

A very good table cherry ripening the seventh week of the season. 
Moreller Langstilkede Sode. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Morisco. Species? 1. Langley Pomona 86. 1729. 
Mentioned without description. 
Morocco. P. cerasus. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 

“The Morocco Cherrie hath a large white blossome, and an indifferent big berrie, 
long and round, with a long stalke of a darke reddish purple colour, a little tending to 
a blew when it is full ripe, of a firme substance; the juice is of a blackish red, discolouring 
the hands or lips, and of a pleasant taste: some doe thinke that this and the Morello be 
both one.” 

Morten Seedling. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Listed but not described. 

Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:23. 1858. 

Fruit medium in size, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem long, slender; skin 
black, tough; flesh dark, tender, very sweet; pit oblong-cordate; ripens the middle of 
July; productive. 

Moyer Honey Heart. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist N. S. 8:22. 1858. 2. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 469, 470. 1869. 

This variety was grown by Josiah G. Youngken, Allentown, Pennsylvania. Tree 
healthy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture 
small; stem long, slender; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with rich red; flesh yellow, 
juicy, sweet, pleasant; often partially clinging; ripens the middle of June. 

Miickelberger Grosse. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 24. 1876. 

A Sweet Cherry originating in Guben, Prussia, Germany. 
Murdock. P. avium. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:289. 1903. 

Murdock’s Bigarreau. 2. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886. 3. Reid Cat. 35. 1892. 

Murdock is thought to have originated in 1887 with John R. and A. Murdock, then 
of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading; fruit large, roundish- 
cordate; cavity deep, wide, rather abrupt; stem long, slender; skin thin, moderately tough, 
amber overlaid and mottled with light red; flesh whitish, firm, crisp, somewhat sprightly, 
juicy, sweet; quality very good; stone clinging, large, ovate, flattened, smooth; ripens 
early in July, hanging long on the trees; not susceptible to rot. 

Nancy. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 470. 1869. 

Nancy originated with Charles Pease, Sr., Cleveland, Ohio. Tree upright-spreading; 

fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem long, stout, inserted in a large cavity; suture slight; skin 


300 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet; very good; 
stone small; ripens the last of June. 
Naples. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 
Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858. 3. IIl. 
Handb. 39 fig., 40. 1867. 

Bigarreau de Naples. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 189. 1876. 

This is an Italian cherry introduced into Germany, France and England from 
Florence, Italy. It is very productive and is distinguished by its color and its lateness. 
Tree vigorous, bears early; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides only faintly compressed; 
suture indistinct; stem of medium length, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin tough, firm, 
glossy, becoming dark brown or black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, vinous; stone oval, plump; 
ripens the sixth week of the season. 

Ne Plus Ultra. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 22:208. 1880. 

Ne Plus Ultra was raised by John Mosely of Goodrich, Ontario. It resembles Napo- 
leon but is inferior. 

Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:33. 1858. 

Bigarreautier de Naples. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:504. 1860. 

Napolitaine. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

This is a large, lemon-colored, rather firm-fleshed variety that should not be confused 
with Naples. Tree small, vigorous; flesh sweet, pleasing; ripens late in July. 

Nebraska Sweet. P. avium. 1. Gage County Nur. Cat. 8. 1906. 

Listed in this reference as a dark, Sweet Cherry doing remarkably well in Nebraska. 
Nelson Kentish. P. cerasus. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 23. 1892-93. 

Said to be more vigorous in growth and more hardy in bud than Early Richmond. 
Neue Englische Weichsel. P.cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 542, 543. 1819. 

2. Ill. Handb. 83 fig., 84. 1867. 

Neue Englische Kirsche. 3. Christ Worterb. 286. 1802. 

According to Truchsess, Mayer grew this cherry about 1775. Tree of medium height, 
moderately productive; fruit often large, roundish, more or less compressed; suture faint; 
stem straight, medium in length; cavity wide, deep; skin glossy, tender, black; flesh tender, 
dark red, juicy, pleasing subacid; pit plump, small, oval; ripens early in July. 

Neue Ochsenherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 73 fig., 74. 1860. 

Herrnhauser neue Ochsenherzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:22. 1858. 

Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:301. 1866. 

Fruit very large, acute-cordate, irregular near the apex; stem long, slender; skin 
glossy, brownish-black; flesh dark red, tender, sweet, vinous; stone cordate-oblong; ripens 
the middle of July; not very productive. 

Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 370. 1889. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

New Century. P. cerasus X (P. avium X P. cerasus). 1. Texas Nur. Cat. to. 
1907. 

New Century is thought to be a cross originating in Grayson County, Texas, between 

English Morello and some Duke; it was introduced by the Texas Nursery Company. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 301 


Tree of the Duke type, upright; fruit medium to above in size; light red; good. The 
trees are free from mildew in Texas but do not hold their fruit well. 
New Royal. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Nienburger Friihe Bunte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 
1858. 

Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, sides compressed; stem of medium length, stout, straight; 
skin yellowish, spotted and streaked; flesh aromatically sweet; pit oval; ripens the middle 
of June. 

Noble. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Am. Gard. 20:576. 1899. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. 
Gard. 44. 1904. 

This variety is said to resemble May Duke. Fruit large; color deep crimson to darker; 
flesh firm, colored, rich; late; productive. 

Noire des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:105, 106, fig. 51. 1866-73. 

Griotie Notre des Vosges. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 98 fig., 99. 1904. 

This old variety is probably a native of eastern France. The fruit is used for con- 
fections and liquors. Fruit attached in pairs, medium in size, obtuse-cordate; suture 
indistinct; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; color almost black at maturity; 
flesh dark, tender, vinous, acidulated; stone small, oval, obtuse at the apex; ripens late 
in July. 

Nonpareil. Species? 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 187. 1908. 

Nonpareil is a black cherry which originated at Vacaville, California. 
Norfolk. Species? 1. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 87. 1872. 

Mentioned as a seedling cherry grown by J. H. Fenno; not described. 
Norma. P. avium. 1. Fruit Grower 19:368. 1908. 

Norma is a black cherry grown by R. H. Weber, The Dalles, Oregon; it is earlier 
than Napoleon. 

Northeast. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul. 27:11. 1904. 

Northeast is a rather dwarf cherry of the Morello type; very productive. Said to 
be valuable as a late market variety but the trees are lacking in vigor and subject to 
leaf blight. 

Northwest. P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 165. 1881. 2. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Cat. 25. 1899. 3. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:76 fig. 16, 88. 1903. 

This is one of the varieties originated by D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, and first dis- 
tributed by Professor J. L. Budd as Wier’s No. 29; the fruit resembles Baldwin. The 
American Pomological Society placed Northwest on its fruit catalog in 1899 but dropped 
it in 1909. Tree medium in size, resembling English Morello closely both in size and 
habit, very productive; fruit medium to large, roundish, obscurely heart-shaped; stem 
long, adhering quite firmly to the fruit; skin tough, medium in thickness, dark attractive 
red, becoming nearly black; flesh deeply colored, firm, brisk but pleasant acid, mingled 
with a slight astringency; good in quality; stone small, roundish; season early. 

Occident. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40. 1895. 
Occident is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, 


302 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Oregon. Fruit heart-shaped, above medium in size, smooth; stem long, slender; cavity 

large, regular, deep, flaring, shaded with pink; suture shallow; skin very dark purplish- 

red, thick, tenacious; dots numerous, small, russet, indented; flesh dark reddish, translucent, 

with white veining, firm, meaty, juicy, mild subacid, rich; good to very good; season late 

in June; a good shipper. 

Ohio Beauty. P. avium. 1. Horticulturist 2:123 fig. 19. 1847-48. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 
212. 1854. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:93 fig. 18, 94, 95. 1866. 4. Am. Pom. 
Soc. Cat. 12. 1871. 

Bigarreau Bauté de l’Ohio. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:177, 178 fig. 1877. 

Ohio Beauty probably originated in 1842 with Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, 
Ohio; first disseminated in 1847. The American Pomological Society listed it on its fruit 
catalog in 1871 but dropped it in 1895. ‘Tree large, vigorous, hardy, very productive; 
fruit medium to large, cordate, compressed; cavity of medium depth, wide; stem slender, 
long; skin thin, of medium toughness, light yellow overspread with crimson; dots numerous, 
light russet, conspicuous; flesh whitish, with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet; 
good in quality; stone clinging, irregular-ovate; season early. 

Okiya. P. pumila X P-. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:176, 
Pl. 6. 1g1rt. 

Okiya is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum. Fruit roundish, dark 
red; flesh green; excellent quality. 

Oliver. Species? 1. Ariz. Sia. Bul. 15:65. 1895. 2. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 18. 1900. 

Oliver is said to be a valuable cherry for home use in Nebraska; slow in coming into 
bearing. 

Opata. P. pumila X P-. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 130:173, 
174 Pl. 4, 175, 176. 1911. 

Opata, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum which was sent out in 1908. 
It is a plum in habit of growth, vigorous; foliage large, glossy; fruit one and three-sixteenths 
inches in diameter, roundish; skin thin, tender, dark purplish-red with blue bloom; flesh 
green, firm; flavor very pleasant combining the sprightly acid of the Sand Cherry 
with the rich sweetness of the Gold plum; pit very small; season early, the middle of 
August. 

Oregon. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150. 
1895. 

Oregon is a seedling of Napoleon originated by H. W. Prettyman, East Portland, 
Oregon, and named by the Oregon Horticultural Society in 1888. W. S. Failing of Port- 
land introduced it the same year. Tree vigorous, upright; fruit of medium size, roundish- 
cordate, irregularly flattened along the suture; stem medium in length, stout, set in a deep, 
irregular cavity; skin black; flesh firm, very dark, juicy, sweet; later than Napoleon. 
Orel. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2. Maine Pom. Soc. Rpt. 145. 

1889. 

This name is given to a dwarf cherry similar to Vladimir from Orel, Russia. It has 
small leaves and a close habit of growth; comes into bearing when from three to four feet 
in height; fruit larger than Montmorency, nearly black when ripe, mildly subacid. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 303 


Orel No. 24. P-. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:77, 
78. 1903. 

This variety was imported by Budd but the name was lost. Some believe it to be 
Lutovka but as grown at the Iowa Station it is more like Early Morello in form and size 
of tree and fruit. Tree smaller and more open than Lutovka; fruit of medium size, 
roundish-oblate; cavity deep; stem medium in length, stout; suture a faint line; skin thin, 
translucent, cornelian-red; flesh firm, colored, juicy, pleasingly acid; good; pit round, 
angular; season the latter part of June. 

Orel Sweet. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:549. 1892. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:21. 1910. 

Orel No. 26. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1888. 

Orel Sweet is known in Europe as Lianzkaja Black; it was introduced into America 
by Budd as Orel 26; one of the hardiest of Sweet Cherries. Tree large, with a spreading 
top; fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; skin thin, tender, dark 
red; flesh soft, subacid; pit small, round, stained; ripens the last of July in Washington. 
Orleans. P-. cerasus. 1. Brown Bros. Cat. 19. 1906. 

Orleans originated in Orleans County, New York. Probably not propagated at pres- 
ent, although known to many as an improved Montmorency. 

Orléa Smith. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Mentioned but not described. 

Osceola. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 200 fig. 
1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 

Professor J. P. Kirtland of Cleveland, Ohio, originated the Osceola in 1842, from a 
pit of the Yellow Spanish. It was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological 
Society in 1862 but was taken from the list in 1891. Tree round, spreading, hardy, healthy, 
productive; fruit medium to large, cordate; stem moderately stout inserted in a deep cavity; 
suture deep, broad; color dark purplish-red, inclining to black; flesh dark red, juicy, rich, 
sweet; pit medium or small, ovate, rounded; season the last of June and early July. 
Ostheim (of Morris). P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 75. 1890. 

This is a small, dark colored cherry differing from the Minnesota Ostheim in being later 
and slightly inferior in quality. Fruit round, compressed; quality fair, lacking in juiciness; 
pit large; ripens about August 6th in Ottawa, Canada. 

Othello. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896. 

One of the Canada Experiment Farm’s seedlings of Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry; 
fruit large, very black, fair. 

Owanka. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 2. Ibid. 
130:176. Igit. 

Owanka, a cross between the Sand Cherry and Gold plum, was discarded soon after 
it was sent out because of its bitter skin; tree hardy, productive; fruit one and three-eighths 
inches in diameter; apex terminated by a minute prickle; skin dark red, with blue bloom; 
flesh yellow. 

Ox Heart (of America). P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1899. 
Major Francis. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:29. 1910. 
Coeur de Boeuf nouveau? 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 


304 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This cherry originated with G. W. Walling, Oswego, Oregon, about 1865, and was 
renamed in honor of Major Francis of Portland. As yet it is known only in the Northwest. 
The fruit is of good quality, attractive color, ripening with Black Tartarian, but is readily 
sought by the birds. Tree very large, vigorous, upright, productive; fruit large, heart- 
shaped, dark red; flesh deeply stained with red, juicy, sweet; quality good; too tender 
for long shipment; season early. 

Pandys Glaskirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 

Listed but not described. 

Paramdam. P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 308. 1884. 

This variety was found nearly a century and a half ago in Paramdam, England. Tree 
small; fruit small, round; skin pale red; stem an inch long; flesh pale, tender, lively acid, 
agreeable; ripens the last of July. 

Parent. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 302. 1890. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Paretzer Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Listed in this reference. 

Pariser Griotte. P.cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 430. 1819. 2. Mas Pom. 
Gen. 11:160. 1882. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371. 18809. 

This cherry is thought by some to be Duhamel’s Griotte but it differs in its more 
tender flesh, sweeter taste, and smaller stone. 

Parisian Guindoux. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:140. 1832. 

Tree moderately large; fruit large, pale red; flesh sweet; excellent; ripens the middle 
of June. 

Paul. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 185. 1908. 

Paul was found by E. V. D. Paul of Ukiah, Oregon; it was propagated and introduced 
by the Leonard Coates Nursery Company, Morganhill, California, in 1908. Fruit large, 
black, mottled with dark red; late; a good shipper. 

Pauline de Vigny. Species? 1. Mas. Pom. Gen. 11:161. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Peach-Blossomed. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832. 

An ornamental cherry with rose-colored flowers. 

Pease. P. avium. 1. Am. Hort. An. 86, 87. 1869. 

Pease is a black, sweet seedling from Charles Pease, Sr., Cleveland, Ohio. Tree 
upright; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; flesh purplish, juicy, rich; follows Black Tartarian in 
ripening. 

Perlkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen- 
sort, 237-242. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 111 fig., 112. 1860. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:25, 
26, fig. 13. 1882. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 371. 1880. 

This variety is often taken for the Yellow Spanish but is distinct. Tree strong, vig- 
orous, productive; fruit usually large, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture distinct; 
stem short, shallowly but firmly inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish; 
flesh moderately tender, juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone rather large, elongated-cordate, 
nearly free; ripens about the middle of July. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 305 


Perlknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 305-308. 1819. 2. Jl. 
Hanab. 129 fig., 130. 1860. 

Espagne bigarrée. 3. Knoop Fructologic 2:35, 38. 1771. 

Perlmarmorkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:43. 1858. 

This Bigarreau, though called a Heart by some, should not be confused with Perl- 
kirsche. Fruit medium to above, roundish-cordate; suture indistinct; stem medium short, 
shallowly inserted; skin tough, glossy, resembling Yellow Spanish; flesh firm, fibrous, 
juicy, pleasing, sweet; stone medium in size, plump, oval; ripens the last of July to first 
part of August. 

Petite Morelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:182 fig., 183, 184, 216. 1866. 

_ This is a small, acid cherry used in northern Germany for wine-making and in the 
kitchen. Tree vigorous, small, bushy; fruit small, round; suture indistinct; stem short, 
set in a straight, shallow cavity; color dark red changing to black; flesh red, tender, always 
acid; pit small, reddish, oval, plump; ripens the fourth week of the season. 

Pfitzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 372. 18809. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Pierce Late. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:89, 134. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45. 
1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 265. 1857. 

This variety originated with Amos Pierce but was introduced by James Hyde and 
Son, Newton, Massachusetts. Tree upright, free, round-topped; fruit of medium size, 
obtuse-cordate, dark red, mottled with light amber; stem slender, rather short; flesh soft, 
tender, very juicy, sweet, rich; stone small; ripens the last of July. 

Pink Heart. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 219. 1854. 

Pink Heart is a small, pinkish-red, oval Mazzard; stem short; ripens in July. 

Planchoury. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 2. Mas Le Verger 8:61, 62, fig. 
29. 1866-73. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:374, 375 fig. 1877. 

Cerise de Planchouri. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 6:71, Pl. 1858. 

Kirsch von Planchoury. 5. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 372. 18809. 

A Dr. Bretonneau grew this variety on his grounds near the River Loire, France. 
Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, slightly compressed on the sides, com- 
pletely transversed by a suture; stem long, set in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy, clear 
red changing to darker red, uniform; flesh tinged with red, semi-tender, sugary, juicy, 
agreeably acidulated; first quality; stone large, oval, free; ripens early in July. 
Plattgedriickte Schattenmorelle. P.cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 

Differs from the English Morello in being more compressed in form. 

Plumstone. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 27. 1909. 
Plumstone Morello. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
198 fig. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 74. 1862. 5. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:120. 
1900. 

The origin of this variety is unknown but it was found in Virginia early in the Nine- 
teenth Century by William Prince who brought it to Flushing, New York. Its name 
seems to have arisen from the form of the stone. According to Prince, this variety sur- 
passes all of the European Morellos for culinary purposes. Tree vigorous, medium in 

20 


306 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


size, productive; fruit very large, roundish or inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long, rather 

slender, straight; skin dark red becoming nearly black; flesh reddish, tender, juicy, highly 

flavored, sprightly, with pleasant acidity when fully mature; stone long, resembling a 

plum; season late July. 

Plymouth Rock. P. avium. 1. Lovett Cat. 25 fig. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169: 200. 
1899. 

Plymouth. 3. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 102. 1914. 

Plymouth Rock is generally believed to have originated with J. H. Black, Hightstown, 
New Jersey. Tree vigorous, upright, round-topped; fruit above medium in size, heart- 
shaped, roundish; skin tender, reddish-amber, with a bright red blush; stem long, slender; 
cavity narrow, shallow; flesh rather tender, light colored, juicy; pit round, plump, small; 
season early July. 

Podiebrad. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 27. 1876. 
Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858. 3. Jil. 
Handb. 21 fig., 22. 1867. 

Probably a seedling from Podiebrad, Hungary. Tree vigorous, productive, bears 
early; fruit above medium in size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; stem long; cavity 
wide, moderately deep; skin tender, translucent, sulphur-yellow, nearly entirely washed 
and spotted with red; flesh tender, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, without sourness; stone 
medium egg-shaped; ripens early in July. 

Pointed Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:119. 1832. 

This cherry is so named because part of the style becomes hard and ligneous forming 
a sharp point at the apex of the fruit. Fruit cordate; color red on a yellow ground; flesh 
firm, crisp, rich, tinged with a slight bitterness; early. 

Polsted. Species? 1. Jour. Hort. N.S. 24:412. 1873. 

Polsted received its name from a parish in Suffolk, England, where it was extensively 
grown. 

Polton Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Pomeranzen. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 479-482. 1819. 2. Doch- 
nahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:53, 54. 1858. 

Cerise Orange. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:306. 1866. 

The name was given this cherry because of the appearance of the tree which resembles 
that of the orange. Tree round with a globular head; fruit large, broadly oblate; stem of 
medium length, firmly set in a deep cavity; suture a line; skin clear, almost brick-red, 
becoming glossy, darker, and transparent with many white spots; flesh clear, tinged red, 
with yellowish-white veins, juicy, sweetly acidulated; first quality; stone medium in size, 
round, turgid, sharply pointed; ripens the middle of July. 

Pontiac. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201 fig. 
1854. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 69, 89. 1866. 

Pontiac originated in 1842, with Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from 
a pit of Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, healthy, pro- 
ductive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, with sides compressed; stem long, slender, 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 307 


inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin moderately firm, dark purplish-red, becoming 
nearly black at maturity; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice, rather tender, juicy, 
pleasant, aromatic, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size, smooth, separating 
readily from the flesh; ripens in mid-season. 

Pope. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:150. 1832. 

Some of the fruits of this cherry are green in the middle of July whereas the majority 
are quite ripe; introduced into France from Italy. Fruit large, round, red; stem very 
long; flesh similar to but more firm than that of the Montmorency. 

Portugal. Species? 1. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 247. 1817. 

Tree productive; fruit cordate, red; flavor rich and pleasant; ripens early in June. 

Powhattan. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 201. 
1854. 3. Mich. Sia. Bul. 67:23. 1890. 

This is one of the numerous seedlings originated by Professor J. P. Kirtland, from a 
pit of Yellow Spanish. Fruit roundish-cordate, uneven in outline, compressed on the 
sides; stem medium to long; skin brownish-red, glossy; flesh purplish-red, half-tender, 
juicy, sweet; stone small. 

Pragische Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Krinitz Enc. 51, 52, 53. 1790. 2. Truchsess- 
Heim Kirschensort. 398-402. 1810. 

Cerise de Prague tardive. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771. 

Muscat de Prague. 4. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 

The cherry, introduced into Germany from Holland about 1785 under the name Prager 
Muskateller, was undoubtedly the variety mentioned by Knoop in 1771, as Cerise de 
Prague Tardive. With this variety three other sorts were confused; the Cerise Blanche, 
Cerise Guigne, and the Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, but when fruit was obtained from all, 
separation was comparatively easy. Tree very productive; fruit large, globular; suture a 
line; stem rather thick, of medium length; cavity narrow, shallow; skin thin, brownish-red 
changing to black; flesh tender, melting, juicy, light red, sweet, wine-like; stone oval or 
roundish; ripens the middle of July. 

Précoce de Marest. Species? 31. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876. 

Of doubtful value according to the reference. 

Précoce de Sabaret. Species? 1. Gard. Chron. 1068. 1861. 2. Rev. Hort. 335. 1870. 

There seem to be several strains of this cherry; it is one of the earliest cultivated 
sorts in France, ripening at the beginning of June and lasting a nomth. 

President. P.avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 471. 1869. 

President is another of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s cherries raised in Cleveland, Ohio, 
in 1842. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, regular, cordate, 
slightly compressed; stem stout, slender; suture indistinct; skin red, slightly mottled with 
yellow; flesh yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, sweet; good; pit medium in size; ripens 
from the middle to the last of June. 

Pride of Washington. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Wash. Hort. Assoc. Rpt. 95. 1905. 

This variety is a seedling of the Late Duke grown by J. F. Strong, Spokane, Washing- 
ton. The tree is more productive and less disposed to seaming of limbs where connecting 
with the body than its parent and its fruit is also larger, earlier and of better quality. 


308 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Listed but not described. 

Prince. Species? 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 

Listed but not described by Knoop. 

Prince Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 471. 1869. 

This variety was originated by William R. Prince, Flushing, New York. Tree vig- 
orous, wpright-spreading; fruit medium to large, cordate, slightly compressed; suture small; 
flesh purplish, rather tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; ripens the last of June. 
Prince Duke. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 29. 1828. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 

2:136. 1832. 

Prince Duke was raised by William Prince, Flushing, New York, from a seed of Car- 
nation which it resembles in tree-characters and in time of ripening. The fruit is red, 
more compressed than the parent and possesses the peculiar bitterness of Carnation before 
it is full ripe. 

Prince Englebert. Species? 1. Okla. Sta. Bul. 2:13. 1892. 

Listed as grown at the Oklahoma Station. 

Prince Royal. Species? I. Rea Flora 205. 1676. 
According to Rea, this is a large, late ripe cherry, good to preserve. 
Princess. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:302. 
1866. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:75, 76, fig. 38. 1882. 
Prinzesskirsche. 4. Christ Worterb. 279. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
261, 262. 1819. 

This is a variegated Heart originating in Germany. Tree of moderate vigor; fruit 
medium to large, cordate, sides compressed; apex acutely pointed; suture indistinct; stem 
very long; color yellow overlaid with red; flesh tender, juicy, bitterish at first; stone oval; 
ripens the fourth week of the season. 

Prinzenkirsche. P.cerasus. 1. Christ Wérterb. 289. 1802. 

Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche incor. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 577-580. 1819. 

A Morello cherry of German origin. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture indistinct ; 
cavity shallow; skin tough, firm, glossy, black; flesh firm, fibrous, dark red, subacid; pit 
adherent, almost cordate; ripens at the end of July. 

Prodlitzer Elitekirsche. P. avium. 1. Obstztichter 8:Pl. 1910. 2. Ibid. 8:51, 52. 
IQIO. 

This cherry originated on the estate of Hugo Graf KA4lnokyschen in Prodek, Moravia, 
Austria. Trees upright when young; fruit large to very large, blackish-brown, obtuse- 
cordate; suture distinct; stem long, slender; flesh dark, sweet with a touch of sourness; 
ripens in July. 

Progress. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1806. 
A seedling of Prunus pumila raised by the Manitoba Station. 
Proskauer Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 57. 1907. 
A dark, hard-fleshed cherry mentioned in this reference. 
Proudfoot. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 1854. 
This variety was grown by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, spreading, 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 309 


moderately productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened at the base; skin dark purplish-red; 

cavity open; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet; pit large; season the middle of July. 

Puhlmann Friihe. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889. 2. Proskauer Obst- 
Sort. 57. 1907. 

Listed as an early black Heart. 

Punktirte Marmorkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:42. 1858. 

Punctirte Stisskirsche mit festem Fleische. 2. Christ Worterb. 281. 1802. 3. Truch- 

sess-Heim Kirschensort. 333-336. 1819. 

Bigarreau Ponctué. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:81, 82, fig. 39. 1866-73. 

Punktirte Knorpelkirsche. 5. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1867. 

Tree vigorous, upright; fruit roundish-cordate, large; suture deep; stem long, adhering 
to the stone; cavity deep; color yellowish-white overspread with clear red; flesh rather 
tender but firm, fibrous, translucent, sweet; pit round, often rather large; ripens at the 
end of July. 

Punktirte Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:29. 1858. 

Tree very large, branches long; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; color 
“yellow more or less overspread with red; flesh sweet; stone small, cordate; ripens early 
in July. 

Purity (I). P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 289. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bul. 177231. 
1899. 

Purity (I) is a seedling of Elton which originated with W. H. Chapman, Napa, Cali- 
fornia, and was propagated by Leonard Coates of that place. Tree upright-spreading, 
fairly vigorous; fruit heart-shaped, compressed; suture broad, rather indistinct; stem long, 
slender; cavity broad, shallow; skin amber, shaded and mottled with bright red, waxy, 
transparent, thin; flesh rich, sweet, tender, juicy, melting; very good; season early; rather 
too tender for market. 

Purity (II). P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 101. 1914. 

This is a productive cherry of the Morello class which resembles Dyehouse and ripens 
a little earlier than Early Richmond. Tree moderately vigorous, healthy, bears early; 
fruit of medium size, roundish; stem long; cavity deep; apex noticeably depressed; skin 
very dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid; quality good; season 
late June to early July. 

Quaker. P. avium. 1. U.S. D.A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 

Quaker originated with C. E. Hoskins, Newberg, Oregon. Fruit of medium size, heart- 
shaped, dark red, almost black; dots numerous; flesh firm, dark purple, sprightly, sweet; 
quality very good; season early July. 

Rainier French. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Red Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:35, 38. 1771. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 
2:126. 1832. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 219. 1854. 

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:163-165, Pl. II. 1768. 

5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 308. 1819. 6. Pom. France '7:No.7, Pl. 7. 1871. 

Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche. 7. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 340, 683, 684. 1810. 


310 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Large Red Bigarreau. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 273. 1832. 9. Prince Pom. Man. 
22127. 1832. 10. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:104, 105 fig., 106, 301. 1866. 

Red Bigarreau is probably an old French variety. Fruit very large, roundish-cordate, 
irregular, swollen on one side; suture distinct; stem slender, long, set in a deep, wide cavity; 
color glossy, tough, dark red; flesh firm, sweet, rose-colored especially near the pit, juicy; 
pit small, oval, adherent along the suture; ripens in July. 

Red Canada. Species? 1. Ariz. Sta. Bul. 15:72. 1895. 

Listed without a description. 

Red Guigne. P. avium. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:36. 1771. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 
22112. 1832. 

Fruit more oblong than the Early Guigne and somewhat larger; skin entirely red; 
flesh soft but not high in quality; ripens in June. 

Red Jacket. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202 fig. 1854. 2. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 148, 
Pl. 13 fig. 1. 1864. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 204. 1876. 

Red Jacket was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from a 
pit of Yellow Spanish, crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. It 
was formerly grown commercially in this country and Europe because of its productive- 
ness and quality. Tree very vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive; fruit 
large, long, obtuse-cordate; stem rather long, slender; skin thin, pale red becoming rather 
bright red; flesh yellowish-white, half-tender, juicy, pleasant, somewhat astringent until 
fully ripe when it becomes sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens in late 


mid-season. 
Red Muscatel. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 
329. 1888. 


A variety from North Silesia where it is said to be commonly grown; fruit large, of 
good quality. 

Red Oranien. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. 
Bul. 192551. 1892. 

This name has been given by some writers as a synonym of Carnation but Red Oranien 
as introduced into America from Russia appears to be distinct and is probably another of 
the Duke hybrids. Tree productive; fruit large, dark red, mildly subacid. 

Red Rock. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 434. 1905. 

Fruit of the Morello type, round; stem long, inserted in a noticeable cavity; skin 
clear red; flesh reddish-yellow with colored juice, mild but pleasantly acid, refreshing; 
ripens late in July. 

Red Russian. Species? 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 237. 1841. 

The original name of this variety was lost in importing it from Russia to Brooklyn, 
New York, about 1800. Fruit large, dark red, good; productive; ripens in August. 
Reichart. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881. 

Recommended as valuable in Pennsylvania. 

Reine-Hortense Hative. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876. 

A seedling of Reine Hortense introduced in 1873. It resembles the parent in many 

respects, differing, however, in earlier ripening and in having red flesh. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 311 


Remington. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 188. 1845. 
Remington Heart. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 
1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:117, 118. 1832. 

Remington originated in 1823 from a pit planted by Zachariah Allen, Providence, 
Rhode Island. Its only merit is lateness, not ripening until August; fruit small, cordate, 
yellow, tinged with red; flesh firm; bears abundantly. 

Rentz Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Mo. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 243. 1878. 

Mentioned as succeeding fairly well in Missouri. 

Resacks Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889. 

Listed without a description. 

Richardson. P. avium. 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 238. 1849. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 212. 
1854. 

Originated in the garden of J. R. Richardson, Boston, Massachusetts. Tree upright, 
hardy, productive; fruit large, heart-shaped, rather short, tapering to a point; stem short, 
slender; skin dark red, inclining to black; flesh deep red, half-tender, rich, luscious, sweet; 
ripens the last of June to July. 

Richardson Late Black. Species? 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842. 

Originated in the garden of Dr. William P. Richardson, Salem, Massachusetts. A 
small, round, black cherry, ripening late in July; very juicy and productive. 
Richter Sdmling. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889. 

Listed but not described. 

Riga No. 108. P. cerasus. 1. Tex. Sta. Bul. 16:99. 1891. 
Listed among the Russian fruits growing at the Texas Station. 
Riga No. 109. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:189. 1807. 

Received from Professor J. L. Budd in 1890. Tree upright, unproductive; fruit 
borne singly, large; stem short; color dark red; flesh and juice colored, pleasant, but lacking 
in quality; ripens the middle of June. 

Rival. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 7:248. 1865. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 609, 90. 1866. 
3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 373. 1889. 

Bigarreau Rival. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:236, 237 fig. 1877. 

This cherry probably came from M. Rival, Saint-Genis-Laval, Rhéne, France. Fruit 
of medium size, borne in clusters, never less than four in a cluster, obtuse-cordate, flattened 
on one side; suture a colored line; apex shallow, eccentric; stem long, slender; cavity shallow; 
skin moderately firm, yellow, mottled with red becoming darker, nearly black when mature; 
ripens the last of July to August. 

Rivers Early Heart. P. awum. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 2. Thomas 
Am. Fruit Cult. 204. 1846. 

A seedling raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, which he says origi- 
nated about the same time as his Early Amber. The fruit is of the Heart class, medium 
in size and season. 

Roberts Red Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:285. 1842. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 
176. 1845. 3. Horticulturist 5:76 fig. 1850. 4. Ibid. 6:21 fig. 1851. 5. Mas 
Le Verger 8:119, 120, fig. 58. 1866-73. 


312 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


This variety originated with David Roberts, Salem, Massachusetts, and was first 
brought to notice by Robert Manning. Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, slightly 
obtuse; suture distinct; stem long, slender, set in a moderate cavity; skin pale amber over- 
spread with pale red, mottled with deeper red and pale amber specks; flesh white, tender, 
juicy, sweet, sprightly; season at the end of July. 

Rochaline. P. avium. 1. Leonard Coates Cat. 10. 1911. 

Rochaline, a seedling of Napoleon, is no longer propagated, being inferior to its parent. 
Rock. Species? 1. Ray Hist. Plant. 1539. 1688. 2. Miller Gard. Dict. 121754. 

Mentioned as a perfumed cherry. 

Rockland. Species? 1. Mass. (Hatch) Sta. An. Rpt. 1:33. 18809. 

Mentioned as growing at the Massachusetts Station. 

Rocky Hill Honey Heart. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 13:424. 1847. 

A variety originating near Wethersfield, Connecticut, late in the Eighteenth Century. 
Rocky Mountain. P-. besseyi. 1. Country Gent. 26:238. 1865. 2. Rural N. Y. 52:138, 

330, fig. 46. 1893. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul. 70:261, Pl. x fig. 2. 1894. 4. Storrs & 
Harrison Cat. 136 fig. 1896. 5. Wis. Sta. An. Rpt. 13:229, 230. 1896. 

Rocky Mountain, a variety of Prunus besseyi, is a native of the mountains of Colorado 
having been discovered there many years ago. It is chiefly used as a dwarf ornamental, 
being adapted to a great variety of soils. Tree small, bushy, averaging about four feet 
high, very hardy and productive; fruit ripens after all other cherries are gone, small, variable 
in shape, from roundish to nearly oblong; color almost jet black; flavor sweet with some 
astringency but edible when fully mature. 

Roe. P. avium. 1. Better Fruit 5:No. 11:49. 1911. 

Roe is a seedling from Yamhill County, Oregon, being introduced by the Oregon Nur- 
sery Company, Salem, Oregon; it is said to resemble Napoleon but is much firmer and later. 
Romaine. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 26. 1876. 

A variety of doubtful value; ripens in July. 

Ronald. Species? 1. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Gard. 44. 1904. 

According to the reference, this is a valuable late variety. Tree small, compact; 
fruit very large, bright red, transparent; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy. 

Roschers Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 1 fig., 2. 1867. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:9, 
10, fig. 5. 1882. 

A chance seedling found by a peasant, Réschers, near Heidelberg, Baden, Germany. 
Fruit medium, oblate-cordate; sides compressed, angular; stem long; cavity wide, deep; 
skin tough, black; flesh dark red, juicy, vinous; pit small, oval; ripens very early. 

Rose Charmeux. Species? 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 

A Polish variety introduced by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa; fruit large, red, 
delicate, watery and mild-flavored. 

Rosenobel. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 280, 678. 1819. 2. Dochnahl 
Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 

An old German variety fruiting for the first time in 1815. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, 
yellow, streaked with red around the cavity; stem long; flesh white, tender, sweet; stone 
oval; ripens the last of June. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 313 


Rostraver Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Gard. Mon. 28:240, 241. 1886. 

This variety was introduced in 1887, by the originators, John R. and A. Murdoch, 
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The trees, as grown on the Station grounds, are vigorous, 
moderately spreading; fruit large, blunt heart-shaped; suture indistinct; stem long, set 
in a large, deep cavity; skin thin, tough, rich yellow, mottled with red, similar to Napoleon; 
flesh meaty, firm, white, sweet, moderately juicy; season the middle of July. 

Rothe Glanzkirsche. Species? 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 490-492, 689. 18109. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; suture distinct; stem slender, of medium length, 
set in a shallow cavity; color clear red mixed with darker red, glossy; flesh tender, white, 
fibrous; excellent; stone large, oval, smooth; ripens from the end of June to the middle of 
July. 

Rothe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Krinitz Enc. 58, 59. 1790. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 437, 438, 439. 1819. 

Herzférmige Sussweichsel. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:48. 1858. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; suture indistinct; skin clear red changing to 
darker red, thin, tough; stem medium in length, set in a deep, narrow cavity; flesh tender, 
red near the stone, fibrous, vinous; stone broadly oblong, clinging to the flesh; ripens at 
the beginning of July. 

Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 286, 287. 1819. 

Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, compressed on both sides; suture distinct; stem 
rather long; cavity shallow; color wholly red on a yellow ground; flesh yellowish-white, rather 
tender, pleasing; excellent; stone large, cordate, plump; ripens at the beginning of June. 
Rothe Molkenkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim 

Kurschensort. 229-233. 1819. 

Cerise de petit-lait rouge. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 

Christ grew this variety from seed at Kronberg, Prussia, Germany. ‘Tree productive; 
fruit of medium size, flattened at the ends and sides; ventral suture distinct; stem rather 
long; cavity shallow; skin thin, glossy, overspread with light red, darker in the sun; flesh 
tender, light yellow, juicy, bitter before ripe, sweet when mature; stone roundish, free, 
tinged with red along the suture; ripens with Black Tartarian. 

Rothe Soodkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 294. 1802. 
Soodamarelle. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kurschensort. 632-634. 1819. 3. Thomas Guide 
Prat. 27, 206. 1876. 

The fruit is borne in twos and threes, below medium in size, roundish, compressed on 
one side; apex shallow; stem long; color dull blood red, lighter near the suture; flesh melting, 
dull yellow; juice reddish, abundant, tart; stone small, broad, free. 

Rouaanse Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 340. 18109. 

A Heart cherry, clear, light red spotted with red in color; flesh firm. 
Rouge Pale Tardive. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Rouge des Vosges. P. cerasus. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:107, 108, fig. 52. 1866-73. 2. Soc. 
Nat. Hort. France Pom. too fig., tor. 1904. 
Cultivated in the region of Fougerolle, Haute-Saéne, France, as the Noire des Vosges 


314 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


and largely used in the manufacture of a liqueur. Fruit usually borne in pairs, large, 
elongated-cordate; suture distinct; stem long; cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark 
red; flesh yellowish, tender, sprightly; stone small, roundish, with a small point at the 
apex; ripens the last half of July. 
Round Sweet. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:61. 1900. 

Mentioned in this reference. 
Royal American. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 

Tree strong in growth; fruit large; skin light red becoming darker in the sun; flesh 
yellowish-white, firm, juicy, agreeable; ripens in July. 

Royal Hatif. P. avium. 1. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:505. 1860. 

Tree very productive, of medium size; fruit large, compressed at the apex and base; 
stem green, short, often with stipules; flavor sweet; very good; ripens at the end of May. 
Rumsey. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:122. 1900. 

Rumsey’s Late Morello. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 199 fig. 1845. 

This very late cherry was grown by Dr. J. S. Rumsey, Fishkill Landing, New York, 
about 1835. Fruit usually borne in pairs, large, roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem 
long; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, a rich, lively red; flesh juicy, melting, acid; stone 
long; ripens from the first part of August until frosts. 

Runde Marmorirte Siisskirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wérterb. 280. 1802. 2. Truch- 
sess-Heim Kurschensort. 336, 683. 1819. 3. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 382. i881. 
4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 375. 1880. 
Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche. 5. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 
fig. 1. 1792. 


Runde Marmorirte Susskirsche is one of the varieties which has been confused with 
Napoleon and Yellow Spanish. Tree vigorous, very productive; fruit large, roundish- 


cordate, slightly compressed; suture shallow; stem long; cavity shallow, wide, depressed 
on the ventral side; skin yellow, streaked, dotted and overlaid with red — the amount 
depending on the exposure to the sun; flesh whitish-yellow, medium firm, juicy, very sweet, 
sprightly, excellent; stone ovate to oval; matures usually with Napoleon. 
Rupert. P. pumila X P.? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 435. 1901. 

Mentioned in this reference as being a cross between the Prunus pumila, the Sand 
Cherry, and a plum. 
Rupp. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 40, Pl. 3. 1895. 2. Mich. 

Sta. Bul. 187:62. 1901. 

Rupp is supposed to have originated with Solomon Rupp, York County, Pennsylvania. 
It was sent to several Experiment Stations for testing by the United States Department 
of Agriculture. As grown at the Michigan and Geneva Stations it cannot be distinguished 
from Reine Hortense and we are inclined to believe that the old variety has been over- 
shadowed by a new name. 
Russian Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Ont. Dept. Agr. Fr. Ont. 103. 1914. 

Russian 207. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 1890. 

Tree upright, vigorous; fruit above medium in size, round, flattened at the base; stem 
long; skin bright red; juicy; fair quality; ripens the first of August. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 315 


Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169, 199. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 
73:80, 81. 1903. 

These seedlings were grown at the Iowa Experiment Station from selected seeds of 
Russian varieties. They show every variation from a low, compact, spreading tree to 
a tall, conical one, while the fruit varies in season from early June to late July. 

Russie 4 Fruit Blanc. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Ryley Black Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Sdchsische Friihe Maikirsche. Species? 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 

Listed without a description. 

Sacramento. Species? 1. Green River Nur. Cat. 23. 1899. 

This is a productive variety, resembling May Duke, found near Sacramento, Kentucky. 
Saint-Laurent. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Sansoto. P. pumila X P. americana. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:184, Pl. 10, Pl. 11, 185. 
IQII. 

Sansoto is a cross from the South Dakota Experiment Station between the Sand 
Cherry and the De Soto plum. In growth the tree resembles that of the plum but the 
fruit in looks and flavor is more like the Sand Cherry. Fruit is round, about three- 
eighths inch in diameter; skin black with a bluish bloom, thin, free from acerbity; flesh 
yellowish-green, sprightly; pit clinging. 

Sapa. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:Pl.9. 1908. 2. Ibid. 130:176, 
177 Pl. 7, 178. 1911. 

Sapa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was introduced in 
1908 by the South Dakota Station. Tree plum-like in habit; fruit-buds numerous; fruit 
about one and three-eighths inches in diameter; skin glossy, dark purple; flesh rich, dark 
purple; season extremely early. 

Sappington. P. avium. 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. 
Hort. Man. 2:282. 1903. 

Grown about St. Louis, Missouri, where it originated. The tree resembles Mazzard 
in growth, vigor and productiveness; fruit sweet; early. 
Sauerjotte. P.cerasus. 1. Guide Prat. 17. 1895. 

Listed as a variety of doubtful value. 

Saure Herzkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Obstbaume 161. 1791. 

Described as a black, Sour Cherry of the first rank, with tender flesh and excellent juice. 
Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 91 fig., 92. 1860. 

Bigarreau de Sauvigny. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:302. 1866. 

Dure de Sauvigny. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

Fruit large, elongated, obtuse-cordate, compressed more strongly upon the side showing 
a suture; stem variable, usually of medium length; cavity narrow, deep; skin glossy, dark 
brownish-red, mottled with lighter red; flesh very firm, dark red, juicy; quality very good; 
pit small, oval, acutely-pointed at the apex, free; ripens in late July. 


316 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Scharlachkirsche. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 669. 1797. 

This variety is supposed by some to be May Duke. Usually borne in twos and threes; 
fruit medium in size; stem above medium in length, slender; suture indistinct; ripens 
the latter part of June. 

Schleihahn Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Press Bul. 28:1911. 

Bigarreau de Schlethahn. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 20, 190. 1876. 

A variety of German origin, introduced into Iowa about 1892 and described as 
a desirable variety for that State by the Iowa Agricultural College. It follows Early 
Richmond and has a long season. Tree productive, hardy for a sweet variety; fruit of 
medium size, cordate, sides flattened; stem long, slender, set in a rather deep, wide cavity; 
skin firm, glossy, surface often pitted; dots numerous, obscure; suture often lacking; 
color bright deep red, becoming dark red or black; flesh dark red, very firm, moderately 
juicy, sweet; good; pit above medium in size, pointed, oval, turgid, nearly free; season 
at Ames, Iowa, from June zoth to July rst. 

Schléssers Schattenmorelle. P. cerasus. 1. Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift 123. 1910. 
2. Pom. Inst. Reut. 31. 1911-12. 

Tree vigorous; fruit large, round, dark brownish-red, similar to the Brusseler Braune 
but larger; sour. 

Schmehls. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901. 

Tree vigorous; fruit large obtuse-cordate; skin mottled with yellow and pale red; 
flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing; ripens the middle of July. 

Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 

Tree vigorous; fruit large, nearly round; skin dark red; flesh red, firm, juicy, sweet; 
season late June. 

Schmidt Friihe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Lauche Ergdnzungsband 603. 1883. 

F. Schmidt, Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, grew this variety. Tree fruitful and succeeds 
in all soils; fruit large, abruptly cordate; suture indistinct; stem medium in length; cavity 
wide, deep; color glossy dark brown changing to black; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; good; 
stone medium, roundish; early. 

Schneeberger Kirsche. Species? 1. Obstztichter 8:52. 1910. 

This is a market cherry grown about Vienna, Austria, ripening about the middle 
of July and lasting fora month. Some fruits are round, others cordate, depending on the 
altitude in which it is grown; stem slender; color black; flesh moderately firm, adhering 
to the pit. 

Schneider Friithe Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1880. 

Guigne-hative de Schneider. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 198. 1876. 

Tree vigorous and productive; fruit large, cordate, truncate; skin a brilliant brownish- 
black; flesh firm; of first quality; matures early in June. 

Schneider Spite Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Oberdieck Obst-Sort. 370, 371. 1881. 
2. Lauche Deut. Pom. III:No. 8, Pl. 1882. 

Origin, Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit very large, 
oval, often cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, inserted in a wide, 
deep cavity; skin glossy, cherry-red changing to dark brown, with numerous flecks; flesh 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 317 


firm, yellowish, sweet, with slightly colored juice; stone elongated-ovate, large, plump; 
late. 
Schéne von Briigge. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 376. 1889. 

Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Listed but not described in the reference given. 

Schéne von Marienhohe. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 57 fig., 58. 1860. 2. Proskauer 
Obstsort. 57. 1907. 

Belle glorie de Marie. 3. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:300. 1866. 

Belle de Marienhche. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 187. 1876. 

Beauty of Martenhohe. 5. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 549. 1901. 

This old variety originated in 1836 from pits planted in the Royal nursery of Marien- 
héhe near Weimar, Saxe-Weimar, Germany. Trees strong, healthy and productive; 
fruit medium in size, heart-shaped, often variable; sides plump; cavity noticeable; apex 
a small yellowish-brown point in a slight depression; stem slender, green; skin thin, glossy, 
reddish-black; flesh and juice dark red, tender, sweet; quality very good; pit egg-shaped, 
smooth without a point, turgid; ripens the first of July. 

Schrécks Spate Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:43. 
1858. 

Fruit large, elongated-cordate, compressed, often uneven; suture noticeable; stem 
long, slender; skin dark red, variegated; flesh firm, vinous, sweet; stone elongated-cordate, 
adherent; ripens at the end of July. 

Schwarze Forellenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Kriinitz Enc. 70, 71. 1790. 2. Truchsess- 
‘Heim Kirschensort. 593, 594. 1819. 

Tree productive, not large; fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened; stem very long, 
set in a cavity of medium size; skin glossy, dark brownish-black becoming almost black; 
flesh very red, melting, juicy, sour; stone reddish, one-half inch long; ripens early in August. 
Schwarze Maiweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Woriterb. 285. 1802. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. 

Obstkunde 3:58. 1858. 

Schwarze Maikirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 498, 499, 500. 1819. 

This variety differs from other Morellos in its very short stem. Tree small, not 
productive; fruit usually small, roundish, flattened; suture indistinct; stem short; color 
black when ripe; flesh dark red, juice lighter, sour, becoming aromatic on hanging; stone 
very small, round; ripens the middle of June. 

Schwarze Muskateller. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 671. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 419, 420, 421. 1819. 

Fruit round, somewhat flattened on one side; stem short; skin and flesh dark red; 
flesh soft, juicy, mingled with a slight sourness; ripens the latter part of July. 

Schwarze Oranienkirsche. Species? 1. Krinitz Enc. 56. 1790. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 432. 18109. 

Schwarze Malvasierkirsche. 3. Ibid. 433, 434. 1819. 

Fruit large, pitch-black, aromatic; from Holland. 

Schwarze Soodkirsche. P cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 286. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 556, 557. 18109. 


318 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Branches slender, drooping; fruit of medium size, oblate, sides flattened; stem slender; 
cavity shallow; suture a fine line; color almost black; flesh tender, slightly fibrous, dark 
red at the stone, juicy, pleasingly subacid; stone small, roundish; season the middle of 
July. 

Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 198, 199, 
200, 675. 18109. 

Of German origin and first mentioned in 1797. Fruit moderately large, uneven, 
flattened at the base and sides; stem slender, rather long, deeply inserted; skin brownish- 
red approaching black, tough, leather-like; flesh firm, sweet, with violet juice when ripe; 
ripens early in August. 

Schwarzes Taubenherz. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 147, 148. 1810. 

This variety is peculiar in that its stem is green and its fruit has a deep suture on 
the compressed side; skin very dark brown; flesh tender, soft, bitter, sweet when fully 
ripe but insipid; ripens early in July. 

Sebril. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 152:192. 1898. 

Listed as a Sweet Cherry. 

Seckbacher. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 167-174. 1819. 2. Ii. 
Handb. 475 fig., 476. 1861. 

Spdate Matkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 660. 1797. 

Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:34. 1858. 

Cerise de Seckbach. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:55, 56, fig. 28. 1882. 

This variety probably originated in Prussia, Germany. Fruit small, round or cordate, 
compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, shallowly inserted; color glossy, black, lighter 
along the suture; flesh dark red, firm, juicy, aromatic, piquant; stone large; ripens the 
middle of June. 

Seederberger. P. avium. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 18092. 

Listed as a sweet variety from Virginia and said to resemble Yellow Spanish but 
the fruit is larger and the tree more vigorous. 

Select Beauty. Species? 1. Prince Treat. Hort. 30. 1828. 

A large, red, well-flavored cherry with a long stem; not very productive; ripens in 
July. 

Shadow Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 326. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 
73:82 fig. 1903. 
Friuhe Schattenmorelle. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858. 
Schatten Amarelle. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1883. 5. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 329. 
1885. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:126. 1900. 
Shadow Morello. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 78. 1890. 8. Lucas Handb. Obst. 3rd Ed. 
122. 1893. 

Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa, in 1893, imported this variety from south-central 
Asia. It is very similar to the Brusseler Braune and Lucas gives it as the same. Whether 
or not they are identical we cannot determine, as the variety is not grown on the Station 
grounds. The name Schatten is derived from the mirror-like reflection of the glossy skin 
when exposed to the sun. From the description it seems to differ from the Brusseler 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 319 


Braune in being smaller in size, not so globular, nor as dark in color, a few days earlier, 
and the tree is more spreading in growth. 
Shailer. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 55. 1831. 

A yellowish-red, hard-fleshed Heart cherry of inferior quality; ripens in July. 
Shannon. P.cerasus. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 202, 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 1853. 

Shannon Morello. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 70, 91. 1866. 

Gov. Shannon. 4. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 33. 1873. 

Shannon was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, 1829, and described 
in 1849, being named after Wilson Shannon, once Governor of Ohio. It sprung from 
a Morello tree standing near a Carnation cherry tree and bears fruit of the Morello type. 
Tree very hardy; fruit above medium in size, globular, flattened at the base; stem long, 
slender; cavity open; flesh tender, reddish-purple, juicy, acid; pit small. 

Shelton. P. avium. 1. Milton Cat. 10. 1911. 

Shelton is a seedling of Napoleon grown by Judge William Shelton of Walla Walla, 
Washington. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright; fruit smaller than Napoleon; skin pale 
yellow with a red cheek; flesh sweet, tender, juicy; ripens two weeks before Napoleon. 
Short-stem May. Species? 1. Continental Plant Cat. 22. 1914. 

Merely listed as an old, well-known, productive cherry. 

Shubianka. P. cerasus. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1888. 2. Ia. Sta. Bul. 
73:83. 1903. 

Shubianka is an inferior small-fruited cherry of the Vladimir family imported from 
Russia in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree dwarf, round-topped; fruit 
small, round; stem long, slender; cavity broad, shallow; skin tough, thick, deep red; flesh 
firm, juicy, colored, sprightly, astringent with a bitter after-taste; stone round, rather 
large; season at the end of June; worthless. 

Sibrel. P. cerasus. 1. Greening Bros. Cat. 74 fig. 1899. 

Sibrel is of the Morello type and originated at Bettsville, Ohio; distinguished for 
its productiveness, lateness, size and quality. 

Silver Thorne. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:83. 1903. 

Silver Thorne is supposed to have originated in Muscatine County, Iowa, about 
sixty years ago. It resembles Early Richmond in tree and fruit but the cherries have 
firmer flesh and are less acid. 

Skublics Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 59. 1907. 
Mentioned in the reference given. 

Sleinhaus. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 
Listed without a description. 

Small Black Guigne. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:112. 1832. 

This cherry differs from Black Guigne in being shorter and inferior in quality. 
Small Morello. P. cerasus. 1. Thacher Am. Orch. 217. 1822. 

A cherry from Salem County, New Jersey; the fruit has a lively acid taste. 
Smidt Yellow. Species? 1. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 669. 1897. 

A good, early, prolific, southern variety. Fruit medium in size, yellow, mottled 
with red. 


320 THE CHERRIES OF NEEW YORK 


Socsany. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895. 

Socsany was received from Hungary by the United States Department of Agriculture in 
1893 and was sent to C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon, for testing. Fruit small, smooth, 
cordate; suture shallow; stem long, slender; cavity medium in size, irregular, flaring; 
skin thick, tenacious, yellow, well covered with red, with numerous, subcutaneous, oblong 
dots; flesh yellowish, translucent, meaty, with whitish veins, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone 
large, oval, clinging; very good; season the first of July. 

Soft-stone Cherry. Species? 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:145. 1832. 

Soft Sheld. 2. Parkinson Par. Ter. 574. 1629. 

Cerise a Noyau tendre. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 1:174, 175. 1768. 

Many writers mention a seedless cherry but Duhamel doubts its existence. He does, 
however, describe one with a tender, ligneous pit that is easily broken by the fingers. The 
fruit is round, almost an inch in diameter and very good. 

Souths Breite Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 164. 1819. 
2. Thomas Guide Prat. 25. 1876. 

A large, black, glossy Heart cherry. 

Souvenir d’Essonnes. P. avium. 1. Mas Le Verger 8:109, 110, fig. 53. 1866-73. 

This cherry was obtained by M. Courtin, a nurseryman at Essonnes, Seine-et-Oise, 
France, about 1860. Fruit of medium size, oval, slightly compressed; suture indistinct; 
stem medium; cavity of medium size, regular; skin tender, mottled on a red ground; flesh 
whitish, tender, sweet though sprightly; pit small, oval; ripens the middle of June. 
Spanische Friihkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 149 fig., 150. 1860. 

Spanische Herzkirsche. 2. Christ Obstbaume 160. 1791. 

Schwarze Spanische Frihkirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 4. Christ Worterb. 

282. 1802. 5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 410-413. 18109. 
Précoce d’Espagne. 6. Mas Le Verger 8:73, 74, fig. 35. 1866-73. 7. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 16, 204. 1876. 

Fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, sides compressed; suture wide, deep, often 
only a line on the dorsal side; stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity; skin 
glossy, tough, deep red changing to black; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a pleasing sour- 
ness, brownish-red; pit elongated-oval, not plump, rather smooth; season the middle of June. 
Spanische Friihweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 674. 1797. 2. Christ Worterb. 

289. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 500, 501, 502. 18109. 

Griotte Précoce d’Espagne. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:41, 42, fig. 19. 1866-73. 

Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, truncate 
at the base; suture marked on the side most compressed; stem long, moderately stout, 
inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender, purplish-brown, changing to black, some- 
what lighter near the suture; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, with a pleasing acidity; first 
quality; stone small, roundish-oval, apex pointed; season the last of June 
Spanische Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Ill. Handb. 503 fig., 504. 1861. 

Grosse Spanische Weichsel? 2. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 

Transparente d’Espagne. 3. Mas Le Verger 8:101, 102, fig. 49. 1866-73. 

Fruit large, oblate, compressed on the dorsal side; suture lacking; stem rather long; 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 321 


cavity deep; color dark red; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, acidulated; stone small, nearly 
round; ripens from the middle to the end of June. 
Spanish Griotte. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:136. 1832. 

Prince believed this variety to be a sub-variety of Arch Duke which it resembles. 
The fruit is larger than the Arch Duke, oblong, somewhat flattened along the sides; stem 
very large, of medium length; skin brownish-red approaching black; flesh red, firm, 
slightly melting, sweet; ripens at the beginning of July. 

Spatbliihende Glaskirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 
Wetchselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und rothlich marmorirte Frucht. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 
1:7, Tab 17 fig. 2. 1792. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 477-479, 690. 18109. 

Fruit of medium size; stem long, slender; color red; flesh pleasingly subacid; ripens 
the middle of July; blooms very late. 

Spate Maulbeerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Worterb. 276. 1802. 2. Ill. Handb. 75 
fig., 76. 1860. 

Spate Maulbeerherzktirsche. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 135-140. 1819. 

Guigne mitre de Paris. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:83, 207. 1866. 

Tree vigorous, with a broad crown, productive; fruit variable in size, flattened some- 
what squarely; stem long, stout, straight; cavity wide, shallow; skin tough, black, rather 
dull; flesh tender, reddish-black, with abundant, colored juice, sweet with a piquant sour- 
ness; pit round; season the last of July. 

Spite Rote Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 378. 1889. 

Listed without a description. 

Spite Schwarze Forellenkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 291. 1802. 2. Truch- 
sess-Heim Kzurschensort. 605, 606. 1819. 

This variety was found in Bernburg, Anhalt, Germany. Tree medium in height, 
with branches drooping; fruit large, dark brownish-red; very sour; stone very long; ripens 
in September with a few fruits remaining until October. 

Spite Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 43 fig., 44. 1867. 

Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, angular; suture but a line; stem rather long; 
cavity shallow; skin glossy, dark red, becoming black, streaked; flesh dark red, firm, sweet, 
aromatic, with a slight bitterness; stone oval; ripens in late August. 

Spadte Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 664. 1797. 
2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 152, 153. 1819. 

This variety is distinguished from all others of its class by its soft, tender stone; it 
differs from the Soft-stone Cherry in shape. Fruit elongated, tapering-cordate; skin glossy, 
dark brown, changing to black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, aromatic; stone medium 
in size, flattened, often abortive, with a thin covering over the kernel easily broken by 
the hand; ripens in late August. 

Speckkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Handb. 665. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschen- 
Sort. 287-289. 18109. 

Certse Graisseuse. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:303. 1866. 

Cerise Lard. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:81, 82, fig. 41. 1882. 

This cherry is sometimes mistaken for Corone. It differs from other Bigarreaus 

21 


322 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


in its variable form. Tree productive; fruit medium to large; stem rather long, set in 

a shallow cavity; color dark red with lighter red flecks; flesh firm, pale yellow, subacid; 

stone rather large, nearly free; ripens the middle of July. 

Spitzens Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 160, 161, 673. 1819. 
2. Ill. Handb. 71 fig., 72. 1860. 3. Mortillet Le Cerisier2:301. 1866. 4. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876. 

Guigne noire Spitz. 5. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:333 fig. 1877. 

Bigarreau noire de Spitz. 6. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Spitzens Herzkirsche is a seedling found in Guben, Prussia, Germany, about 1790. 
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, compressed; 
suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin glossy, tender, dark reddish-brown changing 
to black, lighter along the suture; flesh dark red, tender, fibrous, sweet, aromatic when fully 
ripe; stone of medium size, plump, oval, slightly adherent; season late. 

Srdcovka v Skalka. P. avium. 1. Obstztichter 8:51. 1910. 

A Heart cherry found in the markets of Britnn, Moravia, Austria. 

Stanapa. P. pumila X P. pissardi. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:190, 191. 1911. 

Stanapa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and Prunus pissardi, interesting only 
because of its beautiful purple foliage. 

Standard. P. pumila. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 353. 1896. 

Standard is a seedling of Prunus pumila, the Sand Cherry, grown by the Experiment 
Station at Manitoba, Canada; fruit large, astringent. 

Starr Prolific. Species? 1. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 1:22. 1894. 

Mentioned as growing on the grounds of L. Woolverton, Grimsby, Ontario, Canada. 
Strass Early Black. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 473. 1869. 

2. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 19:996. 1908. 

Many writers believe Strass Early Black to be Reine Hortense. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive; fruit small, partly cordate, flattened on one side; stem of medium length, set in a 
shallow cavity; skin dark red becoming almost black; flesh reddish-pink, rather soft, sweet, 
with pinkish juice; stone large. 

Strauss. P. cerasus. 1. Del. Sta. An. Rpt. 12:127. 1900. 
Strauss Weichsel. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 328. 1885. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 17:11. 
1892. 

This is not the Strauss Weichsel of Europe but one of Budd’s importations. Tree 
upright, hardy, round-topped, vigorous, unproductive; fruit medium to large, truncate, 
flattened at both ends; cavity medium; apex smooth; stem short, slender; flesh dark red 
almost black, firm, juicy, sprightly, acid, astringent; stone small, round; season the last 
of June. 

Strauss Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Worterb. 289. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 502-505. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:59. 1858. 
4. Ill. Handb. 81 fig., 82. 1867. 

Tree dwarfish, unproductive; fruit on a single stem but several come out of one bud 
and the buds are closely set; fruit large, flattened at both ends; apex slightly rounded; 
stem long, thin, straight; color brownish-black; flesh tender, dark red, with abundant, 
colored juice; quality good; ripens the middle of June. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 323 


Striker. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895. 

Striker is a seedling of Napoleon grown by C. E. Hoskins, Springbrook, Oregon. Fruit 
large, cordate; cavity wide, deep, flaring, pink; stem of medium length, slender; suture 
shallow; skin thick, tender, glossy, yellow, washed and mottled with red; dots minute, 
russet, elongated; flesh yellowish, translucent, fibrous, firm, juicy, mild, sprightly; very 
good; pit of medium size, oval, semi-clinging; season the last of June to early July. 
Striped-Leaved. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:151. 1832. 

Cerasus hortensis folits eleganter variegatis. 2. Miller Gard. Dict. 1:1754. 

Cultivated as an ornamental. 

Stuart. P. avium. 

Stuart originated from nursery-sown pits and was propagated by C. W. Stuart of 
Newark, New York, who sent trees to this Station for testing in 1900. Tree of medium 
size, vigorous, productive; fruit large, cordate or inclined to conic, compressed; suture 
indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide, obtuse; skin thin, tender; color light red 
over a yellowish background changing to dark, glossy red; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; ripens in mid-season. 

Sucrée Léon Leclerc. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 19, 206. 1876 
Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc. 2. Mortillet Le Cerister 2:98. 1866. 3. Leroy Dict. 
Pom. 5:339, 340 fig. 1877. 

Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche. 4. Proskauer Obstsort. 56. 1907. 

This variety originated with Léon Leclerc of Laval, Mayenne, France, about 1853. 
Tree small, productive; fruit of medium size, borne in twos or threes, cordate-ovoid; stem 
long, slender, inserted in a cavity of medium size; skin deep rose-carmine; flesh whitish, 
semi-tender, very sugary, aromatic; pit medium in size, elongated-oval; ripens about the 
end of June. 

Summit. P. avium. 

Summit is a seedling sent this Station by Isaiah Lower, Barberton, Ohio. According 
to Mr. Lower, the tree is vigorous and bears large, dark red cherries, very rich in juice and 
of a pleasing taste. 

Siisse Amarelle. P. cerasus. 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:8, Tab. 20 fig. 1. 1792. 2. Truch- 
sess-Heim Kirschensort. 618,619. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. 89 fig.,go. 1867. 4. Ober- 
dieck Obst-Sort. 3536, 357. 1881. 

Spate Amarelle incor. 5. Christ Worterb. 294. 1802. 

This variety is probably of French origin. Tree medium in height, bushy, productive; 
fruit large, flattened on both ends and on one side giving it a four-angled appearance; stem 
short, stout; cavity flat, shallow; apex slightly depressed; suture short, slightly prominent; 
skin dark red, thin, tough, separating readily from the pulp; flesh tender, juicy, white, 
sweet; stone large, thick, round, free; season the middle of June. 

Siisse Friihherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 154, 155, 672. 
181g. 

Fruit rather small, round, compressed and marked by a suture; stem long, slender; 
color dark brown, becoming black; flesh tender, sweet, piquant; stone large, adherent; 
season the end of June. 


324 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Siisse Friihweichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Christ Wérterb. 288. 1802. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 536-538. 1819. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 379. 1889. 

Cerise Hative. 4. Mas Le Verger 8:23, 24, fig. 10. 1866-73. 

This cherry should not be confused with the dark-fleshed variety, Griotte Douce 
Précoce. Branches long, flexible; fruit usually borne in twos or threes, of medium size, 
roundish, flattened; suture rather distinct; stem short, set in a large cavity; skin tender, 
clear red becoming darker; flesh whitish, mild; stone small, roundish; ripens early in June. 
Siisse Maiherzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 662. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim 

Kirschensort. 111-115. 1819. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:19. 1858. 

Fruit round,’ medium in size; suture indistinct; skin black; flesh dark red, piquant; 
stone small, plump, roundish, adherent along the suture; season the middle of June to 
July. 

Siisse Spanische. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 233-235. 1819. 
2. Thomas Guide Prat. 18, 206. 1876. 

Douce d’Espagne. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:21, 22, fig. 11. 1882. 

This cherry was sent out by Pastor Winter of Germany in 1796 as a seedling of White 
Spanish. Fruit above medium to large, cordate; sides compressed and marked by 
a suture; stem rather long, slender, set in a narrow cavity; skin dull yellow, spotted with 
red, often dull; flesh whitish-yellow with a reddish tinge near the skin, tender, sweet; 
stone small, broadly cordate, adherent; season late. 

Siisskirsche mit Gefurster Bluthe. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Sweedish. P. avium. 1. Cultivator N.S. 72270. 1850. 

Sweedish is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland’s varieties, possibly identical with White 
Heart. Its strikingly rugose or wrinkled surface distinguishes it from other cherries. 
Sweet Montmorency. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Downing Fr. Trees 

Am. 193 fig. 1845. 

Allen’s Sweet Montmorency. 3. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t Pt. 3:183. 1847. 

The fruit of this variety resembles Montmorency in external appearance but it is of 
a sweet, delicate flavor and the growth and habit of the tree is that of a Heart. Probably 
it is a hybrid between a Heart and a Morello or Montmorency. It was raised by J. F. 
Allen, Salem, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, somewhat spreading; fruit rather small, 
nearly round; suture shallow; stem short; cavity shallow; skin pale amber in the shade, 
deep orange in the sun, becoming darker, and mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, sweet, high quality; stone small, round, slightly adherent; season the last of July 
to August. 

Sweet Morello. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 54. 1831. 
Mentioned in the reference given. 
Tarascon Kirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 5 fig., 6. 1867. 
Guigne de Tarascon. 2. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:59-61, fig. 4, 219. 1866. 3. Thomas 
Guide Prat. 18, 199. 1876. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:336, 337 fig. 1877. 

Tarascon Kirsche originated in Bouches-du-Rhéne, France. Tree of medium height, 

moderately vigorous; fruit rather large, usually attached by fours, obtuse-cordate, surface 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 325 


irregular; suture indistinct; stem rather slender, medium in length; cavity often shallow; 

skin glossy, changing to nearly black; flesh colored, juicy, tender, sweet; ripens late in 

June. 

Tardive d’Avignon. P. avium. 1. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:153, 154 fig. 39, 155. 1866. 
2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:395, 396 fig. 1877. 

This variety is grown at Avignon, Vaucluse, France. Tree vigorous, large; fruit 
usually attached in pairs, of medium size, compressed at the base, mamelon at the apex; 
suture indistinct; stem very long, slender, set in a broad, shallow cavity; apex prominent; 
skin thin but firm, dark glossy red, never becoming black, easily detached from the pulp; 
flesh clear blood-red netted with white, tender, juicy, sweet, with pronounced acidity; 
first quality; pit small, roundish, moderately grooved; matures at the beginning of July. 
Tardive de Brederode. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882. 

Leaves and flowers described. 

Tardive Noire d’Espagne. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Tardive de Peine. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Tecumseh. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 203. 1854. 2. Mag. Hort. 19:167, 168. 
1853. 3. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:65, 66, fig. 33. 1882. 

Tecumseh was raised in 1842 by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, from a pit 
of Yellow Spanish, probably fertilized by Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. 
Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse- 
cordate, compressed, with a broad, shallow suture; stem long, moderately thick; skin thin, 
tender, deep reddish-purple changing to purplish-black, glossy, sometimes mottled with 
ted; flesh reddish-purple, rather tender, very juicy, sweet yet sprightly but not high 
flavored; quality good; stone medium in size, smooth, round, slightly elongated; ripens 
from the middle to the end of July. 

Temple. P. avium Xx P. cerasus. 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 31. 1892. 

Temple is a large Duke, subacid in flavor, ripening about June roth. Tree an upright 
grower. 

Terry. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 168. 1897. 2. Del. Sia. An. Rpt. 122122. 
1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:283. 1903. 

Terry Early. 4. Stark Bros. Cat. 21. 1910. 

Terry was probably imported by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, from Russia. Tree 
moderately upright, hardy; fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened laterally; suture 
indistinct; stem medium long; cavity shallow; skin tough, slightly astringent, deep red; 
flesh meaty, subacid, colored; stone small, roundish; ripens the middle of June. 

Thirty Day. Species? 1. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 9. 1890. 

Thirty Day is said to ripen thirty days from the time of blossoming. It was grown 
by a Mr. Irwin of Fairfield County, Ohio; fruit large and of excellent quality. 
Thompson. P. avium. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 1889. 

Thompson is a seedling of Black Tartarian, which it closely resembles, from Napa 
County, California. Tree hardier and the fruit firmer than Black Tartarian. 


326 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Thrinen Muskatellerkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 2. Truchsess- 

Heim Kirschensort. 174-177. 1819. 3- Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858. 

Bigarreautier d rameaux pendants. 4. Ann. Pom. Belge 4:85, 86, Pl. 1856. 5. Leroy 
Dict. Pom. 5:233 fig., 234. 1877. 

Muscat des Larmes. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:301. 1866. 

This old variety is said to have been introduced into Germany and France from the 
Island of Minorca in the Mediterranean. The branches very soon take on a drooping 
habit whence its name; leaves long and narrow, peach-like; fruit large, often borne in 
pairs, flattened at the stem as well as at the sides, marked by a suture; skin dark brownish- 
red; flesh dark red, firm, juicy; excellent; stone plump, oval; ripens the middle of July. 
Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche. P. aviuwm. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kurschensort. 254, 255. 

1819. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:27. 1858. 3. Ill. Handb. 103 fig., 104. 
1860. 

‘Guigne de Tilgener. 4. Mortillet Le Cerister 23302. 1866. 

Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener? 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 117159. 1882. 

This variety is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Tree large, productive; 
fruit above medium in size, cordate; suture shallow; stem medium to above in length, 
rather deeply inserted; color yellowish, spotted and streaked with red often becoming 
wholly red; flesh pale white, juicy, tender, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; stone oval, 
acutely pointed, plump, grooved; ripens at the end of June. 

Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Ill. Handb. 33 fig., 34. 1867. 
2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380. 1889. 

Bigarreau noir de Tilgner. 3. Leroy Dict. Pom. §:230 fig. 1877. 

Another seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany, originating about 1852. Tree 
vigorous, healthy, productive; fruit usually borne in threes, very large, obtuse-cordate, 
often pointed, compressed; suture indistinct; stem short, stout, set in a deep, rather wide 
cavity; skin moderately tender, glossy, black when ripe; flesh rather tender, dark red, 
aromatic, pleasing; stone of medium size, oval; season late. 

Tobacco-Leaved. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:122, 123. 1832. 

Ounce. 2. Parkinson Par. Ter. 571. 1629. 

Cerise a Feuilles bigarrées. 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:35. 1771. 

Four to the Pound. 4. Truchsess-Heim Kzirschensort. 267-277. 1819. 5. Lond. 

Hort. Soc. Cat. 49. 1831. 
Achte (sein sollende) Kirsche Vier auf ein Pfund. 6. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
283, 284, 679. 1819. 

Bigarreautier & grandes feuilles. 7. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 2: No. 10, Pl. 1846. 

Gross blattrige Molkenkirsche. 8. Dochnahl Frhr. Obstkunde 3:31. 1858. 

Bigarreau a Feuilles de Tabac. 9. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:201 fig., 202, 203, 204. 1877. 

The foliage is an object of curiosity in this variety, the leaves often measuring a foot 
in length and from five to eight inches in width. The fruits are rather below medium 
in size. The young shoots present a much undulated appearance. The variety is 
evidently of English origin, being mentioned in 1629, by Parkinson. Fruit below 
medium in size, heart-shaped; stem long, slender; skin tender, glossy, yellow overspread 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 327 


with red; flesh firm, transparent, juicy, rich, sweet; stone of medium size, ovate; ripens 
early in August. 
Toctonne Précoce. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:156. 1882. 

The fruit is not described. 

Tokeya. P. pumila X P. simonti. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:Pl. 4. 1908. 2. Ibid. 
130188 Pl. 13, 189. 1og1t. 

Tokeya is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Simon plum and was introduced 
as South Dakota No. 7 by the South Dakota Station. The early fruiting and the dwarfing 
habit of the Sand Cherries are very evident; fruit one and three-eighths inches in 
diameter, flat, dark red; flesh green, sprightly subacid, intermediate between that of the 
two parents; of good quality; pit very small. 

Tomato. P. avuum X P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866. 

Pomme-d’Amour. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 21, 203. 1876. 

Love Apple. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 163. 1881. 

Tomato is a Duke cherry of Spanish origin. Fruit large, roundish-oblate, often 
depressed or tomato-shaped; suture shallow; apex a dot; stem long, slender, set in a large, 
broad, moderately deep cavity; skin yellowish, shaded with red; flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid; quality very good; ripens early in July. 

Toronto. Species? 1. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 22. 1892-93. 2. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 
19:998. 1908. 

Tree upright, fairly vigorous, productive; fruit borne in twos and threes, small, 
cordate, flattened on the sides, dark red; flesh and juice dark red, soft. 

Toupie. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:17, 18, fig. 9. 
1882. 

Kretselkirsche. 3. Ill. Handb. 25 fig., 26. 1867. 

Bigarreau Toupie. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:246, 247 fig. 1877. 

A peculiar top-shaped fruit raised by M. Denis Henrard of the University of Liege, 
Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; fruit large, elongated, pointed-cordate, 
sides slightly compressed; suture indistinct; stem moderately long, slender, often curved, 
inserted in a narrow, shallow cavity; skin pale red becoming darker; flesh half-tender, 
juicy, dark red where exposed, sweet, acidulated; pit large, oval, tapering toward the apex, 
plump; ripens at the last of June. 

Townsend. P-. cerasus. 

Townsend is a strong, vigorous, productive cherry grown by W. P. Townsend, Lock- 
port, New York. Fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a high shoulder, compressed; suture 
distinct; stem long, rather slender, set in a broad, somewhat deep cavity; skin light amber, 
mottled and shaded with carmine; flesh almost tender, juicy, sprightly, refreshing; pit 
small; ripens late in June. 

Transparent. P. cerasus. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 92. 1866. 

Transparent was grown by M. De Jonghe of Brussels, Belgium, from seed of Mont- 
morency. Fruit above medium in size, oblate, with a faint suture which is distinctly 
marked at the apex; skin pale red, thin, transparent, showing the fibrous flesh beneath; 
flesh tender, melting, sweet, delicious. 


328 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Transparent Guigne. P. avium. 1. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 2. Prince Pom. 
Man. 2:119. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 177. 1845. 

Jahns Durchsichtige. 4. Ill. Handb. 143 fig., 144. 1860. 

Transparent de Jahn. 5. Mas Le Verger 8:65, 66, fig. 31. 1866-73. 

This is a European cherry formerly grown to some extent in America. Tree moder- 
ately vigorous, erect at first; fruit small, borne in pairs, regular, oval-cordate; stem rather 
long, inserted in a narrow cavity; suture a wide, dark line; skin thin, glossy, pellucid, 
showing the stone, yellowish-white, blotched with fine red; flesh yellowish-white, with 
a reddish cast, tender, juicy, aromatic; stone medium in size, oval, free; ripens late in 
June. 

Transparente de Meylan. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876. 

Fruit large, round, transparent; flesh delicate, fine, acid at first becoming sugary; 
ripens at the end of May. 

Transparente de Rivers. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 17, 207. 1876. 

This is an English variety introduced into France about 1865. Fruit large, spherical, 
depressed, with a spotted rose-carmine color; flesh firm, juicy, sugary, slightly acidulated; 
first quality; ripens early in July. 

Transparente de Siebenfreund. Species? 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876. 2. Guide 
Prat. 11. 1895. 

A large, beautiful cherry ripening the last of June from M. Siebenfreund, a druggist 
at Tyrnau, northwestern Hungary. 

Triomphe de Fausin. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Listed in the reference given. 

Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 206, 
676, 677. 1819. 

Guigne Troprichtz. 2. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:340, 341 fig. 1877. 

An old German variety. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin clear red becoming more 
intense; flesh juicy, sweet, aromatic; of good quality; ripens early in June. 

Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 380. 1889. 

Listed but not described. 

Tubbs. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:86. 1903. 

Tubbs originated in Iowa City, Iowa. Fruit of medium size, oblate, slightly cordate; 
stem long, rather stout, inserted in a deep, narrow opening; suture very indistinct; apex 
convex; skin thick, dark red; flesh colored, crisp, meaty, slightly acid, juicy; quality very 
good; stone small, round; ripens late in June. 

Tiirkine. P. avium. 1. Christ Handb. 667. 1797. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 
265-267. 1819. 3. Ill. Handb. tog fig., 110. 1860. 

Christ once labeled the Flamentiner, Turkine, which has given rise to some con- 
fusion. The true Tiirkine was sent out by Sello as Runde Weisse SpAte Kirsche. Tree 
not very vigorous or productive; fruit of medium size, very broad, cordate; suture 
indistinct; stem long, slender; cavity variable; skin spotted with red and yellow; flesh 
softer than most Hearts, white, juicy; quality very good; stone plump, roundish; ripens 
late in July. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 329 


Turkirsche Grosse. P. avium. 1. Guide Prat. 11. 1895. 

A German variety which resembles Elton; fruit large, pointed; flesh white, sweet; 

first quality; ripens throughout July. 
Turner Late. Species? 1. Van Lindley Cat. 37. 1899. 

A productive black cherry of medium size ripening the middle of June. 
Twyford. Species? 1. Agr. Gaz. N.S. Wales 19:997. 1908. 

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit borne singly and in pairs, above 
medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem slender, long; skin yellow, mottled 
with bright, light red; flesh rather firm, whitish, tinged red near the skin, with clear juice; 
good; ripens in New South Wales in November. 

Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 28. 1876. 

Thomas states that this is a weeping cherry from Germany; fruit large and very good. 
Ungarische Weichsel. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:61. 1858. 

Schwarze Ungarische Kirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 284. 1802. 3. Truchsess-Heim 

Kirschensort. 588, 589. 1819. 

This cherry should not be confused with the Grosse Ungarische Kirsche which is 
a Heart while this is a Morello. Fruit large, round, compressed; suture indistinct; stem 
slender, long, shallowly inserted; color black; flesh firm, tender, subacid, with dark red 
juice; pit small, elongated-oval; ripens the middle of July. 

Urinall. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 

“The Urinall Cherrie in a most fruitfull yeare is a small bearer, having many yeares 
none, and the best but a few; yet doth blossome plentifully every yeare for the most part: 
the cherrie is long and round, like unto an Urinall, from whence it tooke his name; reddish 
when it is, full ripe, and of an indifferent sweete rellish.”’ 

Utha. P. cerasus. 1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 57. 1804. 

Spoken of by Joseph Wood, Windom, Minnesota, as a hardy but almost worthless 
fruit; unproductive. 

Van Gaasbeck. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 67. 1875. 

A seedling cherry of extrordinary keeping quality exhibited by W. Van Gaasbeck, 
Hudson, New York. The fruit is of medium size with firm, sweet flesh. 

Vanskike. Species? 1. Trans. Cal. Agr. Soc. 472. 1873. 

A flesh-colored cherry listed as being cultivated successfully in California. 
Vaughn. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farm. Bul. and Ser. 3:62. 1900. 

Listed as medium in growth; fruit not described. 

Velser. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Krinitz Enc. 54, 55. 1790. 2. Truchsess-Heim 
Kirschensort. 394-398. 1819. 

Prague Tardif (Muscadét de). 3. Knoop Fructologie 2:36, 42. 1771. 

Wanfrieder Weichsel. 4. Christ Handb. 672. 1797. 

Douce de Palatinat. 5. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854. 

Pfalzer Stissweitchsel. 6. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:49. 1858. 

Cerise du Palatinat. 7. Mas Le Verger 8:153, 154, fig. 75. 1866-73. 

Tree of medium growth; branches long, straight; fruit above medium in size, obtuse- 
cordate, distinguishing it from other dark Dukes, compressed; suture distinct; stem long; 


330 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


color dark red; flesh colored, fibrous, juicy, sweet with a pleasing subacid flavor; stone 
small, broad, cordate, adhering to both stem and flesh. 
Very Large Heart. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 

Mentioned in this reference. ; 

Vesta. P avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Rpt. 262. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1895. 

Vesta is a seedling of Napoleon which originated with C. E. Hoskins, Newberg, 
Oregon; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, very dark; flesh firm, sweet; quality 
good; ripens the middle of June. 

Vilna Sweet. P. avium. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 330. 1885. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31. 
IQIo. 

‘Vilna Sweet was imported by Professor J. L. Budd from Vilna, Russia. This variety 
shows much promise in the West as a local sort but is too tender to ship. Tree of medium 
size, upright, very hardy, free from diseases; fruit large, roundish to oblong, compressed; 
stem long, slender; cavity rather deep, narrow, often lipped on the side showing a suture; 
color red, often entirely covering the yellow ground; flesh whitish, tinged with pink, tender 
but meaty, sprightly, subacid becoming sweet; pit free, large, ovate, plump, smooth; 
ripens the middle of July hanging to the tree until the last of August. 

Violet. P. cerasus. 

According to a letter from H. Back & Sons, New Trenton, Indiana, Violet resembles 

English Morello but is more round and not as acid. 
Virginia May Duke. P. avium. 1. Elliott Fr. Book 220. 1854. 2. Hooper W. Fr. Book 
269. 1857. 
A small, cordate, bright red, second rate Mazzard cherry. 
Vistula. Species? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 149. 1896. 
Mentioned as planted and as having been killed by the winter. 
Voronezh No. 27. P. cerasus. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 76. 1890. 

A promising, vigorous variety imported under this number from Voronezh, Russia; 
Fruit very large, bright red, round, somewhat flattened; flesh juicy, subacid; pit small. 
season very late. 

Wabash. P. cerasus. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895. 

Wabash was introduced by Samuel Kinsey, Kinsey, Ohio, the original tree having 
stood since 1848 on the grounds of Mrs. Ellen Pawlings, Wabash, Indiana. Fruit borne 
singly, of the Morello type, roundish-oblate, above medium in size, surface smooth; cavity 
large, wide, deep, flaring; stem long, slender, curved; suture a shallow line; skin thin, 
tough, glossy, bright crimson turning to dark red; dots very small, indented; flesh yellowish, 
veined, translucent, tender, melting, subacid, rich; quality very good; season a week later 
than Early Richmond. 

Wachampa. P. pumila X P. triflora. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 130:181. torr. 

Wachampa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum. Fruit an 
inch to an inch and one quarter in diameter; skin bitter, dark purple; flesh and juice 
dark purple. 

Wagner. P. avium. 1. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:31. 1910. 
Tree upright, round-topped, with long branches; fruit medium to large, roundish- 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 331 


oblate; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh yellow, meaty, melting, sweet, 
with a slight acidity; quality good; ripens the middle of July. 
Warner. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 10:247. 1859. 

Warner is a supposed seedling of American Amber grown by Mathew G. Warner, 
Rochester, New York; fruit amber to very dark red where exposed; stem long, slender; 
flesh firm, juicy, sweet; ripens late in July. 

Warren Transparent. Species? 1. Cole Am. Fr. Book 237. 1849. 

Originated with a Mr. Warren, Brighton, Massachusetts. Fruit roundish-cordate; 
skin pale yellow and red; flesh very tender, transparent; ripens early in July. 
Washington Purple. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Waterhouse. P. avium. 1. U.S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 18094. 

This variety was originated by Dr. Warren Waterhouse, 1873, of Monmouth, Oregon. 
Fruit of the Bigarreau class, large, compressed, heart-shaped; cavity large, round; stem 
long, slender; suture a line; skin firm, smooth, glistening, yellowish-white with a bright 
red cheek, often nearly solid red; dots numerous, very small; flesh whitish, tinged yellow, 
firm, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality very good. 

Weeping. P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 22153. 1832. 

Weeping or Pendulous Morello. 2. Fish Hardy-Fr. Bk. 2:106. 1882. 

Under the name Weeping are included many varieties with a drooping or pendulant 
habit and mostly of ornamental value only. This variety, listed by Prince, although 
much like Toussaint, has branches more pendant than those of other weeping cherries. 
The Weeping or Pendulous Morello of Fish is included here. The head in this variety 
seldom exceeds four or five feet in diameter, and the slender branches droop on all sides 
until they trail on the ground; the fruit is of medium size and when fully ripe is 
of a pleasant acid flavor. 

Weeping Black Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Flor. & Pom. 16. 1879. 

Trauerknorpelkirsche. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:40. 1858. 

Bigarreau pleureur. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 23. 1876. 

One of the earliest black Bigarreaus. It differs from other sorts of its class in the 
weeping habit of the tree; very ornamental. 

Weeping Napoleon. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 53. 1871. 

A seedling of Napoleon introduced by a Mr. Dougall, Windsor, Ontario. If budded 
high the branches are pendulous, which, with the large, dark fruit, makes a handsome 
ornamental. 

Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramelkirsche. Species? 1. Kraft Pom. Aust. 
1:3, Tab. 6 fig. 2. 1792. 

Flesh white, breaking, firm, with colorless juice, pleasing; ripens the middle of July. 
Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche. P. avium. 1. Christ Wéorterb. 280. 1802. 

Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche. 2. Kraft Pom. Aust. 1:3, Tab. 6 

fig. 1. 1792. 

Flesh white, less firm than others of. this class; juice colorless; stone yellowish; ripens 

the middle of July. 


235 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Weisse Mandelkirsche. Species? 1. Proskauer Obstsort. 58. 1907. 

Listed, not described. 

Wellington. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 220. 
1854. 

Wellington's Weichsel. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:60. 1858. 

Griotte de Wellington. 4. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:307. 1866. 

Mentioned by Elliott in 1854 as unworthy of further culture. Bigarreau Wellington, 
often used as a synonym of Napoleon, should not be mistaken for this Morello of sup- 
posedly English origin. Fruit of medium size, cordate; stem long; skin thin, glossy, black; 
flesh firm, dark red, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid; stone elongated, cordate, free; 
ripens the middle of July. 

Wendell Mottled. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 13:4094 fig. 1847. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 213. 
1854. 3. Hoffy N. Am. Pom. Pl. 1860. 

Wendell Mottled was raised from a seed of Yellow Spanish planted in 1840, by Dr. 
Herman Wendell, Albany, New York. Tree upright, thrifty, bears early and abundantly; 
fruit large, obtuse-cordate, with a distinct suture; stem long, rather stout, set in 
a moderately deep cavity; skin dark purplish-red, mottled and streaked, nearly black; 
flesh deep crimson, firm, crisp, juicy; stone small; ripens the middle of July. 

Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Werder Early Black. P. avium. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 169. 1845. 2. Ill. Handb. 
53 fig., 54. 1860. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 93. 1866. 
Werdersche Schwarze Allerfriheste Herzkirsche. 4. Christ Handb. 683. 1797. 
5. Truchsess-Heim Kirschensort. 109-111. 18109. 
Guigne Héative de Werder. 6. Mortillet Le Cerisier 2:82, 300. 1866. 7 Mas Le 
Verger 8:27, 28, fig. 12. 1866-73. 

Bigarreau Werder. 8. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:251 fig. 1877. 

This cherry was received by Truchsess in 1794, from Christ; of unknown origin, 
Tree strong and upright in growth, very productive; fruit valuable for its earliness, rather 
large, flattened-cordate, with a deep suture on one side; stem of medium length and thick- 
ness, inserted in a rather small cavity; skin thin, rather deep purple changing to purplish- 
black; flesh deep purple, with abundant colored juice, firm, tender, sweet, yet moderately 
sprightly and aromatic; quality good; stone large, ovate, flattened at the base; ripens 
from the last of May to the first of June. 

Werder’sche Bunte Herzkirsche. P.avum. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 382. 1889. 

Listed without a description. 

Wheeler. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:87. 1903. 

A hardy seedling of English Morello originating with H. J. Wheeler, Carnforth, Iowa. 
White Bigarreau. P. avium. 1. Mich. Sta. Bul. 205:28. 10903. 

This variety was received by the Michigan Station from the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture in 1895; it is between the Duke and the Morello in type. Tree low, 
slow in growth; fruit large, light red, slightly darker on one side; flesh tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 333 


White French. Species? 1. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1881. 

Spoken of as doing well in Pennsylvania. 

White French Guigne. P. avium. 1. Barry Fr. Garden 323. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. 
Cat. 74. 1862. 3. Garvin & Son Cat. 18. 1892. 

A distinct, rather large cherry listed in the fruit catalog of the American Pomological 
Society for 1862. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit creamy-white; flesh tender, melting, 
juicy, sweet; ripens the middle of July. 

White Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

Listed, not described. 

White Hungarian Gean. P. avium. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 50. 1831. 

A tender-fleshed, obtuse-cordate cherry, amber in color, ripening in July; second 
quality. 

White Mazzard. P. avium. 1. Manning Book of Fruits 111. 1838. 2. Mag. Hort. 
8:285. 1842. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 171. 1845. 

White Mazzard originated with Robert Manning at Salem, Massachusetts, from 
a seed of White Bigarreau. Downing considered it similar to Black Mazzard, except 
in color. Tree handsome, upright in growth, productive; fruit of medium size, cordate, 
of a cream color, with a bright red cheek; not of the finest flavor; ripens late. 

White Spanish. P. avium. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 572. 1629. 2. Krinitz Enc. 61, 
62, 63. 1790. 3. Truchsess-Heim Kurschensort. 317-320. 1819. 4. Ill. Handb. 
127 fig., 128. 1860. 

This variety and Yellow Spanish are much alike in appearance yet the best European 
authorities consider them distinct. Tree healthy, not large, productive; fruit large, 
roundish-cordate, somewhat compressed; stem long; cavity depressed on the ventral 
side; color waxy yellow, streaked and dotted with red; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sweet, 
pleasant; ripens late. 

White Tartarian. P. avium. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:114. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. 
Trees Am. 178. 1845. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 315. 1884. 

Fraser’s White Tartarian. 4. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 43. 1803. 

A variety with this name was grown for many years in America which was finally 
proved by William Prince to be a sub-variety of the White Heart. Tree vigorous, erect, 
usually productive; fruit rather small, roundish, inclined to obtuse-cordate; stem long, 
slender; skin transparent, pale yellow, approaching amber on the exposed cheek; flesh 
whitish-yellow, nearly tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid becoming sweet; very good 
in quality; stone large, oval; season early. 

White Transparent. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 56. 1831. 

Mentioned in the reference given. 

Wier’s Seedlings. 

D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, disseminated several seedlings which he selected from 
a large number originated by him. 

Wier No. 2. P. cerasus. 1. Rural N. Y. 492453. 1890. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 
37. 1904-05. 
This cherry is said to be a seedling of Early Richmond but of the Morello type. Tree 


334 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


medium to large, upright-spreading, fruiting regularly; fruit of medium size, oblate-conic; 
cavity shallow, broad; stem short; suture slight; color dark red; flesh firm, meaty, dark 
red, mildly subacid; quality fair; stone oval; precedes Early Richmond. 

Wier No. 11. P. cerasus. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 37. 1904-05. 

Tree upright, productive, hardy; fruit cordate, black; juice dark, sweeter than many 
of the sour sorts; ripens earlier than Northwest and Early Richmond. 
Wier No. 12. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903. 

Sometimes listed as Wier, being one of the best of Mr. Wier’s seedlings hut only 
moderately productive. Tree of medium size, slightly spreading; fruit of medium size, 
elongated-cordate; cavity rather deep and broad; stem stout, rather long; suture obscure; 
skin thick, tender, dark red; flesh firm, crisp, with slightly colored juice, sprightly sub- 
acid; quality fair; stone large, oval; season from July 12th to 20th; the latest of the Wier 
seedlings. 

Wier No. 13. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:190. 1897. 

Tree upright, with scant foliage; fruit of medium size; skin dark red, tough; flesh 
slightly colored, mild; precedes Early Richmond; of no value. 
Wier No. 19. P. cerasus. 1. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:190. 1897. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, dark red; worthless. 

Wier No. 24. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903. 

Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit conical, cordate, of medium size; 
cavity shallow; stem of medium length; suture indistinct; skin smooth, dark red; flesh 
firm, light yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone almost spherical, smooth; 
tipens the middle of June; not worthy of further trial. 

Wier No. 44. P. cerasus. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 73:88. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt. 
38. 1904-05. 

Tree medium in growth, upright-spreading; fruit small to medium, oblate; cavity 
shallow; stem short; skin thin, tender, light red; flesh tender, juicy, acid; good; season 
late June; less productive than No. 2. 

Wild Ross-shire. P. cerasus. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831. 

A small, wild, round, red fruit with juicy flesh, ripening in July; allied to the Kentish. 
Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:38. 1858. 

Distinguished from the Wild Red Bird cherry by its firmer flesh and later ripening. 
It grows wild and is sometimes cultivated along the highways; ripens the middle of 
August. 

Wilhelmine Kleindienst. P. avium. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 20. 1876. 

Of German origin; vigorous and productive; fruit large, brilliant reddish-brown; 
flesh firm, agreeably sweet; ripens the middle of July. 

Wilkinson. P. avium. 1. Mag. Hort. 8:284. 1842. 2. Barry Fr. Garden 323. 1851. 
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1869. 

Wilkinson is thought by Hovey to be a native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive; fruit of medium size, resembling Black Heart but is more sprightly; ripens the 
middle of July. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 335 


Willamette. P. avium. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 290. 
1889. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 
192. 1907. 

Willamette originated with Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon, from a seed of Napo- 
leon. Tree strong in growth; fruit large, light red; flesh whitish, firm, juicy, sweet, with 
a pleasant flavor; ripens in the Northwest in late June. 

Willis Early. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 465. 1900. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 
and Ser. 3:62. 1900. 

Tree vigorous in growth; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; skin yellow, mottled 
with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender, sweet; ripens early in May. 
Willow-Leaved. P. avium X P. cerasus. 1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:141. 1832. 

May Duke, Willow-leaved. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 53. 1831. 

Griottier a feuilles de Pécher. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 280. 1832. 

Weidenblattrige Stissweichsel. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:47. 1858. 

Cerisier de Hollande a feuilles de saule ou de balsamine. 5. Noisette Man. Comp. 

Jard. 22505. 1860. 

Griottier a feuilles de Saule. 6. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:287 fig., 288. 1877. 

Cerisier & Feuilles de Saule. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:160. 1882. 

The Willow-Leaved cherry seems to have originated in Holland and has been known 
since the middle of the Eighteenth Century. It differs from May Duke in the size and the 
shape of the foliage. It is not only cultivated for its singular foliage but also for its fine 
fruit. If the tree grows rapidly the leaves are said to assume normal shape. 

Winkler Black. P. avium. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:62. 1900. 
Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche. 2. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 206, 676. 
1819. 

Winkler’s schwarze Herzkirsche. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 1858. 

Bigarreau noir Winkler. 4. Leroy Dict. Pom. 5:231 fig. 1877. 

This is a seedling from Guben, Prussia, Germany. Fruit borne in pairs of medium 
size, broad, obtuse-cordate, compressed; suture indistinct; skin dark red; flesh pale red, 
firm, aromatic, subacid, pleasing; pit rather large, oval; ripens early in July; not very 
productive. 

Winter Schwarze. Species? 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 57. 1831. 

Listed without a description. 

Wohltragende Hollindische Kirsche. P. cerasus. 1. Truchsess-Heim Kuirschensort. 591- 
593. 1819. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 382. 1889. 

Grosse wohltragende hollandische Morellé. 3. Christ Worterb. 288. 1802. 

Fruit large, sides unequally compressed; suture indistinct; stem medium in length, 
set in a large cavity; skin tough, dark brown when ripe; flesh fibrous, clear red, darker 
near the stone, with colored juice, pleasingly sour; stone long, colored; ripens late in July. 
Yan. P. avium. 1. Rural N. Y. 61:577 fig. 235. 1902. 2. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:32. 

IgIo. 

Yan is a seedling grown by Seth Lewelling of Milwaukee, Oregon; named for a faithful 

Chinese workman. Fruit large, roundish-cordate, with a distinct suture on one side; 


336 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


stem long, stout; skin tough, dark purplish-red; flesh streaked and flecked with light red, 

firm, juicy, mild subacid; very late; productive. 

Yellow Glass. P. avium. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:551. 1892. 2. Ibid. 73:89. 1903. 
3. Wash. Sta. Bul. 92:32. 1910. 


Yellow Glass was introduced from North Silesia by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. 
Tree large, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit medium to above in size, roundish-cordate; 
cavity deep; stem long; suture a line; skin thin, tough, light lemon in color; flesh firm, 
yellow, meaty, sweet, with colorless juice; quality good; stone large, round, clinging. 
Young Large Black Heart. P. avium. 1. Pioneer Nur. Cat. 16. 1905-06. 

Merely listed in the reference given. 

Yuksa. P. pumila X P. armeniaca. 1. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 108:1908. 

Yuksa is noted in the reference as a cross between the Sand Cherry and the New 
Large Apricot. 

Zimmtkirsche. P.cerasus. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:64. 1858. 

Fruit medium in size, round, flattened at the stem, without a suture; cavity deep; 
stem long; skin thin, dark red almost black; flesh aromatic, subacid; stone oval-pointed. 
Zweifarbige Kirsche. Species? 1. Mathieu Nom Pom. 382. 1889. 

Bicolor. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:159. 1882. 

Listed without a description. 

Zwitterkirsche. Species? 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 11:162. 1882. 

Mentioned in this reference. 

Zzuckser Schwarze Knorpelkirsche. P. avium. 1. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:35. 
1858. 

Fruit large, elongated, sides strongly compressed; suture shallow; apex depressed; 

skin reddish-black; flesh very dark red, pleasing, slightly sweet; ripens in late July. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 337 


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES, WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED 


The list of books which follows contains all American pomological 
works in which the cherry is discussed at any length. Only such Euro- 
pean books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing The Cher- 
ries of New York. Only periodicals are listed to which references are 
made in the text of the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment 
stations and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations 
used for such publications will be recognized by all. 


Amie Gard as cuted American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture 
and Gardener’s Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copy- 
right, 1903. (Before its union with Popular Gardening 
in 1892, the publication was known as The American 
Garden. Both Popular Gardening and The American 
Garden resulted from the union or absorption of several 
other horticultural periodicals.) 

Am. Gard. Mag........... The American Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Useful 
Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural 
Affairs. See Mag. Hort. 

Am. Hort.An. ......... American Horticultural Annual. A Year-book of Horticul- 
tural Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener, 
Fruit-grower, and Florist. (Illustrated.) New York: 1867. 
Copyright, 1867. New edition. New York: 1870. Copy- 
right, 1869. 

Am. Jour. Hort.......... The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist’s Com- 
panion. (Illustrated.) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1896. 
Copyrights, 1867-1869. Continued as Tilton’s Journal of 
Horticulture and Floral Magazine. (Illustrated.) Volumes 
6-9. Boston: 1869-71. Copyrights, 1869-1871. 

Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt....... Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued 
usually biennially from 1850 to date. First published as 
the Proceedings of the National Convention of Fruit 


Growers in 1848. 


Ann. Hort........ di tboaewians Annals of Horticulture and yearbook of information on 
practical gardening. 5 Volumes. London: 1846-1850. 
Ann. Pom. Belge.......... Annales de Pomologie Belge et Etrangére; publiées par la 


Commission royale de Pomologie Instituée par S. M. le 
Roi des Belges. (llustré.) 8 Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853- 
1860. 

22 


338 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Bailey, Ann. Hort......... 


Bailey, Cyc. Hort....  ... 


Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits.... 


Bailey, Sur. Unlike........ 


Baltet, Cult. Fr... 9 ..... 


Barry, Fr. Garden......... 


Bradley, Gard. .......... 


Bridgeman, Gard. Ass’t.... 


Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit.. 


Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort. 


Bunyard-Thomas, Fr. Gard. 


Annals of Horticulture in North America for the Years 
1889-1893. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record 
of Progress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1890-1894. 
Copyrights, 1889, 1891-1894. 

Cyclopedia of American Horticulture Comprising Suggestions 
for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of 
the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers and Ornamental 
Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together 
with Geographical and Biographical Sketches. By L. H. 
Bailey, assisted by Wilhelm Miller. (Illustrated.) In 
Four Volumes. New York: 1900-1902. Copyrights, 1900- 
1902. 

Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits. By L. H. 
Bailey. (Illustrated.) New York: 1898. Copyright, 
1808. 

The Survival of the Unlike. A Collection of Evolution 
Essays Suggested by the Study of Domestic Plants. By 
L. H. Bailey. (Illustrated.) Fifth Edition. New York: 
1906. Copyright, 1896. 

Traité de la Culture Fruitiére Commerciale et Bourgeoise. 
Par Charles Baltet. (Illustré.) Quatriéme Edition. Paris: 
1908. 

The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (Jilustrated.) New York: 
1852. Copyright, 1851. Revised Edition, 1896. Copy- 
right, 1883. 

New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Philo- 
sophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard 
Bradley. ([llustrated.) Seventh Edition with Appendix. 
London: 1739. 

The Young Gardener’s Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas 
Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York: 
1857. Copyright, 1847. 

The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the 
best Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits. 
By George Brookshaw. (Illustrated.) In Two Volumes. 
London: 1823. 


. American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted 


by N.E. Hansen. (lllustrated.) In Two Volumes. Volume 
2, New York and London: 1903. Copyright, 1903. 

The Fruit Garden. By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas. 
(Illustrated.) London and New York: 1904. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 339 


Can. Horte seca irwcsaaes The Canadian Horticulturist. (Illustrated.) Toronto and 
Peterboro: 1878 to date. 

Cat. Cong. Pom. France... Société Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des 
Fruits Adoptés par le Congrés Pomologique. Lyon: 1887. 


Ibid. : 1906. 

Christ, Handb............ Handbuch tiber die Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre. Von 
J. L. Christ. Zweite vermehrte. Frankfurt: 1797. 

Christ, Obstbaume........ Von Pflanzung und Wartung der niizlichsten Obstbaume. 
Von J. L. Christ. Zweiter Theil. Frankfurt: 1791. 

Christ, Worterb........... Pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches Handwérterbuch, oder 
Alphabetisches Verzeichniss. Von J. L. Christ. Leipzig: 
1802. 

Cole, Am. Fr. Book....... The American Fruit Book; containing directions for Raising, 


Propagating, and Managing Fruit Trees, Shrubs, and 
Plants; with a description of the Best Varieties of Fruit, 
including New and Valuable Kinds. By S. W. Cole. 
(Illustrated.) Boston: 1849. Copyright, 1849. 

Country Gent............ The Country Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Culti- 
vator & Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866-1897. The 
Country Gentleman. Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to 
date. 

Coxe, Cult. Fr. Trees...... A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the 
Management of Orchards and Cider; with accurate 
descriptions of the most estimable varieties of Native 
and Foreign Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, and Cherries, 
‘cultivated in the middle states of America. By William 
Coxe.  (Illustrated.) Philadelphia: 1817. Copyright, 


1817. 
Cultivators... dc.4006 0004+ The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with 
The Country Gentleman. 
Cult. & Count. Gent..... The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. See Country Gent. 
Decaisne & Naudin, Man. 
Amat. Jard...... ... Manuel de L’Amateur Des Jardins Traité Général D’Horti- 


culture. Par Jh. Decaisne et CH. Naudin.  (Illustré.) 
Tome Quatriéme. Paris. 

De Candolle, Or. Cult. 

Plants sco cavadck esas Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de Candolle. 

Geneva [Switzerland]: 1882. New York: 1885. 

Dochnahl, Fiihr. Obstkunde Der sichere Fithrer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-pomolo- 
gischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller 
Obstsorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bande. Niurn- 
berg: 1855-60. Volume 3, 1858. Cherries. 


340 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Downing, Fr. Trees Am.... The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture, prop- 
agation, and management, in the garden and orchard, of 
fruit trees generally; with Descriptions Of All The Finest 
Varieties Of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated In 
This Country. By A. J. Downing. (Illustrated.) New 
York & London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second edition, 
same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by 
Charles Downing. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1857. 
Second revision, by Charles Downing. New York: 1869. 
First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876. Third 
appendix, 1881. 

Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr... Traité Des Arbres Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur 
Description, Leur Culture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du 
Monceau. (Iilustré.) Tomes1et2. Paris: 1768. Edition 
publié en 1872, en trois tomes. Nouvelle Edition en six 
tomes, 1807-1835. 

Elliott, Fr. Book.......... Elliott’s Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower’s Guide 
in Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elliott. (Zllustrated.) 
New York: 1858. Copyright, 1854. Revised edition. 1859. 


Fish, Hardy-Fr. Bk....... The Hardy-Fruit Book. By D. T. Fish. (Lllustrated.) Two 
Volumes. London: probably 1882. 
Flor. & Pom.............. The Florist And Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine 


of Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted 
at first by Robert Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas 
Moore and William Paul. ([llustrated.) London: 1862-1884. 

Floy-Lindley, Guide Orch. 

Gate secctdes. shies A Guide to the Orchard And Fruit Garden or an account 

of the Most Valuable Fruits cultivated in Great Britain. 
By George Lindley; edited by John Lindley. American 
edition by Michael Floy. New York: 1833. New edition; 
with an Appendix. New York: 1846. Copyright, 1846. 

Forsyth, Treat. Fr. Trees... A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. 
By William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with an In- 
troduction and Notes, by William Corbett. Albany: 1803. 
Seventh edition [English] London: 1824. 


Gard. Chron............ The Gardener’s Chronicle. (Illustrated.) London: 1841 to 
date. 

Garden............ ... The Garden. (Jllustrated.) London: 1872 to date. 

Gard. Mon........... . The Gardener’s Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser. 
Edited by Thomas Meehan. (lllustrated.) Philadelphia: 
1859-1887. 


Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst.. Pomologie des Praktischen Obstbaumztichters. Von N. 
Gaucher. (Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: 1894. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 341 


Gen. Farmer......  ..... The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester: 
1831-1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator. 
Another periodical of the same name was published in 
Rochester from 1845 to 1865. Also New Genesee Farmer 
and Monthly Genesee Farmer. 

Gerarde, Herball.......... The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. By John 
Gerarde. Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson. 
London: 1636. 

Guide Prat............... Guide Pratique de L’Amateur De Fruits. Description Et 
Culture des Variétiés De Fruits Classées Par Séries De 
Mérite composant les collections pomologiques De L’Etab- 
lissement Horticole Simon-Louis Fréres. A Plantiéres- 
Les-Metz (Lorraine Annexée) Suivi D’Une Table Générale 
Alphabétique de tous les Synonymes connus, Francais et 
Etrangers appartenent a chaque variété. Deuxiéme Edi- 
tion. Paris et Nancy: 1895. 

Hoffy, N. Am. Pom....... Hoffy’s North American Pomologist, containing numerous 
Finely Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press 
descriptions, &c., of Fruits of American Origin. Edited 
by William D. Brincklé. Book No. 1. Philadelphia: 
1860. Copyright, 1860. 

Hoffy, Orch. Com.......... The Orchardist’s Companion. Alfred Hoffy, Editor and 
Publisher. A quarterly journal. Vol. I, 1841-2; Vol. II, 
1842-3. Philadelphia. 

Hogg, Fruit Man... The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees 
of Great Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition, London: 
1860. Second edition, 1861. Third edition, 1866. Fourth 
edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884. 

Hooper, W. Fr. Book.. ... Hooper’s Western Fruit Book: a compendious Collection of 
Facts from the Notes and Experience of Successful Fruit 
Culturists, arranged for practical use in The Orchard and 
Garden. By E. J. Hooper. Cincinnati: 1857. Copy- 
right, 1857. 

Hort. Reg. (Am.). ....... Horticultural Register and Gardener’s Magazine. Edited by 
T. G. Fessenden and J. E. Teschemacher. Volume I. 
Boston: 1835. 


Hort. Reg. (Eng.).... ... The Horticultural Register and General Magazine. By 
Joseph Paxton and Joseph Harrison. Vol. I. London: 
1833. 

Horticulturist............. The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural 


Taste. Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing. 
(Illustrated.) Volumes 1 to 30. Albany, Philadelphia and 
New York: 1846-1875. 


Ill. Handb............... 


Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc..... 


Kenrick, Am. Orch...... d 


Knoop, Fructologie....... 


Koch, Deut. Obst........ 


Kraft, Pom. Aust.... 


Kriinitz, Enc.... 0 ...... 
Lange, Allgem. Garten.... 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


. The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures, 


and full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated 
in the United States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume I. 
Boston and New York: 1852. Volume II. Boston: 1856. 
Copyright, 1851. 


. Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde, unter Mitwirkung 


mehrerer herausgegeben von..F. Jahn ..Ed. Lucas 
und .. J. G. C. Oberdieck. Siebente Leiferung. Dritten 
Bandes. Stuttgart: 1860; Neunte Lieferung. Dritten 
Bandes. Stuttgart: 1861; Sechszehnte Lieferung. Sech- 
sten Bandes. Ravensburg: 1867. 


. The Journal of Horticulture began as: The Cottage Gardener; 


or Amateur’s and Cottager’s Guide to out-door gardening 
and spade cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1849-1861. 
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gar- 
dener, and Country Gentleman. A Journal of Horticul- 
ture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and Natural 
History. New Series. 38 Volumes. London: 1861-1880. 
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gar- 
dener, and Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Country 
Pursuits and Country Life, including Poultry, Pigeon, 
and Bee-keeping. Third Series. 59 Volumes. London: 
1880-1909. 


. The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London: 


1846 to date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The 
Journal of the Horticultural Society of London. 


. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Bos- 


ton: 1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston: 
1835. Copyright, 1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and 
improved, with a supplement. Boston: 1845. Copyright, 
1841. 


. Part I. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de 


Pommes et de Poires. Part II. Fructologie, ou Description 
des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Jean Herman Knoop. (lIllustré.) 
Amsterdam: 1771. 

Die Deutschen Obstgehdlze. Vorlesungen gehalten zu Berlin 
im Winterhalbjahr 1875-76. Von Karl Koch. Stuttgart: 
1876. 


. Pomona austriaca, Abhandlung von den Obstbaumen. Von 


Johann Kraft. 2 Theile. Vienna: 1792. 


. Ausschnitt aus Krinitz’ Encyklopadie. 1790. Cherries. 
. Allgemeines Gartenbuch. Von Theodore Lange. 2 Bande. 


Zweite vermehrte. Leipsic: 1897. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 343 


Langley, Pomona......... Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. 
London: 1729. 

Lauche, Deut. Pom...... Deutsche Pomologie. Von W. Lauche. (Jllustrirt.) Berlin: 
1882. 


Lauche, Erganzungsband... Erster Erganzungsband zu Lucas’ und Oberdieck’s Illus- 
trirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde. Von W. Lauche. 
Berlin: 1883. 


Le Bon Jard.............. Le Bon Jardinier. 126° Edition Almanach Horticole, 1882 
et 120° Edition, 1884. Paris. 
Leroy, Dict. Pom......... Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par André Leroy. (Illustré.) 


6 Tomes. Paris: 1867-1879. Tome 5, 1877. Cherries. 

Liegel, Syst. Anleit........ Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorztiglichsten 
Sorten des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobster. 
Von Georg Liegel. Passau: 1825. 

Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat...... A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the 
Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second 
edition, 1831. Third edition, 1842. A supplement was 
published in 1853. 


Loudon, Arb. Frut. Brit.... Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. Par J. C. Loudon. 
Deuxiéme Edition. Tome 2. London: 1844. 
Loudon’s, Enc. Gard. .. . An Encyclopedia Of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. (Illus- 
‘ trated.) New edition. London: 1834. 
Lucas, Handb. Obst....... Vollstandiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas. 


(Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: First edition, 1880; second edition, 
1886; third edition, 1893. Third edition edited by Fr. 
Lucas, 1894. 

Mag. Hort............... The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston: 1837-1868. First 
published as The American Gardener’s Magazine, 1835-6. 
Edited by C. M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate 
editor during 1835-6. 

Manning, Book of Fruits... Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. (Illustrated.) Salem: 
1838. Copyright, 1838. 

Mas, Le Verger...... ... Le Verger ou Histoire, Culture Et Description avec planches 
coloriées Des Variétés De Fruits Les Plus Généralement 
Connues. ParM.Mas. 8 Tomes. Paris: 1866-73. Tome 


8. Cherries. 

Mas, Pom. Gen....  ..... Pomologie Générale. Par. M. Mas. (Illustré.) 12 Tomes. 
Paris: 1872-83. Tome 11, 1882. Cherries. 

Mathieu, Nom. Pom....... Nomenclator Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin: 
1880. 


Mawe-Abercrombie, Com. 
Gard. iatiey: ates The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John 
Abercrombie. London: 1829. 


344 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Mawe-Abercrombie, Univ. 


Gard. Bot...... ....... The Universal Gardener and Botanist. By Thomas Mawe 
and John Abercrombie. London: 1778. 
Miller, Gard. Dict......... The Gardener’s Dictionary. By Philip Miller. 2 Volumes. 


London: 1754. Revised edition. By Thomas Martyn 
London: 1807. 

Miller, Gard. Kal.......... The Gardener’s Kalendar. By Philip Miller. London: 1734. 

McIntosh, Bk. Gard...... The Book of the Garden. By Charles McIntosh. (Jllus- 
trated.) Two Volumes. London: 1855. 

McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal. The American Gardener’s Calendar. By Bernard McMahon. 
Philadelphia: 1806. 


Mortillet, Le Cerisier...... Arboriculture Fruitiére. Les Meilleurs Fruits. Par M. P. 
De Mortillet. (Illustré.) Tome II. Le Cerisier. Gre- 
noble: 1866. 

Nate NGfe. seteexeecses The National Nurseryman. Published by The National 
Nurseryman Publishing Co. (Zllustrated.) Rochester: 1893 
to date. 

Nicholson, Dict. Gard. .... The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, a practical and 


scientific Encyclopedia of Horticulture for Gardeners and 

Botanists. By George Nicholson, assisted by J. W. H. 

Trail and J. Garrett. 4 Volumes. London. Supplement 

to same. By George Nicholson et al. London: 1900. 
Noisette, Man. Comp. 


Vardar. Guana Manuel Complet du Jardinier. Par M. Louis Noisette. 
Tome Deuxiéme. Paris: 1860. 
Oberdieck, Obst-Sort.... | Deutschlands beste Obst-Sorten. Von F. G. C. Oberdieck. 
Leipzig: 1881. 
Obstziichter.. ......... Der Obstztichter Zeitschrift fir die Gesamtinteressen des 


Obstbanes. References in Volume VIII, Numbers 1, 2, 3, 
4 and io. Vienna: 1910. 


Parkinson, Par. Ter....... Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson. 
(Illustrated.) London: 1629. 
Phillips, Com. Orch... ... The Companion for the Orchard. An Historical And Botani- 


cal Account of Fruits Known In Great Britain. By 
Henry Phillips. New Edition. London: 1831. 


Poiteau, Pom. Franc...... Pomologie Francaise. Recueil des Plus Beaux Fruits Cultivés 
En France. Par Antoine Poiteau. Tomes 1-4. Paris: 
1846. 

Pom. France.............. Pomologie De La France ou Histoire Et Description de tous 


Les Fruits Cultivés En France Et Admis Par Le Congrés 
Pomologique. (Illustré.) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863- 
1873. Tome VII, 1871. Cherries. 

Pom. Inst. Reut.......... Pomologisches Institut Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1911-1912. 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 345 


Pom. Mag. ............ The Pomological Magazine; or, Figures And Descriptions of 
the Most Important Varieties Of Fruit cultivated in 
Great Britain. Three Volumes. London: 1828-30. This 
work has also been published under the title Pomona 
Brittanica. 

Popular Gard............. Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to 
Horticulture in all its branches. VolumelI. Buffalo: 1886. 
Continued as Popular Gardening and Fruit Growing. 
Volumes II-VI. Buffalo: 1887-1891. Consolidated with 
The American Garden and continued as American Gar- 
dening. New York: 1892-1904. 

Prince, Pom. Man. ...... The Pomological Manual; or, A Treatise on Fruits. By 
William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second 
Edition. Part I. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1831. 
Part II. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1832. 

Prince, Treat. Hort. ..... A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New 
York: 1828. Copyright, 1828. 

Prince, Treat. Trees & 

Plants: Gar se incertae A Treatise on Fruit and Ornamental Trees And Plants, 

cultivated at the Linnean Botanic Garden, Flushing, 
Long-Island, near New-York. By William Prince. New 


York: 1820. 

Proskauer Obstsort..... Proskauer Obstsorten. Von Professor Dr. Stoll. Proskau 
bei Oppeln: 1907. 

Quintinye, Com. Gard..... The Compleat Gard’ner; or, Directions for Cultivating and 


Right Ordering of Fruit-Gardens, and Kitchen-Gardens. 
By Monsieur De la Quintinye. Seocnd Edition. London: 


1699. 

Ray, Hist. Plant......... Historia Plantarum. By John Ray. Second volume. Lon- 
don: 1688. 

Rea, Flora................ Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura; or A Complete Florilege. 
By John Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. Book 3. 
Cherries. 


Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift. Festschrift zum Finfzigjahrigen Bestehen des Pomologischen 
Instituts In Reutlingen. Reutlingen: 1910. 


Rey: Hort: ces hauereises Revue Horticole. Journal D’Horticulture Pratique. (Zllus- 
tré.) Paris: 1829 to date. 
Rural No Yooussscsee .... The Rural New-Yorker. A Journal for the Suburban and 


Country Home. (Illustrated.) Rochester and New York: 
1880 to date. 

Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. Société Nationale D’Horticulture De France. Section Po- 
mologique. Les Meilleurs Fruits au début du XX°* siécle. 
(Illustré.) Paris: 1904. 


346 THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Sow, Culto ekg cree The Southern Cultivator. A Monthly Journal, devoted to 
the improvement of Southern Agriculture. (ilustrated.) 
Augusta, Ga.: 1843-1848. 

Thacher, Am. Orch..... .. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston: 
1822. Copyright, 1822. 

Thomas, Am. Fruit Cult... The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (Illus- 
trated.) First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846. 
Copyright, 1846. Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.: 1851. 
Copyright, 1849. Revised Edition. New York: - 1869. 
Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New York: 1885. 
Copyright, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised and 
Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897. Twenty- 
first Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York: 1911. 


Copyright, 1903. 


Thomas, Guide Prat....... Guide Pratique de L’Amateur de Fruits. Par O. Thomas. 
1876. Deuxiéme Edition. 1895. See Guide Pratique. 
Thompson, Gard. Ass’t. The Gardener’s Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By 


Robert Thompson. (Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London. 
1859. Same, revised by William Watson. Six Volumes. 
London: 1901. 
Truchsess-Heim, Kirschen- 
SOfbs seteteieke. avaca Systematische Classification und Beschreibung der Kirschen- 
sorten. Von Christian Freiherrn Truchsess. Edited by 
Friedrich Timotheus Heim. Stuttgart: 1819. 


Uns D, An Rat. “sedate Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 
1862-1894. 

U.S. D. A. Yearbook..... Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 
1894 to date. 

U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt... ... Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States 
Patent Office: 1837 to 1861. ; 

Wickson, Cal. Fruits. .... The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward 


J. Wickson. (Jllustrated.) Second Edition. San Fran- 
cisco: 1891. Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los An- 
geles: 1909. Copyright, 1908. Seventh Edition. San 
Francisco: 1914. Copyright, 1914. 

Willich, Dom. Enc........ Domestic Encyclopedia or a Dictionary of Facts. By A. F. 
M. Willich. First American edition with additions by 
James Mease. In five volumes. Volume 4. Philadelphia: 
1803. 


INDEX 


(Names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in Roman type; synonyms in italics.) 


A Coeur Hitive, 205 

A Feuilles de Pécher Grosse, 205 

Abbesse, 205 

Abbesse d’Oignies, 97 

Abels Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 205 

Abundance, 205 

Acher’s Weichsel (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262 

Achte (sein sollende) Kirsche Vier auf ein Pfund (syn. 
of Tobacco-Leaved), 326 

Act Gillos, 205 

Adam (syn. of Adams Crown), 205 

Adams, var. orig. with, 205 

Adams Crown, 205 

Adams Herzkirsche (syn. of Adams Crown), 205 

Adlington, 205 

Admirable de Soissons (syn. of Cerise de Soissons), 233 

Advance (syn. of California Advance), 113 

Affane, 205 

Afghanistan, 205 

Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 143 

Agatkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240 

Alaternblattrige Siissweichsel, 206 

Albertine Millet, 206 

Alexandrine Béon, 206 

Alfred Wesmael, 206 

All Saints (syn. of Toussaint), 193 

Allen, 206 

Allen, J. F., var. orig. by, 324 

Allen, Zachariah, var. orig. with, 206, 311 

Allen Late Favourite, 206 

Allen’s Sweet Montmorency (syn. of Sweet Mont- 
morency), 324 

Allerfriiheste Bunte Maiherzkirsche, 206 

Alte K6nigskirsche, 206 

Altenlander Frithkirsche, 206 

Amaranthkirsche, 206 

Amarell-Weichsel (syn. of Early May), 128 

Amarelle a point pistillaire blanc (syn. of Amarelle mit 
Weissem Stempelpunct), 207 

Amarelle Boquet (syn. of Boquet Morello), 223 

Amarelle de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294 

Amarelle Double de Verre (syn. of Double Glass), 122 

Amarelle Hative, 207 

Amarelle mit halbgefillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs Semi- 
doubles), 253 

Amarelle mit Weissem Stempelpunct, 207 

Amarelle Royale (syn. of Montmorency), 169 

Amarelle trés-fertile (syn. of Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234 

Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefillter Blite (syn. of Fleurs 
Doubles), 252 

Amber, 207 

Amber (syn. of Amber Gean), 207 


347 


Amber Gean, 207 

Amber Heart (syn. of White Heart), 197 

Ambrée de Guben, 207 

American Amber, 208 

American Doctor (syn. of Doctor), 242 

American Heart, 208 

Amos Owen, 208 

Amygdalus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15 

Amygdalus indica nana (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla 
Sinensis), 21 

Amygdalus pumila (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21; (syn. of 
P. japonica kerit), 22 

Andrews, 208 

Andrews, C. N., var. orig. with, 208 

Anglaise Hative (syn. of May Duke), 164; (syn. of 
Royal Duke), 184 

Anglaise Tardive (syn. of Late Duke), 155 

Anne, 208 

Annonay, 208 

Annonayer Herzkirsche (syn. of Annonay), 208 

Anstad, 208 

Anstad, A. P., var. orig. by, 208 

Antonie, var. introduced by, 213 

Appalachian cherry, botanical name of, 35 

Arch Duke, 98 

Argental Late, 209 

Atwater, Caleb, var. orig. with, 249 

Auburn Duke, 209 

August Duke, 209 

Augustine de Vigny, 209 

Aurischotte, 209 

Austen, R. A., quoted, 68 

Badacconyi (syn. of Badacsony), 209 

Badacsoner Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209 

Badacsoner Schwarze Riesenkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 
209 

Badacsony, 209 

Badacsonyer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Badacsony), 209 

Baender, 210 

Baldwin, too 

Baldwin, S. J., var. orig. by, 100 

Baltavaer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Baltavar), 210 

Baltavar, 210 

Baltavari (syn. of Baltavar), 210 

Baluder Morello, 210 

Barnhart, 210 

Barry, quoted, 70-71 

Baseler Herzkirsche, 210 

Bates, 210 

Bates, S. J., var. orig. with, 210 

Baumann May, 100 

Bay State, 210 


348 


Baylor, 211 

Beauty of Marienhohe (syn. of Schéne von Marienhohe), 
317 

Beauty of Orleans (syn. of Belle d’Orleans), 212 

Bedford, A. V., var. introduced by, 208 

Bedford Prolific, 211 

Belle Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144 

Belle Agathe de Novembre (syn. of Hildesheim), 143 

Belle Allemande (syn. of Bettenburger Glaskirsche), 213 

Belle Audigeoise, 211 

Belle Bosc, 211 

Belle de Boskoop, 211 

Belle Brugeoise Saint-Pierre (syn. of Schéne von 
Briigge), 317 

Belle de Bruxelles (syn. of Belle d’Orleans), 212 

Belle de Caux, 211 

Belle de Chatenay (syn. of Magnifique), 163 

Belle de Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116 

Belle de Couchey, 211 

Belle Defay, 211 

Belle de Franconville, 211 

Belle glorie de Marie (syn. of Schéne von Marienhohe), 
317 

Belle grosse d’ Ardéche (syn. of Cerise de |’Ardéche), 230 

Belle |’Herissier, 211 

Belle de Kis-Oers, 212 

Belle de Loche, 212 

Belle Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163 

Belle de Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163 

Belle et Magnifique (syn. of Magnifique), 163 

Belle de Marienhohe (syn. of Schone von Marienhohe), 
317 

Belle de Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298 

Belle d’Orleans, 212 

Belle de Ribeaucourt, 212 

Belle de Rochelle, 212 

Belle de Rocmont, 212 

Belle de Saint Tronc, 213 

Belle de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 
298 

Belle de Varennes (syn. of Cerisier de Varenne), 234 

Belle Vezzouris, 213 

Belle de Voisery, 213 

Belle de Worsery (syn. of Royal Duke), 184 

Bender, var. orig. with 213 

Bender, J. O., var. orig. with, 213 

Bender (of Michigan), 213° 

Bender (of New York), 213 

Berger, Staquet, var. orig. by, 231 

Berlin Amarelle, 213 

Bernard, 213 

Bessarabian, 101 

Bessey’s Cherry, botanical name of, 37 

Bettenburger Glaskirsche, 213 

Bettenburger Herzkirsche, 214 

Bettenburger Kirsche von der Natte, 214 

Bettenburger Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Bettenburger 
Herzkirsche), 214 

Bettenburger Weichsel, 214 

Bettenburger Weichsel Grosser Gobet (syn. of Betten- 
burger Weichsel), 214 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Bettenburger Weichsel von der Natte (syn. of Betten- 
burger Weichsel), 214 

Bicentenaireweichsel (syn. of Cerise du Bicentenaire), 
231 

Bicolor (syn. of Zweifarbige Kirsche), 336 

Bicolor Van Mons, 214 

Bigarreau (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202 

Bigarreau Abbesse de Mouland, 214 

Bigarreau Ambré Précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247 

Bigarreau Antoine Nomblot, 214 

Bigarreau Baumann (syn. of Baumann May), 100 

Bigarreau Bauté de l’'Ohio (syn. of Ohio Beauty), 
302 

Bigarreau belle de Rocmond (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 
212 

Bigarreau blanc de Groll (syn. of Bigarreau Groll), 217 

Bigarreau Blanc (Petit) (syn. of Flamentine), 252 

Bigarreau Blanc Précoce, 215 

Bigarreau Blanc-Rosé de Piémont, 215 

Bigarreau Bordan, 215 

Bigarreau de Bourget, 215 

Bigarreau Brun, 215 

Bigarreau Brun Kleindienst 
Braune Knorpel), 282 

Bigarreau de Capucins, 215 

Bigarreau de la Caserne, 215 

Bigarreau Cayenne, 215 

Bigarreau de Chilons, 215 

Bigarreau de Champvans, 216 

Bigarreau Commun (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202 

Bigarreau Corniola, 216 

Bigarreau Court Picout Hatif, 216 

Bigarreau Court Picout Tardif, 216 

Bigarreau Donnissen, 216 

Bigarreau Doré, 216 

Bigarreau Double Royale, 216 

Bigarreau Dur, 216 

Bigarreau Duranno, 217 

Bigarreau Empereur-Francotis 
Francis), 249 

Bigarreau d’ Esperen (syn. of Napoleon), 172 

Bigarreau de Fer (syn. of Hildesheim), 144 

Bigarreau a Feuilles de Tabac (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 
326 

Bigarreau de Florence (syn. of Florence), 140 

Bigarreau Galopin, 217 

Bigarreau Glady, 217 

Bigarreau (Golden) (syn. of Drogan Yellow Bigarreau), 
245 

Bigarreau Grand, 217 

Bigarreau Groll, 217 

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret (syn. of Large Heart-shaped 
Bigarreau), 288; (syn. of Napoleon), 172 

Bigarreau Gros Commun (syn. of Ox Heart), 178 

Bigarreau @ Gros Fruit Rouge (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 
309 

Bigarreau a gros Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Large 
Late Red Bigarreau), 288 

Bigarreau. Gros Monstrueux (syn. of Large Heart- 
shaped Bigarreau), 288 

Bigarreau Gros Noir de Luther, 217 


(syn. of Kleindienst 


(syn. of Emperor 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Bigarreau Grosse Gomballoise (syn. of Grosse Gom- 
balloise), 265 

Bigarreau Hatif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222 

Bigarreau Hatif Boulbon (syn. of Boulebonner Kirsche), 
224 

Bigarreau Hatif de Champagne, 217 

Bigarreau Hatif de Saint-Laud, 217 

Bigarreau de Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274 

Bigarreau de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim), 144 

Bigarreau d’Italie, 218 

Bigarreau Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161 

Bigarreau Jacquet, 218 

Bigarreau jaune (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 240 

Bigarreau jaune de Donissen (syn. of Bigarreau Don- 
nissen), 216 

Bigarreau jaune de Groth (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knor- 
pelkirsche), 268 

Bigarreau Jumard, 218 

Bigarreau de Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 
285 

Bigarreau Kriiger, 218 

Bigarreau Legrey, 218 

Bigarreau de Loire (syn. of Bigarreau de Lory), 218 

Bigarreau a Longue Queue (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knor- 
pelkirsche), 246 

Bigarreau de Lory, 218 

Bigarreau de Lyon (syn. of Lyons), 161 

Bigarreau Marjeollais (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 
218 

Bigarreau Marjolet, 218 

Bigarreau of Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167 

Bigarreau Mongin, 218 

Bigarreau Monstreuse de Bavay, 219 

Bigarreau monstreux de Baltava (syn. of Baltavar), 210 

Bigarreau Monstrueux (syn. of Mezel), 167 

Bigarreau Moreau, 219 

Bigarreau de Naples (syn. of Naples), 300 

Bigarreau Napoléon Noir, 219 

Bigarreau Noir Buittner (syn. of Biittner Schwarze 
Herzkirsche), 299 

Bigarreau-noir a chair trés-ferme (syn. of Festfleischige 
Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251 

Bigarreau Noir d’Ecully, 219 

Bigarreau Noir d’ Espagne (syn. of Black Heart), 106 

Bigarreau noir d’ Espagne (syn. of Black Spanish), 223 

Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf (syn. of Germersdorf), 259 

Bigarreau Noir a Gros Fruits, 219 

Bigarreau noir de Guben (syn. of Guben), 268 

Bigarreau noir Hatif (syn. of Black Bigarreau), 222 

Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen, 219 

Bigarreau-noir de Knight (syn. of Knight Late Black), 
283 

Bigarreau noir de Kriiger (syn. of Bigarreau Kriiger), 
218 

Bigarreau noir de Lampé (syn. of Lampen Schwarze 
Knorpelkirsche), 287 

Bigarreau Noir Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napo- 
léon Noir), 219 

Bigarreau noir de Savoie (syn. of Black Bigarreau of 
Savoy), 222 

Bigarreau Noir de Tabor, 219 


349 


Bigarreau noir de Tilgner (syn. of Tilgner Schwarze 
Knorpelkirsche), 326 

Bigarreau noir Winkler (syn. of Winkler Black), 335 

Bigarreau noire de Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche), 
322 

Bigarreau d’Octobre, 219 

Bigarreau de l’Once, 220 

Bigarreau Pélissier, 102 

Bigarreau a petit fruit blanc (syn. of Flamentine), 252 

Bigarreau a petit fruit rouge hatif (syn. of Kleine Bunte 
Frihkirsche), 282 

Bigarreau pleureur (syn. of Weeping Black Bigarreau), 
331 

Bigarreau Ponctué (syn. of Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 
309 

Bigarreau Pourpré, 220 

Bigarreau Prince Royal de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz 
von Hannover), 285 

Bigarreau Printanier d’Oullins, 220 

Bigarreau Reverchon, 220 

Bigarreau Richelieu, 220 

Bigarreau Rival (syn. of Rival), 311 

Bigarreau de Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212 

Bigarreau Rosa, 220 

Bigarreau Rose Dragon, 220 

Bigarreau rouge de Buittner (syn. of Bittner Rothe 
Knorpelkirsche), 228 

Bigarreau Rouge Foncé (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpel- 
kirsche), 246 

Bigarreau Rouge de Guben (syn. of Early Red Bigar- 
reau), 248 

Bigarreau rouge hatif (petit) (syn. of Kleine Bunte 
Frihkirsche), 282 

Bigarreau Rouge Tardif de Bittner (syn. of Biittner 
Spate Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229 

Bigarreau rouge de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe 
Herzkirsche), 326 

Bigarreau de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpel- 
kirsche), 315 

Bigarreau de Schleihahn (syn. of Schleihahn Sweet), 316 

Bigarreau de Schrecken, 220 

Bigarreau Strié, 221 

Bigarreau Tardif Bittner (syn. of Biittner Spite 
Weichsel), 229 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim (syn. of Hildesheim), 
143 

Bigarreau Tardif de Ladé (syn. of Ladé Late), 286 

Bigarreau Tardif de Lieke (syn. of Lieke Bunte Knorpel- 
kirsche), 291 

Bigarreau-tardif de Meiningen (syn. of Meininger Spate 
Knorpelkirsche), 297 

Bigarreau Toupie (syn. of Toupie), 327 

Bigarreau de Trie, 221 

Bigarreau 4 Trochets, 221 

Bigarreau Turca, 221 

Bigarreau Violet (syn. of Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche), 
246 

Bigarreau de Walpurgis, 221 

Bigarreau Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black), 332 

Biagarreau de Zeisberg, 221 

Bigarreau Zschedowitzer Schwarze, 221 


350 


Bigarreautier a fruit jaune (syn. of Dankelmanns- 
kirsche), 240 

Bigarreautier ad grandes feuilles (syn. of Tobacco- 
Leaved), 326 

Bigarreautier de Naples (syn. of Neapolitanische 
Molkenkirsche), 300 

Bigarreautier a petit fruit hatif (syn. of Flamentine), 252 

Bigarreautier 4 Petit Fruit Noir, 221 

Bigarreautier 4 Petit Fruit Rose, 222 

Bigarreautier a petit fruit rouge (syn. of Kleine Bunte 
Frihkirsche), 282 

Bigarreautier ad rameaux pendants (syn. of Thranen 
Muskatellerkirsche), 326 

Biguarre Cherrie (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202 

Bill and Coo, 222 

Bing, 103 

Bismarck, 222 

Black, J. H., var. orig. with, 306 

Black American, 222 

Black Bigarreau, 222 

Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late Black), 295 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy, 222 

Black Bohemian (syn. of Bigarreau d’Italie), 218 

Black Eagle (syn. of Eagle), 126 

Black Guigne, 104 

Black Hawk, 105 

Black Heart, 105 

Black Hungarian Gean, 222 

Black Margaret, 223 

Black Mastodon (syn. of Mastodon), 296 

Black Prolific, 223 

Black Republican (syn. of Republican), 181 

Black Spanish, 223 

Black Tartarian, 107 

Black Turkey Heart, 223 

Blasse Johanni Kirsche, 223 

Bleeding Heart, 108 

Bleichrothe Glaskirsche (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233 

Bloem-kers double (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252; (syn. 
of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253 

Bloodgood, Daniel, var. orig. by, 208 

Blutherzkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109 

Blutrothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109 

Bocage, 223 

Bohemian Black Bigarreau (syn. of Bigarreau d’Italie), 
218 

Bohemian Queen, 223 

Bon Bon, 223 

Bonamy, var. orig. with, 293 

Bonnemain, Auguste, var. orig. by, 260 

Bonnemain (syn. of Gloire de France), 260 

Book, 223 

Boppard, 223 

Bopparder Friihkirsche (syn. of Boppard), 223 

Boppard’s Early (syn. of Boppard), 223 

Boquet Morello, 223 

Boreatton, 224 

Bordan, var. orig. by, 215 

Bordans frithe weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau 
Bordan), 215 

Bordans Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 215 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Bostock, quoted, 45 

Boughton Early Black Duke, 224 

Boulebonner Kirsche, 224 

Bount Dantzic, 224 

Bouquet-Herzkirsche, 224 

Bouquetweichsel, 224 

Bourgueil, 109 

Boussieuer Knorpelkirsche, 224 

Bowers, John, var. orig. by, 224 

Bowers’ Seedlings, 224 

Boyd Early Black, 225 

Boyer’s Early (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225 

Bowyer Early Heart, 225 

Brandon, 225 

Brandywine, 225 

Brant, 225 

Brassington, 225 

Braunauer Amarelle (syn. of Braunauer Glaskirsche), 225 

Braunauer Glaskirsche, 225 

Braune rothe Sauerkirsche (syn. of Braunrote weichsel), 
226 

Braune Soodkirsche, 226 

Braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune Spanische 
Kirsche), 226 

Braune Spanische Kirsche, 226 

Braunrote Weichsel, 226 

Bretonneau, Pierre, var. orig. with, 110, 246, 305 

Briggs, J. A., var. orig. by, 226 

Briggs Sweet, 226 

Brinckle, John R., var. orig. by, 225 

Brindilles, 226 

Brown Best, 226 

Brown Seedlings, 226 

Bruce, quoted, 61-62 

Brusseler Braune, 110 

Briisselsche Bruyn (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110 

Buckatzsch Weisse Herzkirsche, 227 

Buckatzsch Weisse Knorpelkirsche, 227 

Budd, J. L., quoted, 74; var. introduced by, 97, 102, 
III, 123, 129, 143, 147, 158, 160, 188, 195, 207, 224, 
227, 232, 243, 254, 263, 275, 280, 281, 297, 303, 312, 
318, 319, 322, 330, 336 

Budd, No. 533, 227 

Buffalo, 227 

Bunte Amarelle, 112 

Bunte Morello, 227 

Burbank, 227 

Burbank, Luther, var. orig. by, 205, 227, 259 

Burbank Early (syn. of Burbank), 227 

Burchardt, var. orig. by, 227 

Burchardts Schwarze Rosenobel, 227 

Burghley Park, 227 

Burr, 228 

Burr, Zera, var. orig. with, 228 

Biittner, var. orig. by, 228, 229 

Bittner Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 228 

Biittner Rothe Herzkirsche, 228 

Bittner Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 228 

Biittner Schwarze Herzkirsche, 228 

Bittner Schwarze Sauerkirsche, 229 

Biittner Spate Rothe Knorpelkirsche, 229 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Biittner Spate Weichsel, 229 

Biittner’s harte Marmorkirsche (syn. of Bittner Spate 
Rothe Knorpelkirsche), 229 

Bittner’s Late Red (syn. of Bittner Spate Rothe 
Knorpelkirsche), 229 

Biittner’s October (syn. of Biittner Spate Weichsel), 229 

Biittner’s October Morello (syn. of Bittner Spate 
Weichsel), 229 

Buittner’s October Zucker Weichsel (syn. of Bittner Spate 
Weichsel), 229 

Buittner’s rothe Marmorkirsche (syn. of Biittner Rothe 
Knorpelkirsche), 228 

Biitiner’s rothe Molkenkirsche (syn. of Biittner Rothe 
Herzkirsche), 228 

Biittner’s schwarse neue Herzkirsche (syn. of Biittner 
Schwarze Herzkirsche), 229 

Bittner’s schwarze neue Sauerkirsche (syn. of Biittner 
Schwarze Sauerkirsche), 229 

Biitiner’s Sehrspate (syn. of Bittner Spate Weichsel), 229 

Buittner’s September und Octoberweichsel (syn. of Bittner 
Spate Weichsel), 229 

Biittner’s Yellow (syn. of Bittner Gelbe Knorpel- 
kirsche), 228 

Byrnville, 230 

California Advance, 113 

Cameleon, 230 

Cardinalskirsche, 230 

Carmine Stripe, 230 

Carnation, 114 

Caroline, 230 

Catskill, 230 

Cayenner Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Cayenne), 
215 

Centennial, 115 

Ceraseidos apetala (syn. of P. apetala), 21; (syn. of 
P. incisa), 20 

Cerasus, group name of, 2; sub-genus of Prunus, 15 

Cerasus acida (syn. of P. Cerasus), 24 

Cerasus asplenifolia (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Cerasus Avium (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus bigarella, 30; (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus bigarella regalis, 31 : 

Cerasus Bungei (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus californica (syn. of P. emarginata), 16 

Cerasus Caproniana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno (syn. of P. serrulata 
hisakura), 18 

Cerasus cucullata (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus decumana (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus depressa (syn. of P. pumila), 34 

Cerasus donarium (syn. of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18 

Cerasus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus duracina (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus effusa (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa), 21 

Cerasus glauca (syn. of P. pumila), 34 

Cerasus Heaumiana (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus herincquiana (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Cerasus heterophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus hortenses (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 


351 


Cerasus hortensis foliis eleganter variegatis (syn. of 
Striped-Leaved), 323 

Cerasus incisa (syn. of P. incisa), 20 

Cerasus intermedia (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Cerasus japonica (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla 
Sinensis), 21 

Cerasus japonica multiplex (syn.of P. glandulosa glabra 
albiplena), 21 

Cerasus Juliana (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus lannesiana (syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18 

Cerasus macrophylla (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus mahaleb (syn. of P. mahaleb), 31 

Cerasus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus nicotianaefolia (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Cerasus nigra (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus pallida (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldti), 17 

Cerasus pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Cerasus pendula kriegeri (syn. of P. serrulata kriegeri), 18 

Cerasus pendula rosea (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Cerasus phoshia (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19 

Cerasus pseudocerasus (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 173 
(syn. of P. serrulata), 18 

Cerasus pseudocerasus “ James Veitch’? (syn. of P. 
serrulata veitchiana), 18 

Cerasus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19 

Cerasus pumila (syn. of P. pumila), 34 

Cerasus regalis, 31 

Cerasus Rhexit (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus rubicunda (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus rufa (syn. of P. rufa), 19 

Cerasus salicifolia (svn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus serratifolia rosea (syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 
18 

Cerasus serrulata (syn. of P. serrulata), 18 

Cerasus sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17 

Cerasus tomentosa (syn. of P. tomentosa), 33 

Cerasus tridentina (syn. of P. cerasus), 25 

Cerasus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Cerasus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Cerasus watereri (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17 

Cerasus wattererii (syn. of P. pseudocerasus watereri), 17 

Cerise Albanes, 230 

Cerise d’ Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258 

Cerise Anglaise (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232 

Cerise d’Angleterre Précoce, 230 

Cerise de l’Ardéche, 230 

Cerise Bellon, 230 

Cerise de la Besnardiére, 231 

Cerise du Bicentenaire, 231 

Cerise Blanche a Petit Fruit, 231 

Cerise de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109 

Cerise Carminée (syn. of Carmine Stripe), 230 

Cerise Commune, 231 

Cerise Commune (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262 

Cerise Commune (de la Madeleine) (syn. of Madeleine), 
294 

Cerise du Comte de Henneberg (syn. of Henneberger 
Grafenkirsche), 274 


352 THE CHERRIES 


Cerise 4 Cétes, 231 

Cerise a@ Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Mont- 
morency), 187 

Cerise d’Espagne, 231 

Cerise de I’ Esviére (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232 

Cerise 4 la Feuille, 231 

Cerise a Feuilles bigarrées' (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326 

Cerise de Folger (syn. of Folgerkirsche), 253 

Cerise de Gembloux, 231 

Cerise de Gottorpe (syn. of Gottorper), 261 

Cerise Graisseuse (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321 

Cerise Gros Fruit (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 
187 

Cerise Guigne, 231 

Cerise Hative (syn. of Siisse Friihweichsel), 324 

Cerise Lard (syn. of Speckkirsche), 321 

Cerise de Mai Double, 232 

Cerise de Mai Simple, 232 

Cerise de Martigné, 232 

Cerise a Noyau tendre (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320 

Cerise Orange (syn. of Pomeranzen), 306 

Cerise d’ Orange (syn. of Carnation), 114 

Cerise de Ostheim, 232 

Cerise du Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329 

Cerise de petit-lait rouge (syn. of Rothe Molkenkirsche), 
313 

Cerise de Planchouri (syn. of Planchoury), 305 

Cerise de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98 

Cerise de Prague tardive (syn. of Pragische Muska- 
teller), 307 

Cerise précoce d’ Altenlaud (syn. of Altenlander Friih- 
kirsche), 206 

Cerise du Prince Maurice, 232 

Cerise de Prusse, 232 

Cerise de Prusse noire (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232 

Cerise de Rouén Double, 232 

Cerise de Rouén Simple, 232 

Cerise Rouge Pale, 233 

Cerise Rouge Sanguine, 233 

Cerise Royale (syn. of Royal Duke), 184 

Cerise Royale de Hollande (syn. of Arch Duke), 98 

Cerise Royale Ordinaire, 233 

Cerise Royale Tardive D’ Angleterre (syn. of Holman 
Duke), 276 

Cerise de Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sauvigny), 
298 

Cerise de Seckbach (syn. of Seckbacher), 318 

Cerise de Soissons, 233 

Cerise de Tiercé, 233 

Cerise a Trochet (syn. of Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234 

Cerise van der Nat (syn. of Double Natte), 123 

Cerise de Volger (syn. of Early Richmond), 132 

Cerise Walpurgis (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221 

Cerise de Xavier, 233 

Cerise de Zeisberg (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221 

Cerisier 4 Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119 

Cerisier Commun a Fruit Rond, 233 

Cerisier Commun Pleureur, 233 

Cerisier coulard de Holland (syn. of Coularde), 239 

Cerisier cuculle (syn. of Griottier 4 Feuilles Cucul- 
lées), 264 


OF NEW YORK 


Cerisier 4 Feuilles Laciniées, 234 

Cerisier a Feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 
335 

Cerisier a Fruit Ambré, a Fruit Blanc (syn. of Choisy), 
116 

Cerisier 4 Gros Fruit Blanc, 234 

Cerisier 4 Gros Fruit Rouge-pale (syn. of Cerise Rouge 
Pale), 233 

Cerisier Hatif (syn. of Early Richmond), 132 

Cerisier de Hollande (syn. of Coularde), 238 

Cerisier de Hollande a.feuilles de saule ou de balsamine 
(syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335 

Cerisier juniat (syn. of June Amarelle), 279 

Cerisier de la Madleine (syn. of Madeleine), 294 

Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond Précoce (syn. of Early 
May), 128 

Cerisier Royal Tardif 4 Fruit Noir, 234 

Cerisier Trés-fertile, 234 

Cerisier de Varenne, 234 

Challenge, 234 

Champagne, 234 

Champion, 235 

Chapman, 235 

Chapman, Henry, var. orig. by, 116 

Chapman, W. H., var. orig. by, 113, 235, 296, 309 

Charozé, var. orig. with, 271 

Chase, Lewis, var. orig. with, 292 

Chase, R. G., var. introduced by, 230 

Chatenay, var. orig. with, 163 

Cheresoto, 235 

Cherries, adaptions of, in America, 55-56; ameliora- 
tion of, 8-9; ancient history of, 40; ancient use of, 
39-40; beginning of domestication of, 42-44; bloom- 
ing dates and season of ripening of, 80-81; char- 
acters of bark, branches and buds of, 11-12; char- 
acters of flowers and fruit of, 13-14; characters of 
leaves of, 12-13; classification of cultivated varieties 
of, 15; cultivated, origin of, 41-42; diseases of, 
88-92; distribution of cultivated varieties of, 3; 
domestication of, 8; early planting of, in America, 
56; geographical distribution of species of, 23-24, 
groups of, by German writers, 49; habit of growth 
of species of, 10; hardiness of species of, 10; history 
of, in England, 49-55; history of, in Greece, 42-445 
history of, in Italy, 44-48; history of, in New 
England, 57-58; history of, in New York, 59-61; 
history of, in the Middle West, 62; history of, 
in the Sixteenth Century, 48-49; history of, in the 
South, 61-62; history of, on the Pacific Coast, 
62-64; immunity of, to diseases and insects, 10-11; 
insects detrimental to, 92-96; lack of literature of, 7; 
list of, growing in America in 1804, 60-61; minor 
species of, 38; natural environment of, 76-80; 
number of described varieties of, 8; origin of described 
varieties of, 9; ornamental value of, 6-7; pollina- 
tion of, 82-83; productiveness of, 10; relation of, to 
other species, 1-2; separation of, from plums, 2; 
species of, 16-38; stocks for, 67-76; susceptibility of, 
to diseases and insects, 10-11; tree and fruit char- 
acters of species of, 9-15; uses of fruit of, 3-6; uses 
of leaves and bark of, 6; wood-value of species of, 6 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Cherry culture, commercial magnitude of, in the 
United States, 65-67 

Cherry orchards, their care and management, 83-84 

Cherry-Duck (syn. of Holman Duke), 276 

Cherry-growing, commercial status of, in New York, 
85-88 

China Bigarreau, 236 

China Heart (syn. of China Bigarreau), 236 

Choisy, 116 

Choque, 236 

Christ, var. orig. by, 313 

Christbauer, 236 

Christiana, 236 

Churchill Heart, 236 

Cistena, 236 

Clark September, 236 

Cleveland, 118 

Clingman, A. K., var. orig. with, 292 

Cluster, 119 

Cluster Black Heart, 236 

Coburger Matherzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne), 104 

Cocklin, E. H., var. orig. by, 145; var. introduced by, 
236 

Cocklin Favorite, 236 

Coe, 120 

Coe, Curtis, var. orig. by, 120 

Coe Late Carnation, 237 

Coe’s Bunte Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120 

Coe’s Spate Rote Kirsche (syn. of Coe Late Carnation), 
237 

Coe’s Transparent (syn. of Coe), 120 

Coeur de Boeuf nouveau (syn. of Ox Heart [of Americal), 
303 

Coeur de Pigeon Gros (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212 

Coeur de Pigeon Noir, 237 

Coeur de Poule, 237 

Colassale d’ Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274 

Cole, 237 

Collman, A. F., var. orig. with, 238 

Colorado Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139 

Columbia, 237 

Common French Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262 

Common Morello, 237 

Common Red Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237 

Como, 237 

Comtesse de Médicis Spada, 237 

Condé, 237 

Conestoga, 237 

Constance Maisin, 238 

Cook, Steven, var. orig. with, 238, 297 

Cook Imperial, 238 

Cornelia, 238 

Corning, 238 

Corone, 238 

Corwin, 238 

Coularde, 238 

Courte-pendu de Gaiberg (syn. of Courte-queue de 
Gaiberg), 239 

Courte-queue de Gaiberg, 239 

Courtin, var. orig. with, 320 

Coxe, quoted, 68-69 


23 


303 


Crawford, 239 

Cream (syn. of Honey), 276 

Crown Prince, 239 

Cserszeger Honigkirsche, 239 

Cullen Cherrie, 239 

Cumberland, 239 

Cumberland Heart (syn. of Cumberland), 239 

Cumberland Spice (syn. of Cumberland), 239 

Cyclone, 239 

Dacotah, 240 

Daiber Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 240 

Dankelmannskirsche, 240 

Dankelmann’s Molkenkirsche (syn. of Dankelmanns- 
kirsche), 240 , 

Dankelmann’s Weisse Herzskirsche (syn. of Dankel- 
mannskirsche), 240 

D’ Aout Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250 

D’ Aremberg (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179 

Datge, 240 

Davenport, 240 

Davenport, Edward, var. orig. by, 240 

Davenport's Early (syn. of Davenport), 240 

Davenport’s Early Black (syn. of Davenport), 240 

Davenport's Early Red (syn. of Davenport), 240 

De Belleu, 240 

De Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258 

De Jacap, 240 

De Jonghe, var. orig. by, 327 

De Ravaene, 240 

De Sibérie (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247 

De Sibérie a fruit rond (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247 

De Sibérie 4 gros fruit et 4 rameaux pendans, 241 

De Spa, 241 

De Vaux, 241 

Dearborn, H. A. S., var. introduced by, 163 

Dearborn Red French, 241 

Dechenaut, 241 : 

Delaware Bleeding Heart, 241 

Delicate, 241 

Délices d’ Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250 

Délicieuse, 241 

Denner Black, 241 

Des Cheneaux, 241 

Deutsche Belzweichsel, 241 

Deutsche Griotte (syn. of German Morello), 258 

Deutsche Weichsel (syn. of German Morello), 258 

Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of German 
Morello), 258 

Dikeman, 121 

Dikeman, George B., var. orig. with, 121 

Disnoder Gewiirzkirsche, 241 

Ditst, 241 

Dobbeete Moreller, 242 

Doctay, 242 

Doctor, 242 

Dr. Flynn, 242 

Dr. Wiseman, 242 

Doctorkirsche, 242 

Doctorknorpelkirsche, 242 

Dollaner Schwarze, 242 

Donna Maria, 243 


354 


Dénnissens gelbe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau 
Dénnissen), 216 

Doppelte Amarelle (syn. of Doppelte Weichsel), 245 

Doppelte Weichsel, 243 

Doppelttragende Kleine Rothe Spatkirsche (syn. of 
Hildesheim), 143 

Dorotheenkirsche, 243 

Dérrells Neue Himbeerkirsche, 243 

Doty, 243 

Double Floured Cherry (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252 

Double Glass, 122 

Double Natte, 123 

Double Yellow Spanish, 243 

Doublet, var. orig. by, 211 

Douce de Bardowick, 243 

Douce d’ Espagne (syn. of Siisse Spanische), 324 

Douce de Palatinat (syn. of Velser), 329 

Dougall, 243 

Dougall, James, var. introduced by, 243, 33%; var. orig. 
with, 198 

Doulin Bigarreau, 243 

Dove Bank, 243 

Downer, 124 

Downer, Samuel, var. orig. by, 124 

Downer’s Late (syn. of Downer), 124 

Downer’s Red Heart (syn. of Downer), 124 

Downing, A. J., life of, 244; quoted, 70, 157; var. orig. 
by, 244 

Downing, Charles, life of, 234-235; var. orig. by, 234 

Downing Red Creek, 244 

Downing’ s Samling (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244 

Downton, 244 

Downtoner Molkenkirsche (syn. of Downton), 244 

Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche, 245 

Drogan, var. orig. by, 245 

Drogan White Bigarreau, 245 

Drogan Yellow Bigarreau, 245 

Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 245 

Drogan’s Weisse Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Drogan White 
Bigarreau), 245 

Drooping Guigne, 245 

Du Comte Egger, 245 

Du Nord Nouvelle, 245 

Duchesse d’Angouléme, 245 

Duchesse de Palluau, 246 

Dudley, Paul, quoted, 58 

Duhamel, quoted, 70, 139 

Duke Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164 

Duke cherries, characters of, 31 

Duke of Edinburgh, 246 

Dumas, 246 

Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche, 246 

Duraccia, 246 

Dure Noir Grosse, 247 

Dure de Sauvigny (syn. of Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche), 
315 

Duich Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247 

Dwarf Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253 

Dwarf Siberian, 247 

Dyehouse, 125 

Dyehouse, var. orig. by, 126 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Eagle, 126 

Early Amarella, 247 

Early Amber, 247 

Early Black Bigarreau, 247 

Early Eugene, 247 

Early Griotte (syn. of Early Richmond), 132 

Early Guigne (syn. of Flamentine), 252 

Early Jaboulay (syn. of Lyons), 161 

Early Lamaurie (syn. of Lamaurie), 287 

Early Lyons (syn. of Lyons), 161 

Early Mathere (syn. of Guigne Précoce de Mathére), 
271 

Early May, 128 

Early May, 247 

Early Morello, 129 

Early Prolific, 248 

Early Purple, 130 

Early Purple Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130 

Early Red and Yellow, 248 

Early Red Bigarreau, 248 

Early Red Guigne, 248 

Early Richmond, 131 

Early Rivers, 248 

Early White Bigarreau (syn. of Flamentine), 252 

Early White Guigne (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 
266 

Early York, 248 

Ebenter Cherry, 249 

Ecullyer Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Noir 
d’Ecully), 219 

Edouard Seneclause, 249 

Elfner Kirsche, 249 

Elizabeth, 249 

Elkhorn, 134 

Elliott, F. R., life of, 159; quoted, 71, 197; var. intro- 
duced by, 159 

Elliott's Favorite (syn. of Favorite), 251 

Elton, 135 

Emperor Francis, 249 

Empress Eugenie, 137 

Englische Schwarze Kronherzkirsche (syn. of Corone), 
238 

Englische Weinkirsche, 249 

Englische weisse ganz frithe Herzkirsche (syn. of 
Englische Weisse Herzkirsche), 250 

Englische Weisse Herzkirsche, 250 

English Amber, 249 

English Bearer, 249 

English Gaskin, 249 

English Morello, 138; susceptibility of, to leaf spot, 11 

English Preserve (syn. of English Bearer), 249 

Enopa, 250 

Epervier Noir (syn. of Black Hawk), 105 

Episcopale, 250 

Eppers Weichsel, 250 

Erfurt Delicious (syn. of Erfurter Augustkirsche), 250 

Erfurter Augustkirsche, 250 

Esel Kirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164 

Espagne bigarrée (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305 

Etopa, 250 

Eugéne Furst, 250 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Eugenie (syn. of Empress Eugenie) 137 

Euprunus, sub-genus of Prunus, 15 

Everbearing, 251 

Excellente Douce Tardive, 251 

Eyami, 251 

Ezaptan, 251 

Faversham Heart, 251 

Favorite, 251 

Fenno, J. H., var. orig. by, 301 

Fenwith, George, quoted, 58 

Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 251 

Flagg, 252 

Flamentine, 252 

Flanders (syn. of Early Richmond), 131 

Flanders Cluster (syn. of Cluster), 119 

Flemish (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153; (syn. of 
Short-Stem Montmorency), 187 

Flemish Gean, 252 

Flemish Coloured Bigarreau (syn. of Elton), 135 

Fleurs Doubles, 252 

Fleurs Semi-doubles, 253 

Florence, 140 

Florence Heart (syn. of Florence), 140 

Florianer Kirsche, 253 

Flynn, var. orig. with, 242 

Folgerkirsche, 253 

Folgers Swolfe, 254 

Forsyth, quoted, 68 

Fouche Morello, 254 

Four to the Pound (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326 

Franzosiche Stissweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Soissons), 
233 

Fraser's White Tartarian (syn. of White Tartarian), 
333 

Frauendorfer, 254 

Frauendorfer Weichsel (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254 

French (syn. of Early Richmond), 132 

French Amarelle, 254 

French Weichsel, 254 

Frogmore Bigarreau (syn. of Frogmore Early Bigar- 
reau), 254 

Frogmore Early Bigarreau, 254 

Frogmore Early Crown, 254 

Frogmore Early Prolific (syn. of Frogmore Early 
Bigarreau), 254 

Frogmore Late Bigarreau, 255 

Frogmore Morrelo, 255 

Fromm, var. orig. by, 255 

Fromm Heart, 255 

Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Fromm Heart), 
255 

Frithe Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of White Heart), 197 

Friihe bunte Herzkirsche, 255 

Frithe Englische Kirsche aus Lowen (syn. of Léwener 
Frithkirsche), 292 

Frithe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche, 255 

Friihe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Friihe bunte 
Herzkirsche), 255 

Friihe Lemercier (syn. of Lemercier), 290 

Friihe Matherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100 

Friihe Maikirsche, 255 


a0 


Frithe Morello, 255 

Frihe Natte aus Samen (syn. of Frithe von der Natte), 
256 

Frithe Sauerkirsche, 256 

Friihe Schattenmorelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318 

Frihe Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Guigne), 
104; (syn. of Black Heart), 106 

Friihe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 256 

Frihe Suissweichsel von der Natt (syn. of Frithe von der 
Natte), 256 

Frithe von der Natte, 256 

Friithe Zwergweichsel (syn. of Early May), 128 

Friiher Gobet, 256 

Fritheste Bunte Herzkirsche, 256 

Fritheste bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Friheste Bunte 
Herzkirsche), 256 

Friiheste der Mark, 257 

Frihkirsche (syn. of Fritheste Bunte Herzkirsche), 256 

Friihzeitige Amarelle (syn. of Early Richmond), 132 

First Schwarze Septemberkirsche, 257 

Fiirst's Herzkirsche (syn. of Eugéne Furst), 250 

Galopin (syn. of Lutovka), 160 

Galusha, 257 

Gamdale, 257 

Garcine, 257 

Garcine, var. orig. by, 257 

Gardiner, 257 

Gardner, V. R., quoted, 82-83 

Gascoigne (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109 

Gascoigne’s Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109 

Gaskins, 257 

Gauchers Knorpelkirsche, 257 

Géante de Badacson (syn. of Badacsony), 209 

Géante d’ Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274 

Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefiillter Blite (syn. of 
Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253 

Geer, 257 

Gefulltbliihende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 253 

Gefiilltbliihende Siisskirsche (syn. of Large Double 
Flowering), 287 

Gefiillter Kirschbaume (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 
253 

Gelbe Herzkirsche, 257 

Gelbe Wachskirsche, 258 

Gemeine Glaskirsche, 258 

Gemeine Marmorkirsche (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202 

Gemeine Schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Schwarze 
Herzkirsche), 267 

Gemeine Siissweichsel (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262 

Genesee, 258 

George Glass, 141 

Gerarde, quoted, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 

German, 258 

German Duke (syn. of German Morello), 258 

German (Kraus) (syn. of German), 258 

German Morello, 258 

Germersdorf, 259 

Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche (syn. of Germersdorf), 259 

Geschiltztblattrige Siissweichsel, 259 

Gestriefte Herzkirsche, 259 

Gewohnliche Muskatellerkirsche, 259 


356 THE CHERRIES 


Giant, 259 

Gibb, 259 

Gifford, 259 

Gilbert, R., var. orig. by, 227 

Glanzende goldgelb und roth marmorirte Kramelkirsche 
(syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212 

Glasherzkirsche, 259 

Glaskirsche mit dickgefiillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs 
Doubles), 252 

Glaskirsche mit halbgefiillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs 
Semi-doubles), 253 

Glaskirsche von der Natte, 260 

Glas-Molkenkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259 

Glass (syn. of Double Glass), 122 

Glasskirsche Kurzstielige, 260 

Gloire de France, 260 

Gobet a Courte Queue (syn. of Short-Stem Mont- 
morency), 187 

Gobet Hatif (syn. of Frither Gobet), 256 

Golden Knob, 260 

Goldgelbe Herzkirsche, 260 

Goldsmith Black Heart, 260 

Goodspeed, 260 

Gormley, 260 

Gormley, John, var. orig. with, 260 

Gottorper, 261 

Gottorper Marmorkirsche (syn. of Gottorper), 261 

Gould No. X, 261 

Governor Luce, 261 

Gov. Shannon (syn. of Shannon), 319 

Governor Wood (syn. of Wood), 199 

Grafenburger Friihkirsche, 261 

Graffion (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202 

Graham, 261 

Grand, var. introduced by, 217 

Grande Ronde, 261 

Great Bearing, 261 

Great Bigarreau (syn. of Mezel), 167 

Great Cornelian (syn. of Double Glass), 122 

Great Leafed, 261 

Great rose (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252 

Grenner Glas, 261 

Gridley, 261 

Gridley, Samuel, var. orig. with, 261 

Griotte (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262 

Griotte Acher, 262 

Griotte d’ Allemagne (syn. of German Morello), 258 

Griotte de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Weichsel), 
214 

Griotte a4 Bouquet (syn. of Cluster), 119 

Griotte de Biittner, 262 

Griotte de Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258 

Griotte Commune, 262 

Griotte a Courte Queue (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278 

Griotte Double (syn. of Griotte Acher), 262 

Griotte Douce Précoce, 262 

Griotte de Frauendorf (syn. of Frauendorfer), 254 

Griotte a gros fruit noir de Piémont (syn. of Griotte 
Noire de Piémont), 263 

Griotte a gros fruit rouge de Piémont (syn. of Griotte 
Rouge de Piémont), 264 


OF NEW YORK 


Griotte Guigne (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232 

Griotte Impériale (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278 

Griotte Kleparite (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263 

Griotte de Kleparow, 263 

Griotte de Léopold (syn. of Leopoldskirsche), 290 

Griotte Lodigiana, 263 

Griotte Noire, 263 

Griotte Noire de Piémont, 263 

Griotte Noire des Vosges (syn. of Noire des Vosges), 
301 

Griotte du Nord Amiéliorée, 263 

Griotte 4 Petit Fruit, 263 

Griotte de Portugal (syn. of Arch Duke), 98 

Griotte Précoce, 263 

Griotte Précoce d’ Espagne (syn. of Spanische Frih- 
weichsel), 320 

Griotte rouge foncé (syn. of Braunrote Weichsel), 226 

Griotte Rouge de Piémont, 264 

Griotte de Schaarbeck, 264 

Griotte simple (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262 

Griotte Tardive d’Annecy, 264 

Griotte Tardive de Biittner (syn. of Biittner Spite 
Weichsel), 229 

Griotte Tardive de Plombiéres, 264 

Griotte de Toscane, 264 

Griotte de Turquie, 264 

Griotte de Wellington (syn. of Wellington), 332 

Griottier 4 Feuilles Cucullées, 264 

Griottier a feuilles de Pécher (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 
335 

Griottier a feuilles de Saule (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335 

Griottier a Fruit Aigre, 264 

Griottier 4 Longues Feuilles, 264 

Griottier Nain Précoce (syn. of Early May), 128 

Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Griotte Commune), 262 

Groll Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 264 

Grolls bunte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Groll), 
217 

Gros Bigarreau Blanc (syn. of Napoleon), 171 

Gros Bigarreau coeur-de- Poule (syn. of Coeur de Poule), 
237 

Gros Bigarreau Noir (syn. of Elkhorn), 134 

Gros Bigarreau pourpré (syn. of Bigarreau Pourpre), 220 

Gros Bigarreau Rond, 265 

Gros Gobet (syn. of Short-Stem Montmorency), 187 

Gros Guindoul Hatif, 265 

Gross blattrige Molkenkirsche (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 
326 

Grosse Blanche Carrée, 265 

Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche, 265 

Grosse bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte 
Herzkirsche), 265 

Grosse Cerise a Ratafia (syn. of English Morello), 139 

Grosse Cerise des Religieuses (syn. of Grosse Nonnen- 
kirsche), 266 

Grosse Cerise Transparente (syn. of Grosse Glaskirsche), 
265 

Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche (syn. of German Morello), 
258 

Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche (syn. of Fest- 
fleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Grosse Friedrichskirsche, 265 

Grosse glanzende schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne 
Noir Luisante), 270 

Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche (syn. of Glasherzkirsche), 259 

Grosse Glaskirsche, 265 

Grosse Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Large 
Montmorency), 153 

Grosse Gomballoise, 265 

Grosse-Griotte a vin (syn. of Grosse Weinkirsche), 268 

Grosse Guigne Blanche, 265 

Grosse Guigne Noire 4 Court Pédicelle, 266 

Grosse Guigne notre luisante (syn. of Guigne Noir 
Luisante), 270 

Grosse Hoéckerige Marmorkirsche, 266 

Grosse Lange Lothkirsche (syn. of English Morello), 139 

Grosse Mogulkirsche, 266 

Grosse Morelle, 266 

Grosse Morelle double (syn. of Grosse Morelle), 266 

Grosse Nonnenkirsche, 266 

Grosse Picarde, 266 

Grosse Schwarze Frithe Herzkirsche, 267 

Grosse schwarze Glanzkirsche (syn. of Prinzenkirsche), 
308 

Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche, 267 

Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Elkhorn), 134 

Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch (syn. 
of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche), 251 

Grosse schwarze ungarische Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse 
Ungarische Kirsche), 267 

Grosse Spanische Weichsel (syn. of Spanische Glas- 
kirsche), 320 

Grosse spate Amarelle (syn. of Grosse Tardive), 267 

Grosse Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 267 

Grosse Siisse Maiherzkirsche, 267 

Grosse Stisse Maikirsche (syn. of Grosse Siisse Mai- 
herzkirsche), 267 

Grosse Tardive, 267 

Grosse Transparente, 267 

Grosse Ungarische Kirsche, 267 

Grosse de Verrirées, 267 

Grosse de Wagnellee, 268 

Grosse Weinkirsche, 268 

Grosse Weisse Frihkirsche, 268 

Grosse Weisse Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 172 

Grosse wohltragende hollandische Morellé (syn. of Wohl- 
tragende Hollandische Kirsche), 335 

Grosser Gobet (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153 

Grosser weisser glanzender Herzkirschbaum (syn. of Gelbe 
Herzkirsche), 257 

Groth Braune Knorpelkirsche, 268 

Groth Gelbe Knorpelkirsche, 268 

Groth’s Wachskirsche (syn. of Groth Gelbe Knorpel- 
kirsche), 268 

Griinstiel-Kirsche, 268 

Guben, 268 

Gubener Bernsteinkirsche (syn. of Ambrée de Guben), 
207 

Gubener Schwarze Knorpel (syn. of Guben), 268 

Gubens Ehre, 268 

Guigne d’ Annonay (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hative), 271 

Guigne Anglaise Blanche Précoce, 268 


oot 


Guigne d’Argovie, 268 

Guigne de Bettenbourg (syn. of Bettenburger Herz- 
kirsche), 214 

Guigne Bigaudelle (syn. of Black Guigne), 104 

Guigne Blanche (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266 

Guigne Blanche de Bordan (syn. of Bigarreau Bordan), 
215 

Guigne Blanche Précoce, 269 

Guigne Blanche de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée 
Winkler), 269 

Guigne Bonne Alostoise, 269 

Guigne brune de Liefeld (syn. of Liefeld Braune), 291 

Guigne de Buxeuil, 269 

Guigne Carnée Winkler, 269 

Guigne de Chamblondes, 269 

Guigne Chamonale, 269 

Guigne Chavanne, 269 

Guigne Choque (syn. of Choque), 236 

Guigne Coé (syn. of Coe), 120 

Guigne a courte queue (syn. of Guigne Courte-queue 
d’Oullins), 269 

Guigne Courte-queue d’Oullins, 269 

Guigne Downton (syn. of Downton), 244 

Guigne Early Rivers (syn. of Early Rivers), 248 

Guigne Ecarlate, 269 

Guigne de |’Escalier, 269 

Guigne de Gland, 269 

Guigne a gros fruit blanc (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 
265 

Guigne a Gros Fruit Noir Hatif (syn. of Grosse Schwarze 
Frithe Herzkirsche), 267 

Guigne Grosse ambrée (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257 

Guigne Grosse Rouge HAative, 269 

Guigne Grosse Rouge Tardive, 270 

Guigne Guindole, 270 

Guigne Hative d’Elsdorf, 270 

Guigne-hative de Schneider (syn. of Schneider Friihe 
Herzkirsche), 316 

Guigne Haiive de Werder (syn. of Werder Early Black), 
332 

Guigne Jaune (syn. of Gelbe Herzkirsche), 257 

Guigne de Kruger (syn. of Kriiger Herzkirsche), 285 

Guigne Lucien (syn. of Lucien), 293 

Guigne Ludwig (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau), 293 

Guigne de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100 

Guigne Marbrée, 270 

Guigne marbrée précoce (syn. of Guigne la Plus Hative), 
271 

Guigne Marie Besnard, 270 

Guigne Marjolet (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 218 

Guigne mire de Paris (syn. of Spate Maulbeerkirsche), 
321 

Guigne de Nice, 270 

Guigne Noir Luisante, 270 

Guigne Noire Ancienne (syn. of Black Heart), 106 

Guigne Noire Commune (syn. of Black Guigne), 104 

Guigne Noire a Gros Fruit (syn. of Black Tartarian), 
107 

Guigne Noire Hative, 270 

Guigne noire hative a gros fruits (syn. of Guigne Noir 
Luisante), 270 


358 


Guigne Noire de Monstreux, 271 

Guigne noire Spitz (syn. of Spitzens Herzkirsche), 322 

Guigne Nouvelle Espéce, 271 

Guigne Olive, 271 

Guigne panachée longue précoce (syn. of Frihe bunte 
Herzkirsche), 255 

Guigne panachée précoce (syn. of Early Amber), 247 

Guigne panachée trés-précoce (syn. of Fritheste Bunte 
Herzkirsche), 256 

Guigne Petite Blanche, 271 

Guigne Petite Rouge, 271 

Guigne la Plus Hative, 271 

Guigne Précoce Leo d’Ounons, 271 

Guigne Précoce de Mai (syn. of Baumann May), 100 

Guigne Précoce de Mathére, 271 

Guigne Précoce Ponctuée, 271 

Guigne de Provence, 271 

Guigne Ramon Oliva, 271 

Guigne Reinette noire (syn. of Guigne Noir Luisante), 
270 

Guigne Rose Hative, 271 

Guigne Rouge Commune, 272 

Guigne Rouge Hative (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109 

Guigne Rouge Ponctuée, 272 

Guigne Royale (syn. of Bigarreau Double Royale), 216 

Guigne de Russie 4 Fruit Blanc, 272 

Guigne sucrée de Léon Leclerc (syn. of Sucrée Léon 
Leclerc), 323 

Guigne de Tarascon (syn. of Tarascon Kirsche), 324 

Guigne Tardive de Downer (syn. of Downer), 124 

Guigne de Tilgener (syn. of Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche), 
326 

Guigne Trés Précoce, 272 

Guigne Troprichtz (syn. of Troprichters Schwarze 
Knorpelkirsche), 328 

Guigne van der Broek, 272 

Guigne Villeneuve, 272 

Guigne de Winkler (syn. of Guigne Carnée Winkler), 
269 

Guignier a Fruit Noir (syn. of Black Hearr), 106 

Guignier 4 Fruit Noir et Trés-long Pédoncule, 272 

Guignier a fruit rose hatif (syn. of Guigne Rose Hative), 
272 

Guignier a Fruit Rouge Tardif (syn. of Hildesheim), 143 

Guignier da gros fruit noir (syn. of Grosse Schwarze 
Herzkirsche), 267 

Guignier a Gros Fruit Noir et Court Pédoncule (syn. of 
Grosse Guigne Noire 4 Court Pédicelle), 266 

Guignier a Gros Fruit noir hatif (syn. of Guigne Noire 
HAative), 270 

Guignier a gros fruit noir luisant (syn. of Guigne Noir 
Luisante), 270 

Guignier a Petit Fruit Noir, 272 

Guignier a rameaux pendans (syn. of Drooping Guigne), 
245 

Guindoux Noir de Faix, 272 

Guindoux du Poitou (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278 

Guindoux de Provence (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232 

Gunsleber Spate Knorpelkirsche, 273 

Halbgefulltblihende Amarelle (syn. of Fleurs Semi- 
doubles), 253 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Halbgefiilltbliihende Weichsel, 273 

Halifax, 273 

Hallock, 273 

Hallock, Nicholas, var. orig. with, 273 

Hallowell, 273 

Hamell Kirsche, 273 

Hamels Arissen, 273 

Harrison’s Heart (syn. of Napoleon), 172 

Hartlib, 273 

Hartlippe, 273 

Hartz Mountain, 273 

Hitive de Balis, 273 

Hative de Louvain (syn. of Lowener Frithkirsche), 292 

Hative de Nattes (syn. of Friihe von der Natte), 256 

HAative de Prin, 273 

Hative de St. Jean, 273 

HAative ou Précoce, 273 

Headley, 274 

Healy, 274 

Heart-Shaped Griotte (syn. of Heart-Shaped Weichsel), 
142 

Heart-Shaped Weichsel, 142 

Hedelfingen, 274 

Hedelfingen Risenkirsche (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274 

Hedwigs Kirsche, 274 

Heidelberger Kirsche, 274 

Heiges, 274 

Heintzen (Heintze’s) Frithe Kirsche, 274 

Heintzen’s (Heintze’s) Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. 
of Bigarreau Noir de Heintzen), 219 

Henneberger Grafenkirsche, 274 

Henrard, Denis, var. orig. by, 327 

Hensel Early, 274 

Herrnhduser neue Ochsenherzkirsche (syn. of Neue 
Ochsenherzkirsche), 300 

Hertogs- Kers (syn. of Elkhorn), 134 

Herzformige Sauerkirsche (syn. 
Weichsel), 142 

Herzformige Siissweichsel (syn. of Rothe Herzkirsche), 
313 

Herzkirsche Léona Quesnel, 275 

Herzkirsche Napoléon III (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon 
Noir), 219 

Herzkirsche Trauben, 275 

Herzkirsche Wils Friihe, 275 

Herzkirschenbaum mit grosse gefillter Blithe (syn. of 
Large Double Flowering), 287 

Herzkirschweichsel, 275 

Herzog May, 275 

Herzogin von Angouleme (syn. of Duchesse d’An- 
gouléme), 245 

Herzogin von Paluau (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau), 
246 

Herzogskirsche (syn. of Arch Duke), 98 

Hildesheim, 143 

Hildesheimer Ganz Spdate 
Hildesheim), 143 

Hildesheimer Spate Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 
144 

Hiller, Casper, var. introduced by, 237 

Hoadley, 275 


of Heart-Shaped 


Knorpelkirsche (syn. of 


THE CHERRIES 


Hochgenuss Von Erfurt (syn. of Erfurter August- 
kirsche), 250 

Hockenberg, 275 

Hogg Black Gean, 275 

Hogg Red Gean, 275 

Hoke, 275 

Holland Bigarreau (syn. of Napoleon), 172 

Holland Griotte (syn. of Coularde), 239 

Hollandische Folgerkirsche (syn, of Folgerkirsche), 253 

Hollandische grosse Kirsche Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 
239 

Hollandische Grosse Prinzessinkirsche (syn. of Na- 
poleon), 171 

Hollandische grosse Weichsel (or] Coulard (syn. of 
Coularde), 239 

Hollandische Kirsche (syn. of Hllandische Spate 
Weichsel), 275 

Héllandische Spate Weichsel, 275 

Hollandische Stissweichsel (syn. of Coularde), 239 

Hillandische Weichsel (syn. of Héllandische Spite 
Weichsel), 275 

Hollandische Weichselbaum mit sehr grosser Frucht [or] 
Coulard (syn. of Coularde), 238 

Holman Duke, 276 

Holme Late Duke, 276 

Holstein, 276 

Homer, 276 

Honey, 276 

Honey Dew, 276 

Honey Heart (syn. of Sparhawk), 189 

Honeywood, 276 

Hoppock, Cornelius, var. orig. by, 277 

Hoppock Yellow, 277 

Hortense (syn. of Reine Hortense), 179 

Hoshino, Yugo, quoted, 75 ; 

Hoskins, 277 

Hoskins, C. E., life of, 277; var. orig. by, 274, 277, 
286, 291, 296, 301, 309, 323, 330 

Houblon, John, var. orig. with, 141 

Hovey, 277 

Hovey, C. M., var. orig. with, 277 

Hoy, 277 

Hubbard, 278 

Hungarian Cherry of Zwerts (syn. of Hungarian Gean), 
278 

Hungarian Gean, 278 

Hyde, T. & G., var. orig. with, 278 

Hyde Late Black, 278 

Hyde Red Heart, 278 

Hyde’s Seedling (syn. of Hyde Red Heart), 278 

Ida, 144 

Impératrice Downton (syn. of Downton), 244 

Imperial (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278 

Imperial Morello, 278 

Incomparable en Beauté, 278 

Ingram, Thomas, var. orig. by, 254, 255 

Intorka, 278 

Irwin, var. orig. by, 325 

Jaboulay, var. orig. with, 161 

Jahns Durchsichtige (syn. of Transparent Guigne), 328 


Jaune de Prusse, 279 


OF NEW YORK 359 


Jean Arendsen, 279 

Jeffrey Duke, 146 

Jeffrey's Royal (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146 

Jenkin Black Heart, 279 

Jerusalem Kirsche von der Natte, ‘279 

Jerusalemskirsche, 279 

Jockotos (syn. of Jocosot), 279 

Jocosot, 279 

Joel Keil Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 279 

John Tradescantes Cherrie (syn. of Elkhorn), 134 

Josselyn, John, quoted, 57 

June Amarelle, 279 

June Duke, 280 

June Morello (syn. of June Amarelle), 279 

Juniat Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279 

Junius Amarelle (syn. of June Amarelle), 279 

Justinische Amarelle (syn. of Justinische Morello), 280 

Justinische Morello, 280 

Kaiser Franz Josef (syn. of Emperor Francis), 249 

Kaiserliche Weichsel (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278 

Kamdesa, 280 

Kappenblattrige Siissweichsel, 280 

Kapuziner Knorpel (syn. of Bigarreau de Capucins), 
215 

Kassin, var. orig. by, 280 

Kassin Friihe Herzkirsche, 280 

Katie, 280 

Kaufmann, 280 

Kazan Seedling, 280 

Kelly, 280 

Kennicott, 281 

Kentish (syn. of Early Richmond), 132; (syn. of Late 
Kentish), 157 

Kentish Bigarreau (syn. of White Heart), 197 

Kentish Drier, 281 

Kentish Preserve, 281 

Kentish Red (syn. of Late Kentish), 157 

Keokuk, 281 

Kesterter Frith Kirsche, 281 

King Amarelle, 147 

King George the Second, 281 

King Morello, 281 

King’s Cherry (syn. of King Amarelle), 147 

Kinsey, Samuel, var. introduced by, 330 

Kirchheimer, 281 

Kirchheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kirchheimer), 281 

Kirsch von Planchoury (syn. of Planchoury), 305 

Kirsche von Basel, 281 

Kirsche von Bénardiére (syn. of Cerise de la Besnar- 
diére), 231 

Kirsche von der Natte (syn. of Double Natte), 123 

Kirschwasser, manufacture of, 4 

Kirtland, 148 

Kirtland, B. B., var, orig. by, 236, 296 

Kirtland, J. P., life of, 200; var. introduced by, 118; 
var. orig. by, 105, 148, 183, 200, 222, 225, 230, 241, 
242, 248, 251, 275, 279, 281, 282, 288, 290, 291, 292, 
2945 302, 303, 306, 307, 310, 319, 324, 325 

Kirtland Morello, 282 

Kirtland’s Large Morello (syn. of Kirtland Morello), 282 

Kirtland’s Mammoth (syn. of Mammoth), 294 


360 


Kiriland’s Mary (syn. of Kirtland), 148 

Kleindienst, var. orig. by, 282 

Kleindienst Braune Knorpel, 282 

Kleine Amarelle, 282 

Kleine Ambra (syn. of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260 

Kleine Ambra, [or] Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum (syn. 
of Goldgelbe Herzkirsche), 260 

Kleine Bunte Friihkirsche, 282 

Kleine Bunte Herzkirsche, 282 

Kleine bunte Molkenkirsche (syn. of Kleine Bunte Herz- 
kirsche), 282 

Kleine Friihe Amarelle, 282 

Kleine friihe rothe Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose 
Hative), 271 

Kleine Glaskirsche von Montmorency (syn. of Mont- 
morency), 169 

Kleine Natte, 282 

Kleine Nonnenkirsche, 283 

Kleine Schwarze Friihe Herzkirsche, 283 

Kleine Schwarze Herzkirsche, 283 

Kleine Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 283 

Kleine Weisse Frithkirsche, 283 

Kleine weisse Fruhkirsche (syn. of Grosse Guigne 
Blanche), 265 

Kleine weisse 
kirsche), 240 

Kleiner Friiher May Herzkirschbaum, 283 

Kleparavoska (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263 

Kleparower Siissweichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 
263 : 

Knapp, 283 

Knapp, George, var. orig. with, 283 

Knevett’s Late Bigarreau (syn. of Florence), 140 

Knight, 149 

Knight, T. A., var. orig. by, 127, 136, 150, 196, 245 

Knight Late Black, 283 

Knight’s Early Black (syn. of Knight), 149 

Knights Frihe Herzkirsche (syn. of Knight), 149 

Knorpelkirsche von Cleveland (syn. of Cleveland), 118 

Knudson, 283 

Knudson, William O., var. orig. with, 283 

Knyasnaia Sjevera, 284 

Koch Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 284 

Kochs Ostheimer Weichsel, 284 

Kochs verbesserte Ostheimer Weichsel (syn. of Kochs 
Ostheimer Weichsel), 284 

Koehne, species listed by, 16-22 

Koeper, 284 

Kolaki, 284 

Konigliche Fleischkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double 
Royale), 216 

Konigliche Herzkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Double 
Royale), 216 

Kénigliche Siissweichsel (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146 

Kénigskirsche (syn. of Royal Duke), 184 

Korkovanyer Kirsche, 284 

Koslov, 284 

Koslov bush Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284 

Koslov-Morello (syn. of Koslov), 284 

Kostelnice, 285 

Kostelniti, 285 


Perlkirsche (syn. of Dankelmanns- 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Kramelkirschenbaum mit gross gefillter Blithe (syn. of 
Large Double Flowering), 287 

Kratos Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Hildesheim), 144 

Kreiselkirsche (syn. of Toupie), 327 

Kriek van den Broek, 285 

Kritzendorfer Einsiedekirsche, 285 

Kronberg Black Heart (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285 

Kronberger Herzkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 
285 

Kronberger Kirsche, 285 

Kronkirsche (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 285 

Kronprinz von Hannover, 285 

Kriiger Herzkirsche, 285 

Kriigers Herzkirsche zu Frankfurt (syn. of Kriiger 
Herzkirsche), 285 

Kriigers schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Kriiger Herz- 
kirsche), 285 

Kriiger’s Schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau 
Kriiger), 218 

La Nappe, 286 

Lacure (Large), 286 

Lacure (Small ), 286 

Ladé, var. orig. by, 286 

Lade Late, 286 

Lady of the Lake, 286 

Lady Southampton, 286 

Lady Southampton’s Yellow (syn. of Lady Southamp- 
ton), 286 

Laeder Kirsebaer, 286 

Lake, 286 

Laker or Loker Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 286 

Lamaurie, 287 

Lambert, 151 

Lambert, J. H., var. orig. by, 152 

Lampen Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 287 

Lampers Knorpel-Kirsche (syn. of Lampen Schwarze 
Knorpelkirsche), 287 

Lancaster, 287 

Lange Marmorkirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171 

Langsurer Brachtweichsel, 287 

Large Black Bigarreau of Savoy (syn. of Black Bigar- 
reau of Savoy), 222 

Large Black Gean, 287 

Large Double Flowering, 287 

Large Griotte, 288 

Large Guindolle, 288 

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, 288 

Large Honey (syn. of Honey), 276 

Large Late Red Bigarreau, 288 

Large Montmorency, 153 

Large Morello (syn. of English Morello), 139; (syn. of 
Kirtland Morello), 282 

Large Red Bigarreau (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 310 

Large Spanish, 288 

Larose, var. orig. by, 180, 288 

Larose (syn. of Laroses Glaskirsche), 288 

Laroses Glaskirsche, 288 

Late Amber (syn. of Cocklin Favorite), 236 

Late Amber Gean (syn. of Amber Gean), 207 

Late Bigarreau, 288 

Late Black Bigarreau, 289 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Late Black Bigarreau (syn. of Guben), 268 

Late Duke, 155 

Late Gean, 289 

Late Honey (syn. of Honey), 276 

Late Kentish, 157 

Late Large Black Griotte, 289 

Late Purple Guigne, 289 

Late Red Guigne (syn. of Hildesheim), 143 

Late Richmond, 289 

Late Ripe, 289 

Late White Guigne, 289 

Latham, 289 

Lauermannskirsche (syn. of Napoleon), 171 

Laura, 289 

Lawrence, John, quoted, 68 

Lawson, quoted, 62 

Leather Stocking, 290 

Leclerc, Léon, var. orig. with, 323 

Leib, 290 

Leitzkauer, 290 

Leitzkauer Einmachweichsel ( yn. of Leitzkauer), 290 

Lemercier, 290 

Lemercier, var. orig. with, 290 

Léon Leclercs Herzkirsche (syn. of Sucrée Léon Leclerc), 
323 

Léopold (II), 290 

Leopoldskirsche, 290 

Leschken (Leschke’s) Schwarze Knorpel Kirsche, 291 

Lesser rose (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253 

Lethe, 291 

Lewelling (syn. of Republican), 181 

Lewelling, Henderson, life of, 151-152 

Lewelling, Seth, life of, 151-152; var. orig. by, 103, 
181, 291, 335 

Liefeld Braune, 291 

Liegel’s Stisse Frihweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce 
Précoce), 262 

Lieke, var. orig. with, 285, 291 

Lieke Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 291 

Ligier, var. orig. with, 168 

Lincoln (I), 291 

Lincoln (ID), 291 

Lindley, 291 

Lipp, 292 

Lipp Late Blood (syn. of Lipp), 292 

Litham, 292 

Lithauer, 158 

Little Phil, 292 

Logan, 292 

Long Finger, 292 

Long Stem Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 169 

Look No Further, 292 

Lord Belhaven White Heart, 292 

Lothaunner Erfurter, 292 

Lothkirsche, 292 

Loudon, quoted, 70 

Louis Philippe, 158 

Louise, 292 

Louisiana Iron Clad, 292 

Love Apple (syn. of Tomato), 327 

Lowener Friihkirsche, 292 


301 


Lowener Friihweichsel, 292 

Lucien, 293 

Ludwig Bigarreau, 293 

Ludwig’s Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Ludwig Bigarreau), 
293 

Luigné, M. de, var. orig. with, 296 

Lukeward, 293 

Lukeward’s Heart (syn. of Lukeward), 293 

Lundie Guigne, 293 

Lutovka, 160 

Lyons, 161 

McAdow, 293 

McAdow, var. orig. by, 293 

MacRoach, 293 

MacRoach, James, var. orig. with, 293 

Madame Courtois, 293 

Madame Grégoire, 294 

Madeleine, 294 

Madison, 294 

Madison Bigarreau (syn. of Madison), 294 

Madison’s Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Madison), 294 

Magann, 294 

Magése, 294 

Magnifique, 163 

Magnifique de Daval, 294 

Magog, 294 

Mahaleb stock, comparison of, with Mazzard stock, 
72-73; history and value of, 69-72 

Major Francis (syn. of Ox Heart [of America]), 303 

Mammoth, 294 

Mammoth Oxheart, 295 

Mammuthkirsche (syn. of Mammoth), 294 

Manger, 295 

Manning, Robert, var. orig. by, 248, 294, 295, 333 

Manning Black Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Late 
Black), 295 

Manning Early Black, 295 

Manning Early White Heart, 295 

Manning Late Black, 295 

Manning Mottled, 295 

Maple Heart, 295 

Madquerlot, var. introduced by, 273 

Maraschino, history and manufacture of, 4-5 

Marells Royal, 295 

Marguerite (syn. of Bender [of New York] ), 213 

Maria Gaucher, 295 

Marie de Chateauneuf, 295 

Marie Thérése, 296 

Marjolets Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Marjolet), 
218 

Markirsche, 296 

Marsotte, 296 

Mary, 296 

Mary (syn. of Kirtland), 148 

Mascall, Leonard, quoted, 68 

Master White Heart, 296 

Mastodon, 296 

Matilda, 296 

Matts, 296 

May (syn: of Early May), 128 

May Bigarreau (syn. of Baumann May), 100 


362 


May Cherry (syn. of May Duke), 164 

May Duke, 164 

May Duke, Willow-leaved (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 335 

Mayer's kleine schwarze Herskirsche (syn. of Kleine 
Schwarze Herzkirsche), 283 

Mayo, 296 

Mazarine, 296 

Mazzard stock, comparison of, with Mahaleb stock, 
72-73; history and value of, 67-69 

Mednyansky, 297 

Meininger Spate Knorpelkirsche, 297 

Meissener Weisse, 297 

Mercer, 166 

Merise a Fleur Double (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 
287 

Merise Grosse Rose Oblongue, 297 

Merise Petite Ronda, 297 

Merisier Fastigié, 297 

Merisziere (syn. of Large Double Flowering), 287 

Merveille de September (syn. of Hildesheim), 143 

Meyer, E., var. introduced by, 273, 298 

Mezel, 167 

Michigan, 297 

Mijurin, I. V., var. orig. by, 284 

Miller, 297 

Miller, David, var. introduced by, 239 

Millet, 297 

Minnesota, 297 

Minnesota Ostheim, 297 

Minnie, 298 

Moduyansky (syn. of Mednyansky), 297 

Monkirsche Rote, 298 

Monstreuse de Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167 

Monstrous Duke, 298 

Monstrous Heart (syn. of Large Heart-shaped Bigar- 
reau), 288 

Monstrueuse d’ Hedelfingen (syn. of Hedelfingen), 274 

Monstrueuse Hennequine, 298 

Montmorency, 169; immunity of, to leaf spot, 11 

Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 153 

Montmorency de Bourgueil (syn. of Bourgueil), 109 

Montmorency Ordinaire (syn. of Montmorency), 169 

Montmorency Pleureur, 298 

Montmorency de Sauvigny, 298 

Montmorency Stark, 298 

Montreuil, 298 

Moorhouse, 299 

Morella Extra Noir, 299 

Morella Wye, 299 

Morelle von Wilhelmshdhe, 299 

Moreller Langstilkede Sode, 299 

Morgan, J. A., var. introduced by, 258 

Morisco, 299 

Morocco, 299 

Morten Seedling, 299 

Mosely, John, var. orig. by, 300 

Mosler Schwarze Herzkirsche, 299 

Mottled Bigarreau (syn. of Manning Mottled), 295 

Moyer Honey Heart, 299 

Miickelberger Grosse, 299 

Miller, Hugo M., quoted, 49 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Murdock, 299 

Murdock, John R. and A., var. orig. by, 299, 313 

Murdocks’ Bigarreau (syn. of Murdoch), 299 

Muscat de Prague (syn. of Pragische Muskateller), 
307 

Muscat des Larmes (syn. of Thranen Muskateller- 
kirsche), 326 

Nancy, 299 

Naples, 300 

Napoleon, 171 

Napoléon Noir (syn. of Bigarreau Napoléon Noir), 219 

Napolitaine (syn. of Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche), 
300 

Natte hative de semis (syn. of Frithe von der Natte), 256 

Ne Plus Ultra, 300 

Neapolitanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Naples), 300 

Neapolitanische Molkenkirsche, 300 

Nebraska Sweet, 300 

Nelson Kentish, 300 

Neue Englische Kirsche (syn. of Neue Englische 
Weichsel), 300 

Neue Englische Weichsel, 300 

Neue Ochsenherzkirsche, 300 $ 

Neumann Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 300 

New Century, 300 

New Frogmore Morello (syn. of Frogmore Morrelo), 255 

New Large Black Bigarreau (syn. of Black Bigarreau 
of Savoy), 222 

New Royal, 301 

Nienburger Friihe Bunte Herzkirsche, 301 

Noble, 301 

Noire des Vosges, 301 

Noire Hative de Cobourg (syn. of Black Guigne), 104 

Nomblot, Alfred, var. orig. by, 214 

Nonpareil, 301 

Norfolk, 301 

Norma, 301 

Northeast, 301 

Northern Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139 

Northwest, 301 

Nouvelle Guigne des Boeufs (syn. of Neue Ochsenherz- 
kirsche), 300 

Nouvelle Royale, 174 

Occident, 301 

Ohio Beauty, 302 

Okiya, 302 

Oktober- Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau d’Octobre), 
219 

Oliver, 302 

Olivet, 175 

Opata, 302 

Oregon, 302 

Orel, 302 

Orel No. 23 (syn. of Early Morello), 129 

Orel No. 24, 303 

Orel No. 26 (syn. of Orel Sweet), 303 

Orel Sweet, 303 

Orléan Smith, 303 

Orleans, 303 

Osceola, 303 

Ostheim, 176 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Ostheim (syn. of Cerise de Ostheim), 232; (syn. of Min- 
nesota Ostheim), 297 

Ostheim (of Morris), 303 

Othello, 303 

Ounce (syn. of Tobacco-Leaved), 326 

Owanka, 303 

Ox Heart, 178 

Ox Heart (of America), 303 

Padus, genus of, 15 

Padus cherries, distinguishing characters of, 3; use of, 7 

Padus mahaleb (syn. of P. Mahaleb), 31 

Pandys Glaskirsche, 304 

Paramdam, 304 

Parent, 304 

Paretzer Herzkirsche, 304 

Pariser Griotte, 304 

Parisian Guindoux, 304 

Parkinson, John, quoted 98, 134, 239, 273, 286, 292, 
299, 329 

Paul, 304 

Paul, E. V. D., var. orig. with, 304 

Pauline de Vigny, 304 

Peach-Blossomed, 304 

Pease, 304 

Pease, Charles, var. orig. by, 238, 240, 286, 289 

Pease, Charles, Sr., var. orig. with, 299, 304 

Pélissiers Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau Pélissier), 
102 

Perlkirsche, 304 

Perlknorpelkirsche 305 

Perlmarmorkirsche (syn. of Perlknorpelkirsche), 305 

Petit Bigarreau H&tif (syn. of Kleine Bunte Friih- 
kirsche), 282 

Petite Bigarreau hatif (syn. of Flamentine), 252 

Petite Morelle, 305 

Pfalzer Stissweichsel (syn. of Velser), 329 

Pfitzmann Schwarze Herzkirsche, 305 

Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157 

Pierce, Amos, var. orig. with, 305 

Pierce Late, 305 

Pigeon Heart Bigarreau (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212 

Pigeon’s Heart (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212 

Pink Heart, 305 

Planchoury, 305 

Plattgedriickte Schattenmorelle, 305 

Plumstone, 305 

Plumstone Morello (syn. of Plumstone), 305 

Plymouth (syn. of Plymouth Rock), 306 

Plymouth Rock, 306 

Podiebrad, 306 

Podiebrad Bunte Herzkirsche (syn. of Podiebrad), 306 

Pohlnische Kirsche (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263 

Pointed Guigne, 306 

Poitou griotte (syn. of Imperial Morello), 278 

Polnische grosse Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 
263 

Polnische Weichsel (syn. of Griotte de Kleparow), 263 

Polsted, 306 

Polton Gean, 306 

Pomeranzen, 306 

Pomme-d’ Amour (syn. of Tomato), 327 


363 


Pontiac, 306 

Pope, 307 

Portugal, 307 

Portugiesische Griotte (syn. of Arch Duke), 98 

Portugiesischer Griottier Weichselbaum (syn. of Arch 
Duke), 98 

Powhattan, 307 

Pragische Muskateller, 307 

Prague Tardif (Muscadét de) (syn. of Velser), 329 

Précoce d’ Espagne (syn. of Spanische Frithkirsche), 320 

Précoce Lemercier (syn. of Duchesse de Palluau), 246 

Précoce de Marest, 307 

Précoce de Montreuil (syn. of Early May), 128 

Précoce de Sabaret, 307 

President, 307 

Prettyman, H. W., var. orig. by, 302 

Pride of Washington, 307 

Priesche Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 308 

Prince, 308 

Prince, William, quoted, 203-204; var. introduced by, 
108, 247; var. orig. by, 236, 308 

Prince Black Heart, 308 

Prince Duke, 308 

Prince Englebert, 308 

Prince de Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von Hannover), 
285 

Prince Royal, 308 

Prince Royal du Hanovre (syn. of Kronprinz von 
Hannover), 285 

Princess, 308 

Priner Frihweichsel (syn. of Hative de Prin), 273 

Prinzenkirsche, 308 

Prinzesskirsche (syn. of Princess), 308 

Prodlitzer Elitekirsche, 308 

Progress, 308 

Prolific Cherry (syn. of Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234 

Proskauer Knorpelkirsche, 308 

Proudfoot, 308 

Proudfoot, D., var. orig. by, 308 

Provencer Stissweichsel (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232 

Prunus, division of, 15; genus, importance of, in 
horticulture, 1 

Prunus acida, 16 

Prunus acida (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus aestiva (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

44 X 48 2? Prunus affinis, 18 

Prunus ampla, 17 

Prunus apetala, 21; (syn. of P. maximowiczii), 16 

Prunus apetala iwozana (syn. of P. tschonoskii), 20 

Prunus apetala typica (syn. of P. nipponica), 20 

Prunus austera (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus autumnalis, 20 

Prunus avium, 16; characters of, 28-29; comparison of, 
with Prunus cerasus, 9; distribution and habitat of, 
29; division of and how divided, 30; geographic 
range of, 41-42; specific description of, 28-30; use 
of wood of, 6; value of, as a stock, 67-69 

Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus, specific description of, 
31 

Prunus avium decomana, 30 

Prunus avium duracina, 39 


364 THE CHERRIES 

Prunus avium regalis, 31 

Prunus batalinii, 22 

Prunus besseyi, 21; characters of, 36; common names 
of, 37; habitat of, 36; hybridism of, with other 
species, 37; specific description of, 36-38; use of, as a 
stock, 37-38 

Prunus biloba (syn. of P. herincquiana biloba), 19 

Prunus brachypetala, 22 

Prunus bracteata (syn. of P. maximowiczti), 16 

Prunus bungei (syn. of P. humilis), 21 

Prunus campanulata, 19 

Prunus canescens, 20 

Prunus carcharias, 22 

Prunus caudata, 20 

Prunus ceraseidos (syn..of P. apetala), 21; (syn. of 
P. nipponica), 20; (syn. of P. tschonoskit), 20 

Prunus ceraseidos kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20 

Prunus cerasoides, 19; (syn. of P. campanulata), 19 

Prunus cerasoides tibetica (syn. of P. majestica), 19 

Prunus cerasus, 16; characters of, 25; comparison of, 
with Prunus avium, 9; distribution of, 26; division 
of and how divided, 26-28; geographic range of, 
41; probable parentage of, 44; specific description of, 
24-28 

Prunus cerasus austera, 27 

Prunus cerasus caproniana, 27 

Prunus cerasus flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata), 18; 
(syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18 

Prunus cerasus flore simplici (syn. of P. serrulata), 17 

Prunus cerasus marasca, 28 

Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo (syn. of P. pendula), 
20 

Prunus cinerascens, 22 

Prunus clarofolia, 16 

Prunus conadenia, 16 

Prunus concinna, 19 

Prunus conradina, 19 

Prunus cuneata, habitat of, 35; specific description of, 
35-36 

Prunus cyclamina, 17 

Prunus cyclamina biflora, 17 

Prunus depressa (syn. of P. pumila), 34 

Prunus dictyoneura, 21 

Prunus dielsiana, 17 

Prunus dielsiana conferta, 17 

Prunus dielsiana laxa, 17 

Prunus diffusa, 22 

Prunus discadenia, 16 

Prunus donarium (syn. of P. pseudocerasus virescens), 
17; (syn. of P. serrulata), 17 

Prunus droseracea, 20 

Prunus dulcis (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Prunus duclouxit, 17 

Prunus emarginata, 16; use of, 38 

Prunus formosana (syn. of P. pogonostyla), 21 

Prunus fruticosa, 16; use of, 38 

Prunus giraldiana, 20 

Prunus glabra, 17 

Prunus glandulifolia, 17 

Prunus glandulosa, 21 

Prunus glandulosa glabra, 21 


OF NEW YORK 


Prunus glandulosa glabra alba, 21 

Prunus glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21 

Prunus glandulosa glabra rosea, 21 

Prunus glandulosa purdomti, 21 

Prunus glandulosa salicifoli, 21 

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla, 21 

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21 

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla paokangensis, 21 

Prunus glandulosa trichostyla sinensis, 21 

Prunus glyptocarya, 20 

Prunus gracilifolia, 21 

Prunus griffithii, 22 

Prunus helene, 19 

Prunus henryt, 17 

Prunus herincquiana, 19; (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Prunus herincquiana ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella), 
19 

Prunus herincquiana biloba, 19 

Prunus hirtifolia, 17 

Prunus hirtipes, 17 

Prunus hirtipes glabra (syn. of P. glabra), 17 

Prunus hortensis (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus hosseusii, 19 

Prunus humilis, 21 

Prunus incana, 22; (syn. of P. pumilla), 34; use of, 
38 

Prunus incisa, 20; (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19 

Prunus incisa kurilensis (syn. of P. kurilensis), 20 

Prunus involucrata, 17 

Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis (syn. of P. sub- 
hirtella fukubana), 20 

Prunus ttosakra pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Prunus itosakra subhirtella (syn. of P. subhirtella), 20 

Prunus itosakura (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Prunus iwagiensis, 20 

Prunus involucrata, use of, 38 

Prunus jacquemontii, 22; use of, 38 

Prunus jamasakura (syn. of P. serrulata), 17 

Prunus jamasakura borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19 

Prunus jamasakura elegans compta (syn. of P. sar- 
gentti), 19 

Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra (syn. of P. serru- 
lata), 18 

Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia (syn. of P. 
parvifolia), 19 

Prunus jamasakura speciosa (syn. of P. serrulata), 18 

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis (syn. of P. ser- 
rulata lannesiana), 18 

Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium (syn. of 
P. serrulata hisakura), 18 

Prunus japonica, 21; (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra alba, 
21; of P. glandulosa glabra albiplena, 21; of P. 
glandulosa trichostyla faberi, 21; of P. glandulosa 
trichostyla sinensis, 21; of P. japonica kerii, 22) 

Prunus japonica engleri (syn. of P. japonica gracillima 
engleri), 22 

Prunus japonica eujaponica, 21 

Prunus japonica ewjaponica fauriei, 21 

Prunus japonica eujaponica oldhamii, 21 

Prunus japonica flor. simp. (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra 
rosea), 21 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Prunus japonica flore albo pleno (syn. of P. glan- 
dulosa glabra albiplena), 21 

Prunus japonica flore pleno (syn. of P. glandulosa 
glabra albiplena), 21; (syn. of P. glandulosa tricho- 
styla sinensis), 21 ; 

Prunus japonica glandulosa (syn. of P. glandulosa 
glabra), 21; (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra rosea), 21 

Prunus japonica gracillima, 22 

Prunus japonica gracillima engleri, 22 

Prunus japonica gracillima minor, 22 

Prunus japonica gracillima sphaerica, 22 

Prunus japonica gracillima thunbergii, 22 

Prunus japonica japonica (syn. of P. japonica), 21 

Prunus japonica kerii, 22 

Prunus japonica multiplex (syn. of P. glandulosa glabra 
albiplena), 21 

Prunus japonica packangensis (syn. of P. glandulosa 
trichostyla paokangensis), 21 

Prunus japonica salicifolia (syn. of P. glandulosa sal- 
icifolt), 21 

Prunus japonica sphaerica (syn. of P. japonica gracil- 
lima sphaerica), 22 

Prunus japonica thunbergii (syn. of P. japonica gracil- 
lima thunbergit), 22 

Prunus japonica typica (syn. of P. japonica), 21 

Prunus japonica typica flore pleno (syn. of P. japonica 
kerit), 22 

Prunus japonica typica flore roseo (syn. of P. glandulosa 
glabra rosea), 21 

Prunus Juliana (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus kerii (syn. of P. japonica kerii), 22 

Prunus kurilensis, 20 

Prunus latidentata, 20 

Prunus leveilleana, 19 

Prunus litigiosa, 16 

Prunus litigiosa abbreviata, 16 

Prunus lobulata, 20 

Prunus macgregoriana, 17 

Prunus macradenia, 16 

Prunus mahaleb, 16; characters of, 31-32; habitat of, 
32; importance of, in horticulture and commerce, 
32-33; specific description of, 31-33; value of, as a 
stock, 69-72; value of wood of, 6 

‘Prunus majestica, 19 

Prunus malifolia, 17 

Prunus malifolia rosthornii, 17 

Prunus Marasca (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus maximowiczti, 16 

Prunus maximowiczti adenophora (syn. of P. tatsien- 
ensis adenophora), 16 

Prunus maximowiczii aperta, 16 

Prunus mesadenia, 19 

Prunus microcarpa, 22 

Prunus microlepis, 20 

Prunus microlepis ternata, 20 

Prunus micromeloides, 20 

Prunus miqueliana, 20; (syn. of P. nipponica), 20; 
(syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Prunus mollis, 16 

Prunus mume crasseglandulosa (syn. of P. sargentii), 19 

Prunus nakii, 22 


305 


Prunus neglecta, 17 

Prunus nigricans (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Prunus nikkoensis, 20 

Prunus nipponica, 20 

Prunus oxycarpa (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus oxyodonta, 20 

Prunus padus, 3 

Prunus paniculata (syn. of P. pseudocerasus sieboldit), 
17 

Prunus paracerasus, 17 

Prunus parvifolia, 19 

Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis, 19 

Prunus paucifolia, 19 

Prunus pendula, 20 

Prunus pendula ascendens (syn. of P. subhirtella), 19 

Prunus pennsylvanica, 16; use of, as a stock, 74 

Prunus phyllopoda, 20 

Prunus pilosiuscula, 16 

Prunus pleiocerasus, 16 

Prunus plena (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus pleuroptera, 20 

Prunus plurinervis, 17 

Prunus podadenia, 20 

Prunus pogonostyla, 21 

Prunus pogonostyla globosa, 21 

Prunus pogonostyla obovata, 21 

Prunus polytricha, 16 

? Prunus praecox, 22 

Prunus prostrata, 22 

Prunus pseudocerasus, 17; (syn. of P. sargentii), 19; 
(syn. of P. serrulata albida), 18; use of, 38; use of 
as a stock, 75; use of wood of, 6 

Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen (syn. of P. serrulata 
hisakura), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 
19 

Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno (syn. of P. 
pseudocerasus sieboldit), 17 

Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura (syn. of P. serrulata 
hisakura), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso (syn. 
of P. serrulata shidare-sakura), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi (syn. 
of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno 
candido (syn. of P. serrulata mucronata), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo 
(syn. of P. serrulata hisakura), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo (syn. 
of P. serrulata albida), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo 
(syn. of P. serrulata lannesiana), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura X incisa, 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus jamaskura glabra (syn. of P. 
serrulata), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra preco: (syn. 
of P. serrulata), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura precox (syn. of P. 
serrulata), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus naden (syn. of P. pseudocerasus 
sieboldii), 17 


366 


Prunus pseudocerasus “ New Red” (syn. of P. serrulata 
hisakura), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima (syn. of P. serrulata 
ochichima), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia (syn. of P. parvifolia), 
19 

Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis (syn. of P. sar- 
gentit), 19 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra (syn. of P. 
serrulata), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo (syn. of P. 
serrulata), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora (syn. 
of P. serrulata grandiflora), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida (syn. of 
P. serrulata albida), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii (syn. of P. 
pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17 

Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura (syn. of P. 
serrulata shidare-sakura), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen (syn. of P. serrulata 
ochichima), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii, 17 

Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea (syn. of P. sargentit), 
19 

Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis (syn. of P. 
serrulata), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia (syn. of P. 
parvifolia), 19 

Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii (syn. of P. 
pseudocerasus sieboldit), 17 

Prunus pseudocerasus ukon (syn. of P. serrulata 
grandifolia), 18 

Prunus pseudocerasus virescens, 17 

Prunus pseudocerasus watereri, 17 

Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino (syn. of P. serrulata 
albida, 18 

Prunus puddum (syn. of P. cerasoides, 19; of P. 
majestica, 19; of P. sargentit, 19; of P. serrulata), 18 

Prunus pulchella, 16 

Prunus pumila, 21; characters of, 34-35; distribution 
of, 35; specific description of, 34-35; use of, as 
a stock, 74 

Prunus pumila Besseyi (syn. of P. besseyi), 36 

Prunus pumila cuneata (syn. of P. cuneata), 35 

Prunus rehderiana, 16 

Prunus rosea (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus rossiana, 21 

Prunus rufa, 19; (syn. of P. trichantha), 19 

Prunus rufoides, 17 

Prunus salicina (syn. of P. humilis), 21 

Prunus saltuum, 19 

Prunus sargentti, 19 

Prunus schneideriana, 17 

Prunus scopulorum, 17 

Prunus serotina, value of wood of, 7 

Prunus serrula, 19 

Prunus serrula tibetica, 19 

Prunus serrulata, 17 

Prunus serrulata cf. supra. (syn. of P. serrulata), 18 

Prunus serrulata albida, 18 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Prunus serrulata borealis (syn. of P. sargentii), 19 

Prunus serrulata flore pleno (syn. of P. serrulata 
mucronata), 18 

Prunus serrulata grandiflora, 18 

Prunus serrulata hisakura, 18 

Prunus serrulata kriegeri, 18 

Prunus serrulata lannesiana, 18 

Prunus serrulata mucronata, 18 

Prunus serrulata ochichima, 18 

Prunus serrulata serrulata albida (syn. of P. serrulata 
albida), 18 

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo (syn. of P. serrulata 
ochichima), 18 

Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea (syn. of P. 
serrulata), 18 

Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana (syn. of P. 
serrulata lannesiana), 18 

Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii (syn. of P. pseudo- 
cerasus sieboldii), 17 

Prunus serrulata serrulaia viridiflora (syn. of P. serru- 
lata grandiflora), 18 

Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii (syn. of P. pseudo- 
cerasus watereri), 17 

Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura, 18 

Prunus serrulata veitchiana, 18 

Prunus serrulata “W.Kou” (syn. of P. serrulata 
hisakura), 18 

Prunus serrulata yashino (syn. of P. serrulata albida), 
18 

Prunus setulosa, 20 

Prunus sieboldui (syn. of P. pseudocerasus), 17; (syn. 
of P. pseudocerasus sieboldii), 17 

Prunus silvatica (syn. of P. cerasoides), 19 

Prunus sinensis (syn. of P. glandulosa trichostyla 
Sinensis), 21 

Prunus sontagia, 19 

Prunus Sp. Zabel (syn. of P. sargentii), 19 

Prunus sprengeri, 19 

Prunus stipulacea, 20 

Prunus subhirtella, 19 

Prunus subhirtella autumnalis (syn. of P. autumnalis), 
20 

Prunus subhirtella fukubana, 20 

Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia (syn. of P. subhirtella), * 
19 

Prunus subhirtella pendula (syn. of P. pendula), 20 

Prunus Susquehanae (syn. of P. pumila), 34 

Prunus sylvestris (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Prunus szechuanica, 16 

“P. szechuanica, var. ?” (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17 

“P. szechuanica dielsiana” (syn. of P. dielsiana), 17 

Prunus taiwaniana, 20 

Prunus tatsienensts, 16 

Prunus tatsienensis adenophora, 16 

Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula (syn. of P. pilosius- 
cula), 16 

Prunus tatsienensis stenadenia, 16 

Prunus tenuiflora, 19 

Prunus tomentosa, 22; characters of, 33; habitat and 
distribution of, 33-34; specific description of, 33-34 

Prunus tomentosa, ? Batalinii (syn. of P. batalinii), 22 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Prunus tomentosa breviflora, 22 

Purnus tomentosa endotricha, 22 

Prunus tomentosa graebneriana, 22 

Prunus tomentosa heter: mera, 22 

Prunus tomentosa insularis, 22 

Prunus tomentosa kashkarovii, 22 

Prunus tomentosa souliei, 22 

Prunus tomentosa spaethiana, 22 

Prunus tomentosa trichocarpa, 22 

Prunus tomentosa tsuluensis, 22 

Prunus trichantha, 19 

Prunus trichocarpa (syn. of P. tomentosa trichocarpa), 
22 

Prunus trichostoma, 20 

Prunus tschonoskit, 20 

Prunus twymaniana, 19 

Prunus varia (syn. of P. avium), 28 

Prunus variabilis, 16 

Prunus veitchit, 20 

Prunus venusta, 16 

Prunus verrucosa, 22 

Prunus virginiana, 3 

Prunus vulgaris (syn. of P. cerasus), 24 

Prunus wildeniana, 19 

Prunus yedensis, 19 

Prunus yunnanensis, 17 

Prunus yunnanensis henryi (syn. of P. henryi), 17; 
(syn. of P. neglecta), 17 

Prunus zappeyana, 20 

Prunus zappeyana ? subsimplex, 20 

Prussian Cherry (syn. of Cerise de Prusse), 232 

Puhlmann Friihe, 309 

Punctirte Stisskirsche mit festem Fleische (syn. of 
Punktirte Marmorkirsche), 309 

Punktirte Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Punktirte Mar- 
morkirsche), 309 

Punktirte Marmorkirsche, 309 

Punktirte Molkenkirsche, 309 

Purity (I), 309 

Purity (II), 309 

Purple Cherry (syn. of Early Purple), 130 

Purple. Guigne (syn. of Early Purple), 130 

Purpurrothe Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Red Bigarreau), 
309 

Pyramidenkirsche (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279 

Pyramidenweichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 279 

Quaker, 309 

Rainier French, 309 

Ratafia (syn. of Brusseler Braune), 110 

Ratafia Griotte (syn. of English Morello), 139 

Raton, var. orig. with, 211 

Red Bigarreau, 309 

Red Canada, 310 

Red-flowered (syn. of Fleurs Semi-doubles), 253 

Red Guigne, 310 

Red Heart (syn. of Bleeding Heart), 109 

Red Jacket, 310 

Red Muscatel, 310 

Red Oranien, 310 

Red Pie Cherry (syn. of Late Kentish), 157 

Red Rock, 310 


367 


Red Russian, 310 

Reichart, 310 

Reid, John, quoted, 68 

Reina Hortense, 179 

Reine-Hortense Hative, 310 

Remington, 311 

Remington Heart (syn. of Remington), 311 

Rentz Morello, 311 

Republican, 181 

Resacks Knorpelkirsche, 311 

Richardson, 311 

Richardson, J. R., var. orig. with, 311 

Richardson, William P., var. orig. with, 311 

Richardson Late Black, 311 

Richter Samling, 311 

Riga No. 108, 311 

Riga No. 109, 311 

Riley, quoted, 45 

Rival, 311 

Rivers, Thomas, var. orig. by, 247, 248, 293, 311 

River's Early Amber Heart (syn. of Early Amber), 247 

Rivers Early Heart, 311 

Roberts, David, var. orig. with, 312 

Roberts’ Red (syn. of Bowyer Early Heart), 225 

Roberts Red Heart, 311 

Rochaline, 312 

Rock, 312 

Rockland, 312 

Rockport, 182 

Rocky Hill Honey Heart, 312 

Rocky Mountain, 312 

Rocky Mountain Cherry, botanical name of, 37 

Rocmonter Marmorkirsche (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 
212 

Roe, 312 

Romaine, 312 

Ronald, 312 

Ronald’s Large Black Heart (syn. of Black Tartar an), 
107 : 

Roschers, var. orig. with, 312 

Réschers Kirsche, 312 

Rose Charmeux, 312 

Rosenobel, 312 

Rosenrothe Maikirsche (syn. of Guigne Rose Hative), 
272 

Rostraver Bigarreau, 313 

Rothe Glanzkirsche, 313 

Rothe Herzkirsche, 313 

Rothe Matkirsche (syn. of May Duke), 164 

Rothe Maiknorpelkirsche, 313 

Rothe Molkenkirsche, 313 

Rothe Muskateller (syn. of Cerise Guigne), 232 

Rothe Oranienkirsche (syn. of Carnation), 114 

Rothe Soodkirsche, 313 

Rothe Spanische Marmorkirsche (syn. of Belle de 
Rocmont), 212 

Rouaanse Kirsche, 313 

Rouge de Downing (syn. of Downing Red Cheek), 244 

Rouge Pale Tardive, 313 

Rouge des Vosges, 313 

Round Sweet, 314 


368 


Royal American, 314 

Royal Ann (syn. of Napoleon), 172 

Royal Duke, 184 

Royal Hatif, 314 

Royale (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146 

Royale d’ Angleterre (syn. of Royal Duke), 184 

Royale Cherry Duke (syn. of May Duke), 164 

Royale Hative (syn. of Jeffrey Duke), 146; (syn. of 
May Duke), 164 

Royale Tardive (syn, of Holman Duke), 276 

Rumsey, 314 

Rumsey, J. S., var. orig. by, 314 

Rumsey’s Late Morello (syn. of Rumsey), 314 

Runde Marmorirte Siisskirsche, 314 

Rupert, 314 

Rupp, 314 

Rupp, Solomon, var. orig. by, 314 

Russian cherries, value of, for stocks, 73-74 

Russian Morello, 314 

Russian 207 (syn. of Russian Morello), 314 

Russian Seedlings Nos. 8, 42, 49, 54, 109, 128, 169 
and 199, 315 

Russie a Fruit Blanc, 315 

Ryley Black Tartarian, 315 

Sachsische Friihe Maikirsche, 315 

Sacramento, 315 

Saint-Laurent, 315 

St. Lucie cherry, 32 

St. Margaret's Cherry (syn. of Elkhorn), 134 

St. Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 
221 

Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 35; use of, as a stock, 
74 

Sansoto, 315 

Sapa, 315 

Sappington, 315 

Sauer Einmach and Backkirsche (syn. of Leitzkauer), 
290 

Sauerjotte, 315 

Saure Herzkirsche, 315 

Sauvigny Knorpelkirsche, 315 

Scharlachkirsche, 316 

Schatten Amarelle (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318 

Scheur- Kers (syn. of Black Guigne), 104 

Schleihahn Sweet, 316 

Schlossers Schattenmorelle, 316 

Schmehls, 316 

Schmidt, 185 

Schmidt, F., var. orig. by, 186, 316 

Schmidt Bigarreau No. 2, 316 

Schmidt Frithe Herzkirsche, 316 

Schneeberger Kirsche, 316 

Schneider Frithe Herzkirsche, 316 

Schneider Spate Knorpelkirsche, 316 

Schone Agathe (syn. of Hildesheim), 144 

Schone Audigeoise (syn. of Belle Audigeoise), 211 

Schone aus Sauvigny (syn. of Montmorency de Sau- 
vigny), 298 

Schone von Ardéche (syn. of Cerise de |’Ardéche), 230 

Schone von Briigge, 317 

Schone von Choisy (syn. of Choisy), 116 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Schone von Couchey (syn. of Belle de Couchey), 211 

Schone von Marienhohe, 317 

Schone von Montreuil (syn. of Montreuil), 298 

Schone von Ribeaucourt (syn. of Belle de Ribeaucourt), 
212 

Schone von Rocmont (syn. of Belle de Rocmont), 212 

Schreckens Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Schrecken), 
220 

Schrécks Spate Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 317 

Schwarzbraune Knorpelkirsche, 318 

Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 317 

Schwarze Knorpel von Mezel (syn. of Mezel), 167 

Schwarze Maikirsche (syn. of Schwarze Maiweichsel), 
317 

Schwarze Maiweichsel, 317 

Schwarze Malvasierkirsche (syn. of Schwarze Oranien- 
kirsche), 317 

Schwarze Muskateller, 317 

Schwarze oder Spate Herzkirsche (syn. of Black Spanish), 
223 

Schwarze Oranienkirsche, 317 

Schwarze Soodkirsche, 317 

Schwarze Spanische Frihkirsche (syn. of Spanische 
Frihkirsche), 320 

Schwarze Spanische Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Black 
Spanish), 223 

Schwarze Ungarische Kirsche (syn. of Ungarische 
Weichsel , 329 

Schwarze Weichsel mit halb gefillter Blute (syn. of 
Halbgefiilltbliihende Weichsel), 273 

Schwarzes Taubenherz, 318 

Schwefelkirsche (syn. of Dankelmannskirsche), 249 

Sebril, 318 

Seckbacher, 318 

Seckbacher Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318 

Seederberger, 318 

Select Beauty, 318 

Semis de Burr (syn. of Burr), 228 

Shadow Amarelle, 318 

Shadow Morello (syn. of Shadow Amarelle), 318 

Shailer, 319 

Shannon, 319 

Shannon Morello (syn. of Shannon), 319 

Shelton, 319 

Shelton, William, var. orig. by, 319 

Shepler, Louis, var. orig. with, 210 

Shippen (syn. of June Duke), 280 

Short-stem May, 319 

Short-Stem Montmorency, 187 

Short Stem Montmorency (syn. of Large Montmorency), 
153 

Shubianka, 319 

Sibrel, 319 

Siebenfreund, var. introduced by, 328 

Silver Thorne, 319 

Sklanka, 188 

Skublics Weichsel, 319 

Sleinhaus, 319 

Small Black Guigne, 319 

Small Double Flowering (syn. of Fleurs Doubles), 252 

Small Morello, 319 


THE CHERRIES 


Smyech, Daniel, var. orig. with, 287 
Smidt Yellow, 319 
Smith (syn. of Schmidt), 185 
Socsany, 320 
Soft Sheld (syn. of Soft-stone Cherry), 320 
Soft-stone Cherry, 320 
Soodamarelle (syn. of Rothe Soodkirsche), 313 
Sour Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3; comparison 
of, with the Sweet Cherry, 9; environment of, 76-80; 
geographic range of, 41; group name of, 2; probable 
parentage of, 44 
Souths Breite Herzkirsche, 320 
Souvenir d’Essonnes, 320 
Spanische Frithkirsche, 320 
Spanische Frithweichsel, 320 
Spanische Glaskirsche, 320 
Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Spanische Friihkirsche), 
320 
Spanish (syn. of Yellow Spanish), 202; (syn. of Black 
Spanish), 223 
Spanish Griotte, 321 
Sparhawk, 189 
Sparhawk, Edward, var. introduced by, 190 
Sparhawk’s Honey (syn. of Sparhawk), 189 
Spatbliihende Glaskirsche, 321 
Spate Amarelle, 190 
Spate Amarelle (syn. of Siisse Amarelle), 323 
Spate braune Spanische Herzkirsche (syn. of Braune 
Spanische Kirsche), 226 
Spate grosse konighiche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalems- 
kirsche), 279 
Spate Herzogenkirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155 
Spate Konigliche Weichsel (syn. of Jerusalemskirsche), 
279 
Spate Maikirsche (syn. of Seckbacher), 318 
Spate Maulbeerherzkirsche (syn. of Spate Maulbeer- 
kirsche), 321 
Spate Maulbeerkirsche, 321 
Spate Morello (syn. of Spate Amarelle), 190 
Spate Rote Knorpelkirsche, 321 
Spate Schwarze Forellenkirsche, 321 
Spate Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 321 
Spate Schwarze Spanische Herzkirsche, 321 
Speckkirsche, 321 
Spitzens Herzkirsche, 322 
Srdcovka v Skalka, 322 
Stanapa, 322 
Standard, 322 
Starr Prolific, 322 
Stats Blihender Kirschbaum (syn. of Toussaint), 193 
Strass Early Black, 322 
Strauss, 322 
Strauss Weichsel, 322 
Strauss Weichsel (syn. of Strauss), 322 
Striker, 323 
Striped-Leaved, 323 
Strong, J. F., var. orig. by, 307 
Stuart, 323 
Stuart, C. W., var. orig. by, 323 
» Sucrée Léon Leclerc, 323 
Suda, 192 
24 


OF NEW YORK 369 


Suda, var. orig. with, 192 


| Suda Hardy (syn. of Suda), 192 


Summer's Honey (syn. of Honey), 276 

Summit, 323 

Siisse Amarelle, 323 

Siisse Frithherzkirsche, 323 

Siisse Friihweichsel, 324 

Stisse Frithweichsel (syn. of Griotte Douce Précoce), 262 

Siisse Maiherzkirsche, 324 

Stisse Matherzkirsche (syn. of Baumann May), 100 

Siisse Spanische, 324 

Siisskirsche mit Gefurster Bluthe, 324 

Stisskirschenbaum mit ganz gefullter Blite (syn. of 
Large Double Flowering), 287 

Stissweichsel von Chaux (syn. of German Morello), 258 

Sweedish, 324 

Sweet Cherry, adaptation of, to culture, 3; comparison 
of, with the Sour Cherry, 9; environment of, 77-80; 
geographic range of, 41-42; group name of, 2 

Sweet Montmorency, 324 

Sweet Morello, 324 

Tabors schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Bigarreau 
Noir de Tabor), 219 

Tarascon Kirsche, 324 

Tardive d’Avignon, 325 

Tardive de Brederode, 325 

Tardive Noire d’Espagne, 325 

Tardive de Peine, 325 

Tartarian (syn. of Black Tartarian), 107 

Tecumseh, 325 

Temple, 325 

Terry, 325 

Terry Early (syn. of Terry), 325 

Terry, H. A., var. introduced by, 325 

Thacher, quoted, 69 

Theophrastus, quoted, 43 

Thirty Day, 325 

Thomas, quoted, 70 

Thompson, 325 

Thranen Muskatellerkirsche, 326 

Tilgner Rothe Herzkirsche, 326 

Tilgner Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 326 

Timme, 192 

Timme, var. introduced by, 193 

Tobacco-Leaved, 326 

Toctonne Précoce, 327 

Tokeya, 327 

Tomato, 327 

Toronto, 327 

Toupie, 327 

Toussaint, 193 

Townsend, 327 

Townsend, W. P., var. orig. by, 327 

Tradescant (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196 

Tradescant, John, var. orig. with, 134 

Tradescant’s Black Heart (syn. of Elkhorn), 134 

Transparent, 327 

Transparent de Bettenburg (syn. of Bettenburger 
Glaskirsche), 213 

Transparent Guigne, 328 

Transparent de Jahn (syn. of Transparent Guigne), 328 


370 


Transparente d’Espagne (syn. of Spanische Glas- 
kirsche), 320 

Transparente de Meylan, 328 

Transparente de Rivers, 328 

Transparente de Siebenfreund, 328 

Trauben oder Bouquet Amarelle (syn. of Cluster), 119 

Trauerknorpelkirsche (syn. of Weeping Black Bigar- 
reau), 331 

Triomphe de Fausin, 328 

Triumph of Cumberland (syn. of Cumberland), 239 

Troprichters Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 328 

Tros- Kers (syn. of Cluster), 119 

Truchsess, var. orig. by, 213, 214 

Truchsess Schwarze Herzkirsche, 328 

Tubbs, 328 

Tirkine, 328 

Tirkine (syn. of Flamentine), 252 

Turkirsche Grosse, 329 

Turner Late, 329 

Twyford, 329 

Uellner, var. orig. with, 293 

Uhlhorns Trauerkirsche, 329 

Ulatis (syn. of California Advance), 113 

Ungarische Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Ungarische 
Kirsche), 267 

Ungarische Stissweichsel (syn. of Royal Duke), 184 

Ungarische Weichsel, 329 

Urinall, 329 

Utha, 329 

Vail, Henry, var. orig. with, 209 

Vail’s August Duke (syn. of August Duke), 209 

Van Gaasbeck, 329 

Van Mons, var. orig. with, 246 

Vanskike, 329 

Varenne, var. orig. with, 137 

Varrenne, De (syn. of Grosse Nonnenkirsche), 266 

Vaughn, 329 

Velser, 329 

Very Large Heart, 330 

Vesta, 330 

Villeneuver Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Villeneuve), 272 

Villennes (syn. of Cerise Rouge Pale), 233 

Vilna Sweet, 330 

Violet, 330 

Virginia May Duke, 330 

Vistula, 330 

Vladimir, 194 

Von Lade’s Spate Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Ladé Late), 
286 

Voronezh No. 27, 330 

Wabash, 330 

Wachampa, 330 

Wachsknorpelkirsche (syn. of Biittner Gelbe Knorpel- 
kirsche), 228 

Wagner, 330 

Wahre Englische Kirsche (syn. of Late Duke), 155 

Walling, G. W., var. orig. by, 304 

Walpurgiskirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Walpurgis), 221 

Walsh Seedling (syn. of Black Bigarreau of Savoy), 222 

Wanfrieder Weichsel (syn. of Velser), 329 

Warner, 331 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Warner, Mathew G., var. orig. by, 331 

Warren, var. orig. by, 331 

Warren Transparent, 331 

Washington Purple, 331 

Waterhouse, 331 

Waterhouse, Warren, var. orig. by, 331 

Waterloo, 196 

Weber, R. H., var. orig. by, 301 

Weeping, 331 

Weeping (syn. of Dwarf Siberian), 247 

Weeping or Pendulous Morello (syn. of Weeping), 331 

Weeping Black Bigarreau, 331 

Weeping Napoleon, 331 

Weichsel mit halbgefillter Blithe (syn. of Fleurs Semi- 
doubles), 253 

Weichselbaum mit biindelférmigen Frichten (syn. of 
Cerisier Trés-fertile), 234 

Weichselbaum mit gelb, weiss, und rothlich marmorirte 
Frucht (syn. of Spatbliihende Glaskirsche), 321 

Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefillter Blithe (syn. of 
Fleurs Doubles), 252 

Weidenblattrige Siissweichsel (syn. of Willow-Leaved), 
335 

Weis, Roth und Rosenfarbig Marmorirte Kramel- 
kirsche, 331 

Weiss Herzkirsche (syn. of Grosse Bunte Herzkirsche), 
265 

Weiss und hellroth gefleckte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn. 
of Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche), 331 

Weiss und hellroth geflekte grosse Kramelkirsche (syn. 
of Runde Marmorirte Siisskirsche), 314 

Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche (syn. of Fritheste 
Bunte Herzkirsche), 256 

Weisse Mandelkirsche, 332 

Weisse Rosenroth Marmorirte Herzkirsche, 331 

Wellington, 332 

Wellington’s Weichsel (syn. of Wellington), 332 

Weltz, Leo, var. introduced by, 205 

Wendell, Herman, var. orig. by, 332 

Wendell Mottled, 332 

Wenzlecks Bunte Knorpelkirsche, 332 

Werder Early Black, 332 

Werdersche Schwarze Allerfritheste Herzkirsche (syn. of 
Werder Early Black), 332 

Werder’sche Bunte Herzkirsche, 332 

Western Sand Cherry, botanical name of, 37 

Wheeler, 332 

Wheeler, H. J., var. orig. with, 332 

White Bigarreau, 196 

White Bigarreau, 332 

White French, 333 

White French Guigne, 333 

White Gean, 333 

White Heart, 197 

White Heart (syn. of Grosse Guigne Blanche), 266 

White Hungarian Gean, 333 

White Mazzard, 333 

White Oxheart (syn. of White Bigarreau), 196 

White Spanish, 333 

White Tartarian, 333 

White Transparent, 333 


THE CHERRIES OF NEW YORK 


Wier, D. B., var. orig. by, 252, 257, 301, 333, 334 

Wier No. 2, 333 

Wier No. 11, 334 

Wier No. 12, 334 

Wier No. 13, 334 

Wier No. 19, 334 

Wier No. 24, 334 

Wier No. 44, 334 

Wier’s Seedlings, 333 

Wild Morello (syn. of Common Morello), 237 

Wild Ross-shire, 334 

Wilde Bunte Marmorkirsche, 334 

Wilder, Samson V. S., var. introduced by, 292 

Wilding von Kronberg (syn. of Kronberger Kirsche), 
285 

Wilhelmine Kleindienst, 334 

Wilkinson, 334 

Willamette, 335 

Willis Early, 335 

Willow-Leaved, 335 

Wincklers schwarze Knorpelkirsche (syn. of Winkler 
Black), 335 

Windsor, 198 

Winkler, var. orig. by, 269 

Winkler Black, 335 


371 


Winkler weisse Herzkirsche (syn. of Guigne Carnée 
Winkler), 269 

Winkler’s schwarze Herzkirsche (syn. of Winkler Black), 
335 

Winter, Pastor, var. introduced by, 334 

Winter Schwarze, 335 

Wirt, Henry, var. orig. with, 275 

Wohltragende Hollandische Kirsche, 335 

Wood, 199; immunity of, to powdery mildew, 11 

Wragg, 201 

Yan, 335 

Yellow Glass, 336 

Yellow Honey (syn. of Honey), 276 

Yellow Spanish, 202 ‘ 

Young Large Black Heart, 336 

Youngken, Josiah G., var. orig. by, 299 

Yuksa, 336 

Zahm, G. W., var. orig. with, 274 

Zeisbergische Kirsche (syn. of Bigarreau de Zeisberg), 221 

Zimmtkirsche, 336 

Zweifarbige Kirsche, 336 

Zweite Grosser Herzkirschweichsel (syn. of Brusseler 
Braune), 110 

Zwitterkirsche, 336 

Zzuckser Schwarze Knorpelkirsche, 336 


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